Oversampling & Decimation

(original content here and here )

In oversampling, instead of taking the bare minimum number of samples you need you take extra samples and average them together. But as was demonstrated, this only works if you’ve got enough noise in the system already. If you don’t, you can actually make your output more accurate by adding noise on the input. That’s the counterintuitive bit. If you’re curious about oversampling.

At first bounce, the method appeared to be incredibly simple, to get n extra bits of resolution, you need to read the ADC four to the power of n times. Generally you have to add three extra bits (43= 128 samples) to see approximately an order of magnitude improvement in your real world resolution. With thermistor dividers, you typically get about 0.1°C from the default ADC readings, and 128 samples bumps that to 0.012°C. Taking (46= 4096) samples would bump that up to ~0.0015°C.

uint32_t extraBits=0;    // use an unsigned integer or the bit shifting goes wonky
for (int k = 0; k< 255; k++) {
   extraBits = extraBits +analogRead(AnalogInputPin);
}

which is then decimated by bit shifting right by n positions:

Oversampled ADC reading = (extraBits >> 4);

This combination lets you infer the sub-LSB information provided there is enough random noise in the signal for the lowest ADC bits to toggle up and down while you gather those readings. But without the noise, all of the original ADC readings are the same, and the oversampling technique does not work. To figure out how fast your ADC is running:

System clock / prescalar = ADC clock,  ADC clock /13 = # of ADC reads/second

The core clock speed on 3.3v promini style boards is 8 MHz, providing:

8 MHz / 64 = 125 kHz /13 ticks    = 9600 /sec      (256 reads =27.6ms, 1024 =106ms, 4096 =426ms)  (default) 
8 MHz / 32 = 250 kHz /13             = 19230 /sec     (256 reads = 13ms,  1024=53ms, 4096=200ms)
8 MHz / 16 = 500 kHz /13             = 38000 /sec     (256 reads = 6.7ms, 1024=27ms, 4096=108ms)
8 MHz /   8 = 1 MHz /13                 = 76900 /sec     (256 reads = 3.3ms, 1024=13ms, 4096=53ms)

more info see here.

Your sensors output must be stable while you gather these samples and this limits what kind of phenomenon you can measure. At the default ADC clock speed, trying to add six extra bits of resolution (46 = 4096 readings) means you can only capture about 2 samples per second. That’s pretty darned slow for data acquisition! In fact, it’s so pokey that some people implement ring-buffer schemes to provide access to an oversampled reading at any time, without having to grab a whole new set of samples. A neat trick if you are continuously monitoring a sensor that changes slowly, and you have enough memory to play with. Given the powers of 4 relationship between the different bit depths, it’s easy to see how you might hop-scotch through shorter 64 sample readings, and then combine those into a sort of rolling average version of a 256 sample reading if you don’t have quite enough ram for the full ring buffer approach.

How to read the ADC asynchronously

// Note: Before calling this function, I change to the internal 1.1v aref and set the ADC prescalars
// but you can leave them at the defaults: see: https://www.gammon.com.au/adc for more details
volatile int adcReading;
volatile boolean adcDone;
boolean adcStarted;
unsigned int  adc_read;

unsigned long asyncOversample(int readPin, int extraBits)
    {
int i=0;int j=0;
int var=256;                                  //default is 4bits worth of oversampling
if(extraBits == 5){var=1024;}
if(extraBits == 6){var=4096;} //I’ve only included three options here, but hopefully you see the pattern
unsigned long accumulatedReading = 0;
adc_read=analogRead(readPin);   // a throw away reading to connect the ADC channel
//delete me:  simply as spacer
pinMode(5, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(5, LOW);  // set the pin you are toggling to OUTPUT!
//delete me:  simply a spacer a spacer comment for blog layout
while(i < var){    // asynchronous ADC read from  http://www.gammon.com.au/interrupts
  if (adcDone)
  {adcStarted = false; accumulatedReading += adcReading; adcDone = false;i++;}
  if (!adcStarted)
  {adcStarted = true; ADCSRA |= bit (ADSC) | bit (ADIE);}
  PORTD ^= B00100000;  // [XOR toggle](http://jeelabs.org/2010/08/27/flippin%E2%80%99-bits/) D5 w green LED & 30k limit resistor (see  below for details)
}   // end of while (i < var)

pinMode(5, INPUT);digitalWrite(5, LOW);  //turn off the toggle pin
if(extraBits == 4){accumulatedReading=(accumulatedReading >> 4);}  // Decimation step for 4 extra bits
if(extraBits == 5){accumulatedReading=(accumulatedReading >> 5);}  // 5 bits
if(extraBits == 6){accumulatedReading=(accumulatedReading >> 6);}  // 6 bits
return accumulatedReading;
}   //end of asyncOversample function

ISR (ADC_vect)     // ADC complete ISR needed for asyncOversample function  
  {  adcReading = ADCL | (ADCH << 8);adcDone = true; }

(more info here )

Reading dynamic resistance values over a wide range

Read answers on Stackoverflow here

Burst Sampling with the ADS1115 in Continuous Mode

The 16-bit ADS1115 has a programmable amplifier at the front end, with the highest gain setting providing a range of +/- 0.256 v and a resolution of about 8 microvolts. Original article here