PERF: Allow groupby transform with numba engine to be fully parallelizable

asv_bench/benchmarks/groupby.py

@@ -627,49 +627,63 @@ def time_first(self):
 
 
 class TransformEngine:
-    def setup(self):
+
+    param_names = ["parallel"]
+    params = [[True, False]]
+
+    def setup(self, parallel):
         N = 10 ** 3
         data = DataFrame(
             {0: [str(i) for i in range(100)] * N, 1: list(range(100)) * N},
             columns=[0, 1],
         )
+        self.parallel = parallel
         self.grouper = data.groupby(0)
 
-    def time_series_numba(self):
+    def time_series_numba(self, parallel):
         def function(values, index):
             return values * 5
 
-        self.grouper[1].transform(function, engine="numba")
+        self.grouper[1].transform(
+            function, engine="numba", engine_kwargs={"parallel": self.parallel}
+        )
 
-    def time_series_cython(self):
+    def time_series_cython(self, parallel):
         def function(values):
             return values * 5
 
         self.grouper[1].transform(function, engine="cython")
 
-    def time_dataframe_numba(self):
+    def time_dataframe_numba(self, parallel):
         def function(values, index):
             return values * 5
 
-        self.grouper.transform(function, engine="numba")
+        self.grouper.transform(
+            function, engine="numba", engine_kwargs={"parallel": self.parallel}
+        )
 
-    def time_dataframe_cython(self):
+    def time_dataframe_cython(self, parallel):
         def function(values):
             return values * 5
 
         self.grouper.transform(function, engine="cython")
 
 
 class AggEngine:
-    def setup(self):
+
+    param_names = ["parallel"]
+    params = [[True, False]]
+
+    def setup(self, parallel):
         N = 10 ** 3
         data = DataFrame(
             {0: [str(i) for i in range(100)] * N, 1: list(range(100)) * N},
             columns=[0, 1],
         )
+        self.parallel = parallel
         self.grouper = data.groupby(0)
 
-    def time_series_numba(self):
+    def time_series_numba(self, parallel):
         def function(values, index):
             total = 0
             for i, value in enumerate(values):
@@ -679,9 +693,11 @@ def function(values, index):
                     total += value * 2
             return total
 
-        self.grouper[1].agg(function, engine="numba")
+        self.grouper[1].agg(
+            function, engine="numba", engine_kwargs={"parallel": self.parallel}
+        )
 
-    def time_series_cython(self):
+    def time_series_cython(self, parallel):
         def function(values):
             total = 0
             for i, value in enumerate(values):
@@ -693,7 +709,7 @@ def function(values):
 
         self.grouper[1].agg(function, engine="cython")
 
-    def time_dataframe_numba(self):
+    def time_dataframe_numba(self, parallel):
         def function(values, index):
             total = 0
             for i, value in enumerate(values):
@@ -703,9 +719,11 @@ def function(values, index):
                     total += value * 2
             return total
 
-        self.grouper.agg(function, engine="numba")
+        self.grouper.agg(
+            function, engine="numba", engine_kwargs={"parallel": self.parallel}
+        )
 
-    def time_dataframe_cython(self):
+    def time_dataframe_cython(self, parallel):
         def function(values):
             total = 0
             for i, value in enumerate(values):

doc/source/whatsnew/v1.2.0.rst

@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ Performance improvements
 
 - Performance improvements when creating Series with dtype `str` or :class:`StringDtype` from array with many string elements (:issue:`36304`)
 - Performance improvement in :meth:`GroupBy.agg` with the ``numba`` engine (:issue:`35759`)
--
+- Performance improvement in :meth:`GroupBy.transform` with the ``numba`` engine (:issue:`36240`)
 
 .. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

pandas/core/groupby/generic.py

@@ -226,10 +226,6 @@ def apply(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
     def aggregate(self, func=None, *args, engine=None, engine_kwargs=None, **kwargs):
 
         if maybe_use_numba(engine):
-            if not callable(func):
-                raise NotImplementedError(
-                    "Numba engine can only be used with a single function."
-                )
             with group_selection_context(self):
                 data = self._selected_obj
             result, index = self._aggregate_with_numba(
@@ -489,12 +485,21 @@ def _aggregate_named(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
     @Substitution(klass="Series")
     @Appender(_transform_template)
     def transform(self, func, *args, engine=None, engine_kwargs=None, **kwargs):
+
+        if maybe_use_numba(engine):
+            with group_selection_context(self):
+                data = self._selected_obj
+            result = self._transform_with_numba(
+                data.to_frame(), func, *args, engine_kwargs=engine_kwargs, **kwargs
+            )
+            return self.obj._constructor(
+                result.ravel(), index=data.index, name=data.name
+            )
+
         func = self._get_cython_func(func) or func
 
