cpp-packaging.yml: install patch.exe via choco on Windows

[dconeybe]

This is a workaround for the patch.exe from Strawberry Perl crashing when attempting to patch snappy at

https://github.com/firebase/firebase-ios-sdk/blob/4cf275ff08a5998da1712f7eb8bb0f613d73b97e/cmake/external/snappy.cmake#L37

The upgrade of the firebase-ios-sdk dependency from 9.1.0 to 9.2.0 in #1003 caused some GitHub Actions Windows runners to fail to build with this error:

Performing patch step for 'snappy'
patching file snappy.cc
Assertation failed!

Program: C:\Strawberry\c\bin\patch.exe
File: .\src\patch\2.5.9\patch-2.5.9-src\patch.c, Line 354

Expression: hunk

Note that #1003 has some special logic in 77f3e70 to remove the patching of the "snappy" library.

The problem appears to be that the GitHub Actions runners use the patch command that is bundled with Strawberry Perl, which cannot seem to handle the patch file format and crashes.

This PR attempts to fix the issue by installing the latest version of GNU patch using Chocolatey, in hopes that it will be chosen instead of the one from Strawberry Perl.

Googlers see b/236958574 for full details.

[dconeybe]

I've triggered the cpp_packaging workflow at fa8a18d to see if it works: https://github.com/firebase/firebase-cpp-sdk/actions/runs/2551400273

Update: It didn't work. Next I'll try adding chocolatey's patch.exe to the front of the PATH.

[dconeybe]

I've modified the workflow to explicitly prepend the directory of chocolatey's patch.exe to the front of the PATH in 76ac75b.

I've triggered the cpp_packaging workflow at this comment to see if it works: https://github.com/firebase/firebase-cpp-sdk/actions/runs/2551478788

Update: This didn't work because choco still installs an old version of patch: v2.5.9. This version crashes just like Strawberry Perl's, which is also v2.5.9.

[dconeybe]

https://github.com/firebase/firebase-cpp-sdk/actions/runs/2551868037

[dconeybe]

Closing in favor of #1006