ENH: add LaTeX math mode with parentheses

doc/source/whatsnew/v2.1.0.rst

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ Other enhancements
 - Let :meth:`DataFrame.to_feather` accept a non-default :class:`Index` and non-string column names (:issue:`51787`)
 - :class:`api.extensions.ExtensionArray` now has a :meth:`~api.extensions.ExtensionArray.map` method (:issue:`51809`)
 - Improve error message when having incompatible columns using :meth:`DataFrame.merge` (:issue:`51861`)
+- Added to the escape mode "latex-math" preserving without escaping all characters between "\(" and "\)" in formatter (:issue:`51903`)
 - Improved error message when creating a DataFrame with empty data (0 rows), no index and an incorrect number of columns. (:issue:`52084`)
 
 .. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

pandas/io/formats/style.py

@@ -175,7 +175,11 @@ class Styler(StylerRenderer):
         in cell display string with HTML-safe sequences.
         Use 'latex' to replace the characters ``&``, ``%``, ``$``, ``#``, ``_``,
         ``{``, ``}``, ``~``, ``^``, and ``\`` in the cell display string with
-        LaTeX-safe sequences. If not given uses ``pandas.options.styler.format.escape``.
+        LaTeX-safe sequences. Use 'latex-math' to replace the characters
+        the same way as in 'latex' mode, except for math substrings,
+        which either are surrounded by two characters ``$`` or start with
+        the character ``\(`` and end with ``\)``.
+        If not given uses ``pandas.options.styler.format.escape``.
 
         .. versionadded:: 1.3.0
     formatter : str, callable, dict, optional

pandas/io/formats/style_render.py

@@ -988,8 +988,9 @@ def format(
             ``{``, ``}``, ``~``, ``^``, and ``\`` in the cell display string with
             LaTeX-safe sequences.
             Use 'latex-math' to replace the characters the same way as in 'latex' mode,
-            except for math substrings, which start and end with ``$``.
-            Escaping is done before ``formatter``.
+            except for math substrings, which either are surrounded
+            by two characters ``$`` or start with the character ``\(`` and
+            end with ``\)``. Escaping is done before ``formatter``.
 
             .. versionadded:: 1.3.0
 
@@ -1117,7 +1118,8 @@ def format(
         2 & \textbf{\$\%\#} \\
         \end{tabular}
 
-        Using ``escape`` in 'latex-math' mode.
+        Applying ``escape`` in 'latex-math' mode. In the example below
+        we enter math mode using the character ``$``.
 
         >>> df = pd.DataFrame([[r"$\sum_{i=1}^{10} a_i$ a~b $\alpha \
         ...     = \frac{\beta}{\zeta^2}$"], ["%#^ $ \$x^2 $"]])
@@ -1129,6 +1131,34 @@ def format(
         1 & \%\#\textasciicircum \space $ \$x^2 $ \\
         \end{tabular}
 
+        We can use the character ``\(`` to enter math mode and the character ``\)``
+        to close math mode.
+
+        >>> df = pd.DataFrame([[r"\(\sum_{i=1}^{10} a_i\) a~b \(\alpha \
+        ...     = \frac{\beta}{\zeta^2}\)"], ["%#^ \( \$x^2 \)"]])
+        >>> df.style.format(escape="latex-math").to_latex()
+        ...  # doctest: +SKIP
+        \begin{tabular}{ll}
+         & 0 \\
+        0 & \(\sum_{i=1}^{10} a_i\) a\textasciitilde b \(\alpha
+        = \frac{\beta}{\zeta^2}\) \\
+        1 & \%\#\textasciicircum \space \( \$x^2 \) \\
+        \end{tabular}
+
+        If we have in one DataFrame cell a combination of both shorthands
+        for math formulas, the shorthand with the sign ``$`` will be applied.
+
+        >>> df = pd.DataFrame([[r"\( x^2 \)  $x^2$"], \
+        ...     [r"$\frac{\beta}{\zeta}$ \(\frac{\beta}{\zeta}\)"]])
+        >>> df.style.format(escape="latex-math").to_latex()
+        ...  # doctest: +SKIP
+        \begin{tabular}{ll}
+         & 0 \\
+        0 & \textbackslash ( x\textasciicircum 2 \textbackslash )  $x^2$ \\
+        1 & $\frac{\beta}{\zeta}$ \textbackslash (\textbackslash
+        frac\{\textbackslash beta\}\{\textbackslash zeta\}\textbackslash ) \\
+        \end{tabular}
+
         Pandas defines a `number-format` pseudo CSS attribute instead of the `.format`
         method to create `to_excel` permissible formatting. Note that semi-colons are
         CSS protected characters but used as separators in Excel's format string.
@@ -2361,13 +2391,13 @@ def _escape_latex(s):
     )
 
 
-def _escape_latex_math(s):
+def _math_mode_with_dollar(s):
     r"""
-    All characters between two characters ``$`` are preserved.
+    All characters in LaTeX math mode are preserved.
 
