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Jul 21, 2015
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reorder Tour of Scala sections more logically #436

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7 changes: 3 additions & 4 deletions tutorials/tour/abstract-types.md
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disqus: true

tutorial: scala-tour
num: 2
outof: 35
num: 22
languages: [es, ko]
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Why'd you remove the outof here? I see there's a second one (below) which doesn't agree with this one.

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There are only 33 pieces to the tutorial, not 35. I don't even really know what effect outof has but I figured it should go in the first section.

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Haha funny that we have 33 not 35. No comment there (I must be responsible). outof is used for generating indicies and TOCs... Liquid markup is not the smartest templating engine – last I checked you couldn't populate a data structure in it with a subset of pages you want, so we have to do a very dumb "x out of y" articles kind of thing to know when to stop looping through all pages in the site. Yeah. I know.

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I was just putting the outof in the first file alphabetically in the folder since, based on the filename, it wasn't clear which number which stub got.

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Believe it or not this is actually somehow a little robust. It at least means no broken links...

tutorial-next: annotations
tutorial-previous: tour-of-scala
tutorial-next: compound-types
tutorial-previous: inner-classes
---

In Scala, classes are parameterized with values (the constructor parameters) and with types (if classes are [generic](generic-classes.html)). For reasons of regularity, it is not only possible to have values as object members; types along with values are members of objects. Furthermore, both forms of members can be concrete and abstract.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/annotations.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 3
tutorial-next: classes
tutorial-previous: abstract-types
num: 31
tutorial-next: default-parameter-values
tutorial-previous: automatic-closures
---

Annotations associate meta-information with definitions.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/anonymous-function-syntax.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 14
tutorial-next: currying
tutorial-previous: nested-functions
num: 6
tutorial-next: higher-order-functions
tutorial-previous: mixin-class-composition
---

Scala provides a relatively lightweight syntax for defining anonymous functions. The following expression creates a successor function for integers:
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/automatic-closures.md
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Expand Up @@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ title: Automatic Type-Dependent Closure Construction
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 16
tutorial-next: operators
tutorial-previous: currying
num: 30
tutorial-next: annotations
tutorial-previous: operators
---

Scala allows parameterless function names as parameters of methods. When such a method is called, the actual parameters for parameterless function names are not evaluated and a nullary function is passed instead which encapsulates the computation of the corresponding parameter (so-called *call-by-name* evalutation).
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/case-classes.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 5
tutorial-previous: classes
tutorial-next: compound-types
num: 10
tutorial-next: pattern-matching
tutorial-previous: currying
---

Scala supports the notion of _case classes_. Case classes are regular classes which export their constructor parameters and which provide a recursive decomposition mechanism via [pattern matching](pattern-matching.html).
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/classes.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 4
tutorial-next: case-classes
tutorial-previous: compound-types
num: 3
tutorial-next: traits
tutorial-previous: unified-types
---

Classes in Scala are static templates that can be instantiated into many objects at runtime.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/compound-types.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 6
tutorial-next: sequence-comprehensions
tutorial-previous: case-classes
num: 23
tutorial-next: explicitly-typed-self-references
tutorial-previous: abstract-types
---

Sometimes it is necessary to express that the type of an object is a subtype of several other types. In Scala this can be expressed with the help of *compound types*, which are intersections of object types.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/currying.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 15
tutorial-next: automatic-closures
tutorial-previous: anonymous-function-syntax
num: 9
tutorial-next: case-classes
tutorial-previous: nested-functions
---

Methods may define multiple parameter lists. When a method is called with a fewer number of parameter lists, then this will yield a function taking the missing parameter lists as its arguments.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/default-parameter-values.md
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---
layout: tutorial
title: Default Parameter values
title: Default Parameter Values

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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 34
num: 32
tutorial-next: named-parameters
tutorial-previous: xml-processing
tutorial-previous: annotations
---

Scala provides the ability to give parameters default values that can be used to allow a caller to omit those parameters.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/explicitly-typed-self-references.md
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Expand Up @@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ title: Explicitly Typed Self References
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 27
tutorial-next: local-type-inference
tutorial-previous: lower-type-bounds
num: 24
tutorial-next: implicit-parameters
tutorial-previous: compound-types
---

