Docs: New entries to glossary

[benjaoming]

• Adding a batch of new entries.
• Applying new entries throughout docs

Some of these entries were originally from #10071

Refs: #9747

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📚 Documentation previews 📚

• User's documentation (docs): https://docs--10249.org.readthedocs.build/en/10249/

• Developer's documentation (dev): https://dev--10249.org.readthedocs.build/en/10249/

[humitos]

Looks good to me. I made some suggestions because I think we are going too verbose about the context in some terms but we are not clearly explaining the definition of the term itself.