Add: Added the instructions for debugging from rust-forge

src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
     - [miri const evaluator](./miri.md)
 - [Parameter Environments](./param_env.md)
 - [Generating LLVM IR](./trans.md)
+- [Debugging the Compiler](./compiler-debugging.md)
 
 ---
 

src/compiler-debugging.md

@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+---
+layout: default
+title: Debugging the Compiler
+---
+
+# Debugging the compiler
+[debugging]: #debugging
+
+Here are a few tips to debug the compiler:
+
+## Getting a backtrace
+[getting-a-backtrace]: #getting-a-backtrace
+
+When you have an ICE (panic in the compiler), you can set
+`RUST_BACKTRACE=1` to get the stack trace of the `panic!` like in
+normal Rust programs.  IIRC backtraces **don't work** on Mac and on MinGW,
+sorry. If you have trouble or the backtraces are full of `unknown`,
+you might want to find some way to use Linux or MSVC on Windows.
+
+In the default configuration, you don't have line numbers enabled, so the 
+backtrace looks like this:
+
+   ```
+stack backtrace:
+   0: std::sys::imp::backtrace::tracing::imp::unwind_backtrace
+   1: std::sys_common::backtrace::_print
+   2: std::panicking::default_hook::{{closure}}
+   3: std::panicking::default_hook
+   4: std::panicking::rust_panic_with_hook
+   5: std::panicking::begin_panic
+   6: rustc_typeck::check::cast::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt<'a, 'gcx, \ 
+      'tcx>>::pointer_kind
+   (~~~~ LINES REMOVED BY ME FOR BREVITY ~~~~)
+  32: rustc_typeck::check_crate
+  33: <std::thread::local::LocalKey<T>>::with
+  34: <std::thread::local::LocalKey<T>>::with
+  35: rustc::ty::context::TyCtxt::create_and_enter
+  36: rustc_driver::driver::compile_input
+  37: rustc_driver::run_compiler
+   ```
+
+If you want line numbers for the stack trace, you can enable 
+`debuginfo-lines=true` or `debuginfo=true` in your config.toml and rebuild the 
+compiler. Then the backtrace will look like this:
+
+```
+stack backtrace:
+   (~~~~ LINES REMOVED BY ME FOR BREVITY ~~~~)
+   6: rustc_typeck::check::cast::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt<'a, 'gcx, \
+             'tcx>>::pointer_kind
+             at /home/user/rust/src/librustc_typeck/check/cast.rs:110
+   7: rustc_typeck::check::cast::CastCheck::check
+             at /home/user/rust/src/librustc_typeck/check/cast.rs:572
+             at /home/user/rust/src/librustc_typeck/check/cast.rs:460
+             at /home/user/rust/src/librustc_typeck/check/cast.rs:370
+   (~~~~ LINES REMOVED BY ME FOR BREVITY ~~~~)
+  33: rustc_driver::driver::compile_input
+             at /home/user/rust/src/librustc_driver/driver.rs:1010
+             at /home/user/rust/src/librustc_driver/driver.rs:212
+  34: rustc_driver::run_compiler
+             at /home/user/rust/src/librustc_driver/lib.rs:253
+```
+
+## Getting a backtrace for errors
+[getting-a-backtrace-for-errors]: #getting-a-backtrace-for-errors
+
+If you want to get a backtrace to the point where the compiler emits
+an error message, you can pass the `-Z treat-err-as-bug`, which
+will make the compiler panic on the first error it sees.
+
+This can also help when debugging `delay_span_bug` calls - it will make
+the first `delay_span_bug` call panic, which will give you a useful backtrace.
+
+For example:
+```
+$ cat error.rs
+fn main() {
+    1 + ();
+}
+$ ./build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/stage1/bin/rustc error.rs
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `{integer}: std::ops::Add<()>` is not satisfied
+ --> error.rs:2:7
+  |
+2 |     1 + ();
+  |       ^ no implementation for `{integer} + ()`
+  |
+  = help: the trait `std::ops::Add<()>` is not implemented for `{integer}`
+
+error: aborting due to previous error
+
+$ # Now, where does the error above come from?
+$ RUST_BACKTRACE=1 \
+    ./build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/stage1/bin/rustc \
+    error.rs \
+    -Z treat-err-as-bug
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `{integer}: std::ops::Add<()>` is not satisfied
+ --> error.rs:2:7
+  |
+2 |     1 + ();
+  |       ^ no implementation for `{integer} + ()`
+  |
+  = help: the trait `std::ops::Add<()>` is not implemented for `{integer}`
+
+error: internal compiler error: unexpected panic
+
+note: the compiler unexpectedly panicked. this is a bug.
