TYP: Signature of "reindex" incompatible with supertype "NDFrame"

pandas/core/describe.py

@@ -181,7 +181,9 @@ def describe(self, percentiles: Sequence[float]) -> DataFrame:
             sort=False,
         )
         d.columns = data.columns.copy()
-        return d
+        # Incompatible return value type (got "Union[DataFrame, Series]",
+        # expected "DataFrame")
+        return d  # type: ignore[return-value]
 
     def _select_data(self):
         """Select columns to be described."""

pandas/core/series.py

@@ -4481,8 +4481,17 @@ def set_axis(self, labels, axis: Axis = 0, inplace: bool = False):
         optional_labels=_shared_doc_kwargs["optional_labels"],
         optional_axis=_shared_doc_kwargs["optional_axis"],
     )
-    def reindex(self, index=None, **kwargs):
-        return super().reindex(index=index, **kwargs)
+    def reindex(self, *args, **kwargs) -> Series:
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError("Only one positional argument ('index') is allowed")
+        if args:
+            (index,) = args
+            if "index" in kwargs:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "'index' passed as both positional and keyword argument"
+                )
+            kwargs.update({"index": index})
+        return super().reindex(**kwargs)
 
     def drop(
         self,

pandas/tests/series/methods/test_reindex.py

@@ -345,3 +345,28 @@ def test_reindex_periodindex_with_object(p_values, o_values, values, expected_va
     result = ser.reindex(object_index)
     expected = Series(expected_values, index=object_index)
     tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_reindex_too_many_args():
+    # GH 40980
+    ser = Series([1, 2])
+    with pytest.raises(
+        TypeError, match=r"Only one positional argument \('index'\) is allowed"
+    ):
+        ser.reindex([2, 3], False)
+
+
+def test_reindex_double_index():
+    # GH 40980
+    ser = Series([1, 2])
+    msg = r"'index' passed as both positional and keyword argument"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        ser.reindex([2, 3], index=[3, 4])
+
+
+def test_reindex_no_posargs():
+    # GH 40980
+    ser = Series([1, 2])
+    result = ser.reindex(index=[1, 0])
+    expected = Series([2, 1], index=[1, 0])
+    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)