         if not isinstance(func, str):
-            return self._transform_general(
-                func, *args, engine=engine, engine_kwargs=engine_kwargs, **kwargs
-            )
+            return self._transform_general(func, *args, **kwargs)
 
         elif func not in base.transform_kernel_allowlist:
             msg = f"'{func}' is not a valid function name for transform(name)"
@@ -938,10 +943,6 @@ class DataFrameGroupBy(GroupBy[DataFrame]):
     def aggregate(self, func=None, *args, engine=None, engine_kwargs=None, **kwargs):
 
         if maybe_use_numba(engine):
-            if not callable(func):
-                raise NotImplementedError(
-                    "Numba engine can only be used with a single function."
-                )
             with group_selection_context(self):
                 data = self._selected_obj
             result, index = self._aggregate_with_numba(
@@ -1290,42 +1291,25 @@ def _wrap_applied_output(self, keys, values, not_indexed_same=False):
 
         return self._reindex_output(result)
 
-    def _transform_general(
-        self, func, *args, engine="cython", engine_kwargs=None, **kwargs
-    ):
+    def _transform_general(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
         from pandas.core.reshape.concat import concat
 
         applied = []
         obj = self._obj_with_exclusions
         gen = self.grouper.get_iterator(obj, axis=self.axis)
-        if maybe_use_numba(engine):
-            numba_func, cache_key = generate_numba_func(
-                func, engine_kwargs, kwargs, "groupby_transform"
-            )
-        else:
-            fast_path, slow_path = self._define_paths(func, *args, **kwargs)
+        fast_path, slow_path = self._define_paths(func, *args, **kwargs)
 
         for name, group in gen:
             object.__setattr__(group, "name", name)
 
-            if maybe_use_numba(engine):
-                values, index = split_for_numba(group)
-                res = numba_func(values, index, *args)
-                if cache_key not in NUMBA_FUNC_CACHE:
-                    NUMBA_FUNC_CACHE[cache_key] = numba_func
-                # Return the result as a DataFrame for concatenation later
-                res = self.obj._constructor(
-                    res, index=group.index, columns=group.columns
-                )
-            else:
-                # Try slow path and fast path.
-                try:
-                    path, res = self._choose_path(fast_path, slow_path, group)
-                except TypeError:
-                    return self._transform_item_by_item(obj, fast_path)
-                except ValueError as err:
-                    msg = "transform must return a scalar value for each group"
-                    raise ValueError(msg) from err
+            # Try slow path and fast path.
+            try:
+                path, res = self._choose_path(fast_path, slow_path, group)
+            except TypeError:
+                return self._transform_item_by_item(obj, fast_path)
+            except ValueError as err:
+                msg = "transform must return a scalar value for each group"
+                raise ValueError(msg) from err
 
             if isinstance(res, Series):
 
@@ -1361,13 +1345,19 @@ def _transform_general(
     @Appender(_transform_template)
     def transform(self, func, *args, engine=None, engine_kwargs=None, **kwargs):
 
+        if maybe_use_numba(engine):
+            with group_selection_context(self):
+                data = self._selected_obj
+            result = self._transform_with_numba(
+                data, func, *args, engine_kwargs=engine_kwargs, **kwargs
+            )
+            return self.obj._constructor(result, index=data.index, columns=data.columns)
+
         # optimized transforms
         func = self._get_cython_func(func) or func
 
         if not isinstance(func, str):
-            return self._transform_general(
-                func, *args, engine=engine, engine_kwargs=engine_kwargs, **kwargs
-            )
+            return self._transform_general(func, *args, **kwargs)
 
         elif func not in base.transform_kernel_allowlist:
             msg = f"'{func}' is not a valid function name for transform(name)"
@@ -1393,9 +1383,7 @@ def transform(self, func, *args, engine=None, engine_kwargs=None, **kwargs):
             ):
                 return self._transform_fast(result)
 
-        return self._transform_general(
-            func, engine=engine, engine_kwargs=engine_kwargs, *args, **kwargs
-        )
+        return self._transform_general(func, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def _transform_fast(self, result: DataFrame) -> DataFrame:
         """

pandas/core/groupby/groupby.py

@@ -1056,6 +1056,41 @@ def _cython_agg_general(
 
         return self._wrap_aggregated_output(output, index=self.grouper.result_index)
 