+
+note: we would appreciate a bug report: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#bug-reports
+
+note: rustc 1.24.0-dev running on x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+
+note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace
+
+thread 'rustc' panicked at 'encountered error with `-Z treat_err_as_bug', 
+/home/user/rust/src/librustc_errors/lib.rs:411:12
+note: Some details are omitted, run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=full` for a verbose 
+backtrace.
+stack backtrace:
+  (~~~ IRRELEVANT PART OF BACKTRACE REMOVED BY ME ~~~)
+   7: rustc::traits::error_reporting::<impl rustc::infer::InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 
+             'tcx>>::report_selection_error
+             at /home/user/rust/src/librustc/traits/error_reporting.rs:823
+   8: rustc::traits::error_reporting::<impl rustc::infer::InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 
+             'tcx>>::report_fulfillment_errors
+             at /home/user/rust/src/librustc/traits/error_reporting.rs:160
+             at /home/user/rust/src/librustc/traits/error_reporting.rs:112
+   9: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::select_obligations_where_possible
+             at /home/user/rust/src/librustc_typeck/check/mod.rs:2192
+  (~~~ IRRELEVANT PART OF BACKTRACE REMOVED BY ME ~~~)
+  36: rustc_driver::run_compiler
+             at /home/user/rust/src/librustc_driver/lib.rs:253
+$ # Cool, now I have a backtrace for the error
+```
+
+## Getting logging output
+[getting-logging-output]: #getting-logging-output
+
+The compiler has a lot of `debug!` calls, which print out logging information
+at many points. These are very useful to at least narrow down the location of
+a bug if not to find it entirely, or just to orient yourself to why a compiler
+is doing a particular thing.
+
+To see the logs, you need to set the `RUST_LOG` environment variable to
+your log filter, e.g. to get the logs for a specific module, you can run the
+compiler as `RUST_LOG=module::path rustc my-file.rs`. The Rust logs are
+powered by [env-logger], and you can look at the docs linked there to see
+the full `RUST_LOG` syntax. All `debug!` output will then appear in
+standard error.
+
+Note that unless you use a very strict filter, the logger will emit a *lot*
+of output - so it's typically a good idea to pipe standard error to a file
+and look at the log output with a text editor.
+
+So to put it together.
+```
+# This puts the output of all debug calls in `librustc/traits` into
+# standard error, which might fill your console backscroll.
+$ RUST_LOG=rustc::traits rustc +local my-file.rs
+
+# This puts the output of all debug calls in `librustc/traits` in
+# `traits-log`, so you can then see it with a text editor.
+$ RUST_LOG=rustc::traits rustc +local my-file.rs 2>traits-log
+
+# Not recommended. This will show the output of all `debug!` calls
+# in the Rust compiler, and there are a *lot* of them, so it will be
+# hard to find anything.
+$ RUST_LOG=debug rustc +local my-file.rs 2>all-log
+
+# This will show the output of all `info!` calls in `rustc_trans`.
+#
+# There's an `info!` statement in `trans_instance` that outputs
+# every function that is translated. This is useful to find out
+# which function triggers an LLVM assertion, and this is an `info!`
+# log rather than a `debug!` log so it will work on the official
+# compilers.
+$ RUST_LOG=rustc_trans=info rustc +local my-file.rs
+```
+
+While calls to `info!` are included in every build of the compiler,
+calls to `debug!` are only included in the program if the
+`debug-assertions=yes` is turned on in config.toml (it is
+turned off by default), so if you don't see `DEBUG` logs, especially
+if you run the compiler with `RUST_LOG=rustc rustc some.rs` and only see
+`INFO` logs, make sure that `debug-assertions=yes` is turned on in your
+config.toml.
+
+I also think that in some cases just setting it will not trigger a rebuild,
+so if you changed it and you already have a compiler built, you might
+want to call `x.py clean` to force one.
+
+### Logging etiquette
+
+Because calls to `debug!` are removed by default, in most cases, don't worry
+about adding "unnecessary" calls to `debug!` and leaving them in in code
+you commit - they won't slow
+down the performance of what we ship, and if they helped you pinning down
+a bug, they will probably help someone else with a different one.
+
+However, there are still a few concerns that you might care about:
+
+### Expensive operations in logs
+
+A note of caution: the expressions *within* the `debug!` call are run
+whenever RUST_LOG is set, even if the filter would exclude the log. This means 
+that if in the module `rustc::foo` you have a statement
+
+```Rust
+debug!("{:?}", random_operation(tcx));
+```
+
+Then if someone runs a debug `rustc` with `RUST_LOG=rustc::bar`, then 
+`random_operation()` will still run - even while it's output will never be 
+needed!
