Storage options

doc/source/user_guide/io.rst

@@ -1649,29 +1649,72 @@ options include:
 Specifying any of the above options will produce a ``ParserWarning`` unless the
 python engine is selected explicitly using ``engine='python'``.
 
-Reading remote files
-''''''''''''''''''''
+.. _io.remote:
+
+Reading/writing remote files
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
 
-You can pass in a URL to a CSV file:
+You can pass in a URL to read or write remote files to many of Pandas' IO
+functions - the following example shows reading a CSV file:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
    df = pd.read_csv('https://download.bls.gov/pub/time.series/cu/cu.item',
                     sep='\t')
 
-S3 URLs are handled as well but require installing the `S3Fs
+All URLs which are not local files or HTTP(s) are handled by
+`fsspec`_, if installed, and its various filesystem implementations
+(including Amazon S3, Google Cloud, SSH, FTP, webHDFS...).
+Some of these implementations will require additional packages to be
+installed, for example
+S3 URLs require the `s3fs
 <https://pypi.org/project/s3fs/>`_ library:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-   df = pd.read_csv('s3://pandas-test/tips.csv')
+   df = pd.read_json('s3://pandas-test/adatafile.json')
+
+When dealing with remote storage systems, you might need
+extra configuration with environment variables or config files in
+special locations. For example, to access data in your S3 bucket,
+you will need to define credentials in one of the several ways listed in
+the `S3Fs documentation
+<https://s3fs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#credentials>`_. The same is true
+for several of the storage backends, and you should follow the links
+at `fsimpl1`_ for implementations built into ``fsspec`` and `fsimpl2`_
+for those not included in the main ``fsspec``
+distribution.
+
+You can also pass parameters directly to the backend driver. For example,
+if you do *not* have S3 credentials, you can still access public data by
+specifying an anonymous connection, such as
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.2.0
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   pd.read_csv("s3://ncei-wcsd-archive/data/processed/SH1305/18kHz/SaKe2013"
+               "-D20130523-T080854_to_SaKe2013-D20130523-T085643.csv",
+               storage_options={"anon": True})
+
+``fsspec`` also allows complex URLs, for accessing data in compressed
+archives, local caching of files, and more. To locally cache the above
+example, you would modify the call to
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
-If your S3 bucket requires credentials you will need to set them as environment
-variables or in the ``~/.aws/credentials`` config file, refer to the `S3Fs
-documentation on credentials
-<https://s3fs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#credentials>`_.
+   pd.read_csv("simplecache::s3://ncei-wcsd-archive/data/processed/SH1305/18kHz/SaKe2013"
+               "-D20130523-T080854_to_SaKe2013-D20130523-T085643.csv",
+               storage_options={"s3": {"anon": True}})
 
+where we specify that the "anon" parameter is meant for the "s3" part of
+the implementation, not to the caching implementation. Note that this caches to a temporary
+directory for the duration of the session only, but you can also specify
+a permanent store.
 
+.. _fsspec: https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+.. _fsimpl1: https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#built-in-implementations
+.. _fsimpl2: https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#other-known-implementations
 
 Writing out data
 ''''''''''''''''

doc/source/whatsnew/v1.2.0.rst

@@ -13,6 +13,20 @@ including other versions of pandas.
 Enhancements
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
+Passing arguments to fsspec backends
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Many read/write functions have acquired the ``storage_options`` optional argument,
+to pass a dictionary of parameters to the storage backend. This allows, for
+example, for passing credentials to S3 and GCS storage. The details of what
+parameters can be passed to which backends can be found in the documentation
+of the individual storage backends (detailed from the fsspec docs for
+`builtin implementations`_ and linked to `external ones`_). See
+Section :ref:`io.remote`.
+
+.. _builtin implementations: https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#built-in-implementations
+.. _external ones: https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#other-known-implementations
+
 .. _whatsnew_120.binary_handle_to_csv:
 
 Support for binary file handles in ``to_csv``

pandas/_typing.py

@@ -106,3 +106,6 @@
     List[AggFuncTypeBase],
     Dict[Label, Union[AggFuncTypeBase, List[AggFuncTypeBase]]],
 ]
+
+# for arbitrary kwargs passed during reading/writing files
+StorageOptions = Optional[Dict[str, Any]]

pandas/conftest.py

@@ -1224,3 +1224,25 @@ def sort_by_key(request):
     Tests None (no key) and the identity key.
     """
     return request.param
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def fsspectest():
+    pytest.importorskip("fsspec")
+    from fsspec import register_implementation
+    from fsspec.implementations.memory import MemoryFileSystem
+    from fsspec.registry import _registry as registry
+
+    class TestMemoryFS(MemoryFileSystem):
+        protocol = "testmem"
+        test = [None]
+
+        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+            self.test[0] = kwargs.pop("test", None)
+            super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    register_implementation("testmem", TestMemoryFS, clobber=True)
+    yield TestMemoryFS()
+    registry.pop("testmem", None)
+    TestMemoryFS.test[0] = None
+    TestMemoryFS.store.clear()

pandas/core/frame.py

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
     Label,
     Level,
     Renamer,
+    StorageOptions,
     ValueKeyFunc,
 )
 from pandas.compat import PY37
@@ -2056,6 +2057,7 @@ def to_stata(
         version: Optional[int] = 114,
         convert_strl: Optional[Sequence[Label]] = None,
         compression: Union[str, Mapping[str, str], None] = "infer",
+        storage_options: StorageOptions = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Export DataFrame object to Stata dta format.
@@ -2132,6 +2134,16 @@ def to_stata(
 