When developing extensible software it is sometimes handy to declare the type of the value `this` explicitly. To motivate this, we will derive a small extensible representation of a graph data structure in Scala.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/extractor-objects.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 8
tutorial-next: generic-classes
tutorial-previous: sequence-comprehensions
num: 15
tutorial-next: sequence-comprehensions
tutorial-previous: regular-expression-patterns
---

In Scala, patterns can be defined independently of case classes. To this end, a method named unapply is defined to yield a so-called extractor. For instance, the following code defines an extractor [object](singleton-objects.html) Twice.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/generic-classes.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 9
tutorial-next: implicit-parameters
tutorial-previous: extractor-classes
num: 17
tutorial-next: variances
tutorial-previous: sequence-comprehensions
---

Like in Java 5 (aka. [JDK 1.5](http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5/)), Scala has built-in support for classes parameterized with types. Such generic classes are particularly useful for the development of collection classes.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/higher-order-functions.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 18
tutorial-next: pattern-matching
tutorial-previous: operators
num: 7
tutorial-next: nested-functions
tutorial-previous: anonymous-function-syntax
---

Scala allows the definition of higher-order functions. These are functions that _take other functions as parameters_, or whose _result is a function_. Here is a function `apply` which takes another function `f` and a value `v` and applies function `f` to `v`:
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/implicit-parameters.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 10
tutorial-previous: generic-classes
tutorial-next: inner-classes
num: 25
tutorial-next: views
tutorial-previous: explicitly-typed-self-references
---

A method with _implicit parameters_ can be applied to arguments just like a normal method. In this case the implicit label has no effect. However, if such a method misses arguments for its implicit parameters, such arguments will be automatically provided.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/inner-classes.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 11
tutorial-previous: implicit-parameters
tutorial-next: mixin-class-composition
num: 21
tutorial-next: abstract-types
tutorial-previous: lower-type-bounds
---

In Scala it is possible to let classes have other classes as members. Opposed to Java-like languages where such inner classes are members of the enclosing class, in Scala such inner classes are bound to the outer object. To illustrate the difference, we quickly sketch the implementation of a graph datatype:
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/local-type-inference.md
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Expand Up @@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ title: Local Type Inference
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 29
tutorial-next: unified-types
tutorial-previous: explicitly-typed-self-references
num: 28
tutorial-next: operators
tutorial-previous: polymorphic-methods
---
Scala has a built-in type inference mechanism which allows the programmer to omit certain type annotations. It is, for instance, often not necessary in Scala to specify the type of a variable, since the compiler can deduce the type from the initialization expression of the variable. Also return types of methods can often be omitted since they corresponds to the type of the body, which gets inferred by the compiler.

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4 changes: 3 additions & 1 deletion tutorials/tour/lower-type-bounds.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 26
num: 20
tutorial-next: inner-classes
tutorial-previous: upper-type-bounds
---

While [upper type bounds](upper-type-bounds.html) limit a type to a subtype of another type, *lower type bounds* declare a type to be a supertype of another type. The term `T >: A` expresses that the type parameter `T` or the abstract type `T` refer to a supertype of type `A`.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/mixin-class-composition.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 12
tutorial-next: nested-functions
tutorial-previous: mixin-class-composition
num: 5
tutorial-next: anonymous-function-syntax
tutorial-previous: traits
---

As opposed to languages that only support _single inheritance_, Scala has a more general notion of class reuse. Scala makes it possible to reuse the _new member definitions of a class_ (i.e. the delta in relationship to the superclass) in the definition of a new class. This is expressed as a _mixin-class composition_. Consider the following abstraction for iterators.
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion tutorials/tour/named-parameters.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 35
num: 33
tutorial-previous: default-parameter-values
---

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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/nested-functions.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 13
tutorial-next: anonymous-function-syntax
tutorial-previous: mixin-class-composition
num: 8
tutorial-next: currying
tutorial-previous: higher-order-functions
---