-    The substrings in LaTeX math mode, which start with the character ``$``
-    and end with ``$``, are preserved without escaping. Otherwise
-    regular LaTeX escaping applies. See ``_escape_latex()``.
+    The substrings in LaTeX math mode, which start with
+    the character ``$`` and end with ``$``, are preserved
+    without escaping. Otherwise regular LaTeX escaping applies.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
@@ -2392,3 +2422,79 @@ def _escape_latex_math(s):
 
     res.append(_escape_latex(s[pos : len(s)]))
     return "".join(res).replace(r"rt8§=§7wz", r"\$")
+
+
+def _math_mode_with_parentheses(s):
+    r"""
+    All characters in LaTeX math mode are preserved.
+
+    The substrings in LaTeX math mode, which start with
+    the character ``\(`` and end with ``\)``, are preserved
+    without escaping. Otherwise regular LaTeX escaping applies.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    s : str
+        Input to be escaped
+
+    Return
+    ------
+    str :
+        Escaped string
+    """
+    s = s.replace(r"\(", r"LEFT§=§6yzLEFT").replace(r"\)", r"RIGHTab5§=§RIGHT")
+    res = []
+    for item in re.split(r"LEFT§=§6yz|ab5§=§RIGHT", s):
+        if item.startswith("LEFT") and item.endswith("RIGHT"):
+            res.append(item.replace("LEFT", r"\(").replace("RIGHT", r"\)"))
+        elif "LEFT" in item and "RIGHT" in item:
+            res.append(
+                _escape_latex(item).replace("LEFT", r"\(").replace("RIGHT", r"\)")
+            )
+        else:
+            res.append(
+                _escape_latex(item)
+                .replace("LEFT", r"\textbackslash (")
+                .replace("RIGHT", r"\textbackslash )")
+            )
+    return "".join(res)
+
+
+def _escape_latex_math(s):
+    r"""
+    All characters in LaTeX math mode are preserved.
+
+    The substrings in LaTeX math mode, which either are surrounded
+    by two characters ``$`` or start with the character ``\(`` and end with ``\)``,
+    are preserved without escaping. Otherwise regular LaTeX escaping applies.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    s : str
+        Input to be escaped
+
+    Return
+    ------
+    str :
+        Escaped string
+    """
+    s = s.replace(r"\$", r"rt8§=§7wz")
+    pattern_d = re.compile(r"\$.*?\$")
+    pattern_p = re.compile(r"\(.*?\)")
+    pos_d = 0
+    pos_p = 0
+    ps_d = pattern_d.search(s, pos_d)
+    ps_p = pattern_p.search(s, pos_p)
+    mode = []
+    if ps_d:
+        mode.append(ps_d.span()[0])
+    if ps_p:
+        mode.append(ps_p.span()[0])
+    if len(mode) == 0:
+        return _escape_latex(s.replace(r"\$", r"rt8§=§7wz"))
+    if s[mode[0]] == r"$":
+        return _math_mode_with_dollar(s.replace(r"\$", r"rt8§=§7wz"))
+    if s[mode[0] - 1 : mode[0] + 1] == r"\(":
+        return _math_mode_with_parentheses(s.replace(r"\$", r"rt8§=§7wz"))
+    else:
+        return _escape_latex(s.replace(r"\$", r"rt8§=§7wz"))

pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_format.py

@@ -192,13 +192,47 @@ def test_format_escape_html(escape, exp):
     assert styler._translate(True, True)["head"][0][1]["display_value"] == f"&{exp}&"
 
 
-def test_format_escape_latex_math():
-    chars = r"$\frac{1}{2} \$ x^2$ ~%#^"
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "chars, expected",
+    [
+        (
+            r"$ \$&%#_{}~^\ $ &%#_{}~^\ $",
+            "".join(
+                [
+                    r"$ \$&%#_{}~^\ $ ",
+                    r"\&\%\#\_\{\}\textasciitilde \textasciicircum ",
+                    r"\textbackslash \space \$",
+                ]
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            r"\( &%#_{}~^\ \) &%#_{}~^\ \(",
+            "".join(
+                [
+                    r"\( &%#_{}~^\ \) ",
+                    r"\&\%\#\_\{\}\textasciitilde \textasciicircum ",
+                    r"\textbackslash \space \textbackslash (",
+                ]
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            r"$ \frac{1}{2} $ \( \frac{1}{2} \)",
+            "".join(
+                [
+                    r"$ \frac{1}{2} $",
+                    r" \textbackslash ( \textbackslash frac\{1\}\{2\} \textbackslash )",
+                ]
+            ),
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_format_escape_latex_math(chars, expected):
+    # GH 51903
+    # latex-math escape works for each DataFrame cell separately. If we have
+    # a combination of dollar signs and brackets, the dollar sign would apply.
     df = DataFrame([[chars]])
-
-    expected = r"$\frac{1}{2} \$ x^2$ \textasciitilde \%\#\textasciicircum "
     s = df.style.format("{0}", escape="latex-math")
-    assert expected == s._translate(True, True)["body"][0][1]["display_value"]
+    assert s._translate(True, True)["body"][0][1]["display_value"] == expected
 
 
 def test_format_escape_na_rep():