ENH: pd.concat with keys and ignore_index=True should raise

doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ Other enhancements
 - :meth:`DataFrame.pivot_table` and :func:`pivot_table` now allow the passing of keyword arguments to ``aggfunc`` through ``**kwargs`` (:issue:`57884`)
 - :meth:`Series.cummin` and :meth:`Series.cummax` now supports :class:`CategoricalDtype` (:issue:`52335`)
 - :meth:`Series.plot` now correctly handle the ``ylabel`` parameter for pie charts, allowing for explicit control over the y-axis label (:issue:`58239`)
+- :meth:`pandas.concat` will raise a ``ValueError`` when ``ignore_index=True`` and ``keys`` is not ``None`` (:issue:`59274`)
 - Multiplying two :class:`DateOffset` objects will now raise a ``TypeError`` instead of a ``RecursionError`` (:issue:`59442`)
 - Restore support for reading Stata 104-format and enable reading 103-format dta files (:issue:`58554`)
 - Support reading Stata 102-format (Stata 1) dta files (:issue:`58978`)

pandas/core/reshape/concat.py

@@ -379,6 +379,11 @@ def concat(
     0   1   2
     1   3   4
     """
+    if ignore_index and keys is not None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Cannot set {ignore_index=} and specify keys. Either should be used."
+        )
+
     if copy is not lib.no_default:
         warnings.warn(
             "The copy keyword is deprecated and will be removed in a future "

pandas/tests/reshape/concat/test_concat.py

@@ -939,3 +939,15 @@ def test_concat_with_series_and_frame_returns_rangeindex_columns():
     result = concat([ser, df])
     expected = DataFrame([0, 1, 2], index=[0, 0, 1])
     tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected, check_column_type=True)
+
+
+def test_concat_with_moot_ignore_index_and_keys):
+    df1 = DataFrame([[0]])
+    df2 = DataFrame([[42]])
+
+    msg = (
+        "Setting ignore_index to true and providing key values are "
+        "counterproductive. Either should be used."
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        concat([df1, df2], keys=["df1", "df2"], ignore_index=True)