In Scala it is possible to nest function definitions. The following object provides a `filter` function for extracting values from a list of integers that are below a threshold value:
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/operators.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 17
tutorial-next: higher-order-functions
tutorial-previous: automatic-closures
num: 29
tutorial-next: automatic-closures
tutorial-previous: local-type-inference
---

Any method which takes a single parameter can be used as an *infix operator* in Scala. Here is the definition of class `MyBool` which defines three methods `and`, `or`, and `negate`.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/pattern-matching.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 20
num: 11

tutorial-next: polymorphic-methods
tutorial-previous: higher-order-functions
tutorial-next: singleton-objects
tutorial-previous: case-classes
---

Scala has a built-in general pattern matching mechanism. It allows to match on any sort of data with a first-match policy.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/polymorphic-methods.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 21
num: 27

tutorial-next: regular-expression-patterns
tutorial-previous: polymorphic-methods
tutorial-next: local-type-inference
tutorial-previous: views
---

Methods in Scala can be parameterized with both values and types. Like on the class level, value parameters are enclosed in a pair of parentheses, while type parameters are declared within a pair of brackets.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/regular-expression-patterns.md
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disqus: true

tutorial: scala-tour
num: 22
num: 14

tutorial-next: traits
tutorial-previous: polymorphic-methods
tutorial-next: extractor-objects
tutorial-previous: xml-processing
---

## Right-ignoring sequence patterns ##
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/sequence-comprehensions.md
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disqus: true

tutorial: scala-tour
num: 7
tutorial-previous: compound-types
tutorial-next: extractor-objects
num: 16
tutorial-next: generic-classes
tutorial-previous: extractor-objects
---

Scala offers a lightweight notation for expressing *sequence comprehensions*. Comprehensions have the form `for (enumerators) yield e`, where `enumerators` refers to a semicolon-separated list of enumerators. An *enumerator* is either a generator which introduces new variables, or it is a filter. A comprehension evaluates the body `e` for each binding generated by the enumerators and returns a sequence of these values.
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5 changes: 4 additions & 1 deletion tutorials/tour/singleton-objects.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 28
num: 12

tutorial-next: xml-processing
tutorial-previous: pattern-matching
---

Methods and values that aren't associated with individual instances of a [class](classes.html) belong in *singleton objects*, denoted by using the keyword `object` instead of `class`.
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3 changes: 2 additions & 1 deletion tutorials/tour/tour-of-scala.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 1
tutorial-next: abstract-types
outof: 33
tutorial-next: unified-types
---

Scala is a modern multi-paradigm programming language designed to express common programming patterns in a concise, elegant, and type-safe way. It smoothly integrates features of object-oriented and functional languages.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/traits.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 24
tutorial-next: upper-type-bounds
tutorial-previous: regular-expression-patterns
num: 4
tutorial-next: mixin-class-composition
tutorial-previous: classes
---

Similar to interfaces in Java, traits are used to define object types by specifying the signature of the supported methods. Unlike Java, Scala allows traits to be partially implemented; i.e. it is possible to define default implementations for some methods. In contrast to classes, traits may not have constructor parameters.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/unified-types.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 30
tutorial-next: variances
tutorial-previous: local-type-inference
num: 2
tutorial-next: classes
tutorial-previous: tour-of-scala
---

In contrast to Java, all values in Scala are objects (including numerical values and functions). Since Scala is class-based, all values are instances of a class. The diagram below illustrates the class hierarchy.
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions tutorials/tour/upper-type-bounds.md
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tutorial: scala-tour
num: 25
tutorial-next: explicitly-typed-self-references
tutorial-previous: traits
num: 19
tutorial-next: lower-type-bounds
tutorial-previous: variances
---

In Scala, [type parameters](generic-classes.html) and [abstract types](abstract-types.html) may be constrained by a type bound. Such type bounds limit the concrete values of the type variables and possibly reveal more information about the members of such types. An _upper type bound_ `T <: A` declares that type variable `T` refers to a subtype of type `A`.
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