ENH: Add indexing syntax to GroupBy.nth()

doc/source/whatsnew/v1.4.0.rst

@@ -164,6 +164,14 @@ Previously, negative arguments returned empty frames.
     df.groupby("A").nth(slice(1, -1))
     df.groupby("A").nth([slice(None, 1), slice(-1, None)])
 
+:meth:`.GroupBy.nth` now accepts index notation.
+
+.. ipython:: python
+
+    df.groupby("A").nth[1, -1]
+    df.groupby("A").nth[1:-1]
+    df.groupby("A").nth[:1, -1:]
+
 .. _whatsnew_140.dict_tight:
 
 DataFrame.from_dict and DataFrame.to_dict have new ``'tight'`` option

pandas/core/groupby/groupby.py

@@ -100,7 +100,10 @@ class providing the base-class of operations.
     numba_,
     ops,
 )
-from pandas.core.groupby.indexing import GroupByIndexingMixin
+from pandas.core.groupby.indexing import (
+    GroupByIndexingMixin,
+    GroupByNthSelector,
+)
 from pandas.core.indexes.api import (
     CategoricalIndex,
     Index,
@@ -902,6 +905,15 @@ def __getattr__(self, attr: str):
             f"'{type(self).__name__}' object has no attribute '{attr}'"
         )
 
+    def __getattribute__(self, attr):
+        # Intercept nth to allow both call and index
+        if attr == "nth":
+            return GroupByNthSelector(self)
+        elif attr == "nth_actual":
+            return super().__getattribute__("nth")
+        else:
+            return super().__getattribute__(attr)
+
     @final
     def _make_wrapper(self, name: str) -> Callable:
         assert name in self._apply_allowlist
@@ -2524,6 +2536,9 @@ def nth(
         """
         Take the nth row from each group if n is an int, otherwise a subset of rows.
 
+        Can be either a call or an index. dropna is not available with index notation.
+        Index notation accepts a comma separated list of integers and slices.
+
         If dropna, will take the nth non-null row, dropna is either
         'all' or 'any'; this is equivalent to calling dropna(how=dropna)
         before the groupby.
@@ -2535,6 +2550,7 @@ def nth(
 
             .. versionchanged:: 1.4.0
                 Added slice and lists containiing slices.
+                Added index notation.
 
         dropna : {'any', 'all', None}, default None
             Apply the specified dropna operation before counting which row is
@@ -2580,6 +2596,22 @@ def nth(
         1  2.0
         2  3.0
 
+        Index notation may also be used
+
+        >>> g.nth[0, 1]
+             B
+        A
+        1  NaN
+        1  2.0
+        2  3.0
+        2  5.0
+        >>> g.nth[:-1]
+             B
+        A
+        1  NaN
+        1  2.0
+        2  3.0
+
         Specifying `dropna` allows count ignoring ``NaN``
 
         >>> g.nth(0, dropna='any')

pandas/core/groupby/indexing.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Iterable,
+    Literal,
     cast,
 )
 
@@ -281,3 +282,22 @@ def __getitem__(self, arg: PositionalIndexer | tuple) -> DataFrame | Series:
         self.groupby_object._reset_group_selection()
         mask = self.groupby_object._make_mask_from_positional_indexer(arg)
         return self.groupby_object._mask_selected_obj(mask)
+
+
+class GroupByNthSelector:
+    """
+    Dynamically substituted for GroupBy.nth to enable both call and index
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, groupby_object: groupby.GroupBy):
+        self.groupby_object = groupby_object
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        n: PositionalIndexer | tuple,
+        dropna: Literal["any", "all", None] = None,
+    ) -> DataFrame | Series:
+        return self.groupby_object.nth_actual(n, dropna)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, n: PositionalIndexer | tuple) -> DataFrame | Series:
+        return self.groupby_object.nth_actual(n)

pandas/tests/groupby/test_nth.py

@@ -726,6 +726,15 @@ def test_slice(slice_test_df, slice_test_grouped, arg, expected_rows):
     tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
 
 
+def test_nth_indexed(slice_test_df, slice_test_grouped):
+    # Test index notation     GH  #44688
+
+    result = slice_test_grouped.nth[0, 1, -2:]
+    expected = slice_test_df.iloc[[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7]]
+
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+
 def test_invalid_argument(slice_test_grouped):
     # Test for error on invalid argument