BUG: is_[int|float]_dtypes functions not recognizing ArrowDtype

[mroeschke]

• closes BUG: is_integer_dtype returns False for integer ArrowDtypes #50667 (Replace xxxx with the GitHub issue number)
• Tests added and passed if fixing a bug or adding a new feature
• All code checks passed.
• Added type annotations to new arguments/methods/functions.
• Added an entry in the latest doc/source/whatsnew/vX.X.X.rst file if fixing a bug or adding a new feature.

Went ahead and fixed the other numeric-like dtype checkers

[lukemanley]

LGTM

Nice. This helps avoid a number of conversions to object dtype, e.g.

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

ser = pd.Series(np.arange(10**6), dtype="int64[pyarrow]")

%timeit ser.duplicated()

# 403 ms ± 7.19 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)      <- main
# 12.4 ms ± 71.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)  <- this PR

[phofl]

Small doc fix, otherwise lgtm

[phofl]

thx @mroeschke

[jrbourbeau]

Thanks as always @mroeschke!