+
+This means that you should not put anything too expensive or likely
+to crash there - that would annoy anyone who wants to use logging for their own 
+module. Note that if `RUST_LOG` is unset (the default), then the code will not 
+run - this means that if your logging code panics, then no-one will know it 
+until someone tries to use logging to find *another* bug.
+
+If you *need* to do an expensive operation in a log, be aware that while log 
+expressions are *evaluated* even if logging is not enabled in your module, 
+they are not *formatted* unless it *is*. This means you can put your 
+expensive/crashy operations inside an `fmt::Debug` impl, and they will not be 
+run unless your log is enabled:
+
+```Rust
+use std::fmt;
+
+struct ExpensiveOperationContainer<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>
+    where 'tcx: 'gcx, 'a: 'tcx
+{
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> fmt::Debug for ExpensiveOperationContainer<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
+    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let value = random_operation(tcx);
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(&value, fmt)
+    }
+}
+
+debug!("{:?}", ExpensiveOperationContainer { tcx });
+```
+
+## Formatting Graphviz output (.dot files)
+[formatting-graphviz-output]: #formatting-graphviz-output
+
+Some compiler options for debugging specific features yield graphviz graphs - 
+e.g. the `#[rustc_mir(borrowck_graphviz_postflow="suffix.dot")]` attribute
+dumps various borrow-checker dataflow graphs.
+
+These all produce `.dot` files. To view these files, install graphviz (e.g.
+`apt-get install graphviz`) and then run the following commands:
+
+```
+$ dot -T pdf maybe_init_suffix.dot > maybe_init_suffix.pdf
+$ firefox maybe_init_suffix.pdf # Or your favorite pdf viewer
+```
+
+## Debugging LLVM
+[debugging-llvm]: #debugging-llvm
+
+LLVM is a big project on its own that probably needs to have its own debugging
+document (not that I could find one). But here are some tips that are important
+in a rustc context:
+
+The official compilers (including nightlies) have LLVM assertions disabled,
+which means that LLVM assertion failures can show up as compiler crashes (not
+ICEs but "real" crashes) and other sorts of weird behavior. If you are
+encountering these, it is a good idea to try using a compiler with LLVM
+assertions enabled - either an "alt" nightly or a compiler you build yourself
+by setting `[llvm] assertions=true` in your config.toml - and
+see whether anything turns up.
+
+The rustc build process builds the LLVM tools into 
+`./build/<host-triple>/llvm/bin`. They can be called directly.
+
+The default rustc compilation pipeline has multiple codegen units, which is hard
+to replicate manually and means that LLVM is called multiple times in parallel.
+If you can get away with it (i.e. if it doesn't make your bug disappear),
+passing `-C codegen-units=1` to rustc will make debugging easier.
+
+If you want to play with the optimization pipeline, you can use the `opt` from
+there on the IR rustc emits with `--emit=llvm-ir`. Note
+that rustc emits different IR depending on whether `-O` is enabled, even without
+LLVM's optimizations, so if you want to play with the IR rustc emits, 
+you should:
+```
+$ rustc +local my-file.rs --emit=llvm-ir -O -C no-prepopulate-passes \
+    -C codegen-units=1
+$ OPT=./build/$TRIPLE/llvm/bin/opt
+$ $OPT -S -O2 < my-file.ll > my
+```
+
+If you just want to get the LLVM IR during the LLVM pipeline, to e.g. see which
+IR causes an optimization-time assertion to fail, or to see when
+LLVM performs a particular optimization, you can pass the rustc flag
+`-C llvm-args=-print-after-all`, and possibly add
+`-C llvm-args='-filter-print-funcs=EXACT_FUNCTION_NAME` (e.g.
+`-C llvm-args='-filter-print-funcs=_ZN11collections3str21_$LT$impl$u20$str$GT$\
+    7replace17hbe10ea2e7c809b0bE'`).
+
+That produces a lot of output into standard error, so you'll want to pipe
+that to some file. Also, if you are using neither `-filter-print-funcs` nor
+`-C codegen-units=1`, then, because the multiple codegen units run in parallel,
+the printouts will mix together and you won't be able to read anything.
+
+If you want just the IR for a specific function (say, you want to see
+why it causes an assertion or doesn't optimize correctly), you can use
+`llvm-extract`, e.g.
+```
+$ ./build/$TRIPLE/llvm/bin/llvm-extract \
+    -func='_ZN11collections3str21_$LT$impl$u20$str$GT$7replace17hbe10ea2e7c809b0bE' \
+    -S \
+    < unextracted.ll \
+    > extracted.ll
+```
+
+[env-logger]: https://docs.rs/env_logger/0.4.3/env_logger/