PERF: concat(axis=1) with unaligned indexes

[lukemanley]

• Tests added and passed if fixing a bug or adding a new feature
• All code checks passed.
• Added type annotations to new arguments/methods/functions.
• Added an entry in the latest doc/source/whatsnew/v2.2.0.rst file if fixing a bug or adding a new feature.

       before           after         ratio
-      23.4±0.7ms         19.3±1ms     0.82  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('string[python]', 'monotonic', 1, False)
-        54.7±6ms       42.6±0.3ms     0.78  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('string[pyarrow]', 'has_na', 1, True)
-        19.4±2ms         14.4±1ms     0.75  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('string[python]', 'has_na', 1, False)
-        40.2±3ms         29.8±1ms     0.74  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('string[pyarrow]', 'monotonic', 1, False)
-        52.3±1ms       37.9±0.9ms     0.73  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('string[pyarrow]', 'non_monotonic', 1, True)
-        37.6±3ms         24.5±1ms     0.65  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('string[python]', 'has_na', 1, True)
-        6.81±1ms       4.35±0.4ms     0.64  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('int64[pyarrow]', 'monotonic', 1, True)
-        7.56±1ms       4.81±0.3ms     0.64  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('int64[pyarrow]', 'non_monotonic', 1, False)
-      39.1±0.8ms       24.6±0.2ms     0.63  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('string[python]', 'non_monotonic', 1, True)
-       20.8±10ms       12.5±0.6ms     0.60  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('string[python]', 'non_monotonic', 1, False)
-        9.35±2ms       5.56±0.6ms     0.59  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('int64[pyarrow]', 'has_na', 1, False)
-        12.2±2ms       7.16±0.6ms     0.59  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('int64[pyarrow]', 'has_na', 1, True)
-      7.09±0.8ms       4.00±0.9ms     0.56  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('int64', 'non_monotonic', 1, False)
-        10.3±1ms       5.66±0.2ms     0.55  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('int64[pyarrow]', 'non_monotonic', 1, True)
-        8.09±1ms       4.17±0.2ms     0.52  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('int64[pyarrow]', 'monotonic', 1, False)
-        7.47±1ms       3.74±0.2ms     0.50  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('Int64', 'has_na', 1, False)
-        9.98±1ms      4.99±0.08ms     0.50  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('Int64', 'non_monotonic', 1, True)
-       59.3±20ms       29.0±0.4ms     0.49  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('string[pyarrow]', 'non_monotonic', 1, False)
-        27.9±3ms       13.4±0.9ms     0.48  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('string[python]', 'monotonic', 1, True)
-        7.96±1ms       3.72±0.2ms     0.47  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('Int64', 'monotonic', 1, False)
-        8.59±2ms      3.93±0.08ms     0.46  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('Int64', 'non_monotonic', 1, False)
-        7.88±1ms       3.60±0.2ms     0.46  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('Int64', 'monotonic', 1, True)
-        7.19±1ms      2.97±0.06ms     0.41  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('int64', 'monotonic', 1, True)
-        7.46±2ms       3.06±0.2ms     0.41  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('int64', 'monotonic', 1, False)
-        11.3±3ms       4.54±0.3ms     0.40  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('Int64', 'has_na', 1, True)
-        10.8±2ms       3.81±0.1ms     0.35  join_merge.ConcatIndexDtype.time_concat_series('int64', 'non_monotonic', 1, True)

[mroeschke]

Thanks @lukemanley