GH-2640 - Introduce API for dynamic configuration of transient properties.

[michael-simons]

This change introduces the concept of PersistentPropertyCharacteristics and PersistentPropertyCharacteristicsProvider.
The latter can be registered implicitly as a @Bean with the mapping context or via a custom mapping context. It allows
checking the properties and their owner for indicators like type and so on to treat them as transient or read only.
Examples have been added to the Neo4jMappingContextTest and PersistentPropertyCharacteristicsIT.

This closes #2640.

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