+    def _transform_with_numba(self, data, func, *args, engine_kwargs=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Perform groupby transform routine with the numba engine.
+
+        This routine mimics the data splitting routine of the DataSplitter class
+        to generate the indices of each group in the sorted data and then passes the
+        data and indices into a Numba jitted function.
+        """
+        if not callable(func):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Numba engine can only be used with a single function."
+            )
+        group_keys = self.grouper._get_group_keys()
+        labels, _, n_groups = self.grouper.group_info
+        sorted_index = get_group_index_sorter(labels, n_groups)
+        sorted_labels = algorithms.take_nd(labels, sorted_index, allow_fill=False)
+        sorted_data = data.take(sorted_index, axis=self.axis).to_numpy()
+        starts, ends = lib.generate_slices(sorted_labels, n_groups)
+        cache_key = (func, "groupby_transform")
+        if cache_key in NUMBA_FUNC_CACHE:
+            numba_transform_func = NUMBA_FUNC_CACHE[cache_key]
+        else:
+            numba_transform_func = numba_.generate_numba_transform_func(
+                tuple(args), kwargs, func, engine_kwargs
+            )
+        result = numba_transform_func(
+            sorted_data, sorted_index, starts, ends, len(group_keys), len(data.columns)
+        )
+        if cache_key not in NUMBA_FUNC_CACHE:
+            NUMBA_FUNC_CACHE[cache_key] = numba_transform_func
+
+        # result values needs to be resorted to their original positions since we
+        # evaluated the data sorted by group
+        return result.take(np.argsort(sorted_index), axis=0)
+
     def _aggregate_with_numba(self, data, func, *args, engine_kwargs=None, **kwargs):
         """
         Perform groupby aggregation routine with the numba engine.
@@ -1064,6 +1099,10 @@ def _aggregate_with_numba(self, data, func, *args, engine_kwargs=None, **kwargs)
         to generate the indices of each group in the sorted data and then passes the
         data and indices into a Numba jitted function.
         """
+        if not callable(func):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Numba engine can only be used with a single function."
+            )
         group_keys = self.grouper._get_group_keys()
         labels, _, n_groups = self.grouper.group_info
         sorted_index = get_group_index_sorter(labels, n_groups)
@@ -1072,7 +1111,6 @@ def _aggregate_with_numba(self, data, func, *args, engine_kwargs=None, **kwargs)
         starts, ends = lib.generate_slices(sorted_labels, n_groups)
         cache_key = (func, "groupby_agg")
         if cache_key in NUMBA_FUNC_CACHE:
-            # Return an already compiled version of roll_apply if available
             numba_agg_func = NUMBA_FUNC_CACHE[cache_key]
         else:
             numba_agg_func = numba_.generate_numba_agg_func(

pandas/core/groupby/numba_.py

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ def generate_numba_agg_func(
         loop_range = range
 
     @numba.jit(nopython=nopython, nogil=nogil, parallel=parallel)
-    def group_apply(
+    def group_agg(
         values: np.ndarray,
         index: np.ndarray,
         begin: np.ndarray,
@@ -169,4 +169,69 @@ def group_apply(
                 result[i, j] = numba_func(group, group_index, *args)
         return result
 
-    return group_apply
+    return group_agg
+
+
+def generate_numba_transform_func(
+    args: Tuple,
+    kwargs: Dict[str, Any],
+    func: Callable[..., Scalar],
+    engine_kwargs: Optional[Dict[str, bool]],
+) -> Callable[[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray, int, int], np.ndarray]:
+    """
+    Generate a numba jitted transform function specified by values from engine_kwargs.
+
+    1. jit the user's function
+    2. Return a groupby agg function with the jitted function inline
+
+    Configurations specified in engine_kwargs apply to both the user's
+    function _AND_ the rolling apply function.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    args : tuple
+        *args to be passed into the function
+    kwargs : dict
+        **kwargs to be passed into the function
+    func : function
+        function to be applied to each window and will be JITed
+    engine_kwargs : dict
+        dictionary of arguments to be passed into numba.jit
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Numba function
+    """
+    nopython, nogil, parallel = get_jit_arguments(engine_kwargs)
+
+    check_kwargs_and_nopython(kwargs, nopython)
+
+    validate_udf(func)
+
+    numba_func = jit_user_function(func, nopython, nogil, parallel)
+
+    numba = import_optional_dependency("numba")
+
+    if parallel:
+        loop_range = numba.prange
+    else:
+        loop_range = range
+
+    @numba.jit(nopython=nopython, nogil=nogil, parallel=parallel)
+    def group_transform(
+        values: np.ndarray,
+        index: np.ndarray,
+        begin: np.ndarray,
+        end: np.ndarray,
+        num_groups: int,
+        num_columns: int,
+    ) -> np.ndarray:
+        result = np.empty((len(values), num_columns))
+        for i in loop_range(num_groups):
+            group_index = index[begin[i] : end[i]]
+            for j in loop_range(num_columns):
+                group = values[begin[i] : end[i], j]
+                result[begin[i] : end[i], j] = numba_func(group, group_index, *args)
+        return result
+
+    return group_transform