             .. versionadded:: 1.1.0
 
+        storage_options : dict, optional
+            Extra options that make sense for a particular storage connection, e.g.
+            host, port, username, password, etc., if using a URL that will
+            be parsed by ``fsspec``, e.g., starting "s3://", "gcs://". An error
+            will be raised if providing this argument with a local path or
+            a file-like buffer. See the fsspec and backend storage implementation
+            docs for the set of allowed keys and values.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.2.0
+
         Raises
         ------
         NotImplementedError
@@ -2192,6 +2204,7 @@ def to_stata(
             write_index=write_index,
             variable_labels=variable_labels,
             compression=compression,
+            storage_options=storage_options,
             **kwargs,
         )
         writer.write_file()
@@ -2244,9 +2257,10 @@ def to_feather(self, path, **kwargs) -> None:
     )
     def to_markdown(
         self,
-        buf: Optional[IO[str]] = None,
-        mode: Optional[str] = None,
+        buf: Optional[Union[IO[str], str]] = None,
+        mode: str = "wt",
         index: bool = True,
+        storage_options: StorageOptions = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> Optional[str]:
         if "showindex" in kwargs:
@@ -2264,9 +2278,14 @@ def to_markdown(
         result = tabulate.tabulate(self, **kwargs)
         if buf is None:
             return result
-        buf, _, _, _ = get_filepath_or_buffer(buf, mode=mode)
+        buf, _, _, should_close = get_filepath_or_buffer(
+            buf, mode=mode, storage_options=storage_options
+        )
         assert buf is not None  # Help mypy.
+        assert not isinstance(buf, str)
         buf.writelines(result)
+        if should_close:
+            buf.close()
         return None
 
     @deprecate_kwarg(old_arg_name="fname", new_arg_name="path")
@@ -2277,6 +2296,7 @@ def to_parquet(
         compression: Optional[str] = "snappy",
         index: Optional[bool] = None,
         partition_cols: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        storage_options: StorageOptions = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         """
@@ -2325,6 +2345,16 @@ def to_parquet(
 
             .. versionadded:: 0.24.0
 
+        storage_options : dict, optional
+            Extra options that make sense for a particular storage connection, e.g.
+            host, port, username, password, etc., if using a URL that will
+            be parsed by ``fsspec``, e.g., starting "s3://", "gcs://". An error
+            will be raised if providing this argument with a local path or
+            a file-like buffer. See the fsspec and backend storage implementation
+            docs for the set of allowed keys and values
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.2.0
+
         **kwargs
             Additional arguments passed to the parquet library. See
             :ref:`pandas io <io.parquet>` for more details.
@@ -2371,6 +2401,7 @@ def to_parquet(
             compression=compression,
             index=index,
             partition_cols=partition_cols,
+            storage_options=storage_options,
             **kwargs,
         )
 

pandas/core/generic.py

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
     Label,
     Level,
     Renamer,
+    StorageOptions,
     TimedeltaConvertibleTypes,
     TimestampConvertibleTypes,
     ValueKeyFunc,
@@ -2042,6 +2043,7 @@ def to_json(
         compression: Optional[str] = "infer",
         index: bool_t = True,
         indent: Optional[int] = None,
+        storage_options: StorageOptions = None,
     ) -> Optional[str]:
         """
         Convert the object to a JSON string.
@@ -2125,6 +2127,16 @@ def to_json(
 
            .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
 
+        storage_options : dict, optional
+            Extra options that make sense for a particular storage connection, e.g.
+            host, port, username, password, etc., if using a URL that will
+            be parsed by ``fsspec``, e.g., starting "s3://", "gcs://". An error
+            will be raised if providing this argument with a local path or
+            a file-like buffer. See the fsspec and backend storage implementation
+            docs for the set of allowed keys and values
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.2.0
+
         Returns
         -------
         None or str
@@ -2303,6 +2315,7 @@ def to_json(
             compression=compression,
             index=index,
             indent=indent,
+            storage_options=storage_options,
         )
 
     def to_hdf(
@@ -2617,6 +2630,7 @@ def to_pickle(
         path,
         compression: Optional[str] = "infer",
         protocol: int = pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL,
+        storage_options: StorageOptions = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Pickle (serialize) object to file.
@@ -2637,6 +2651,16 @@ def to_pickle(
 
             .. [1] https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html.
 
+        storage_options : dict, optional
+            Extra options that make sense for a particular storage connection, e.g.
+            host, port, username, password, etc., if using a URL that will
+            be parsed by ``fsspec``, e.g., starting "s3://", "gcs://". An error
+            will be raised if providing this argument with a local path or
+            a file-like buffer. See the fsspec and backend storage implementation
+            docs for the set of allowed keys and values
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.2.0
+
         See Also
         --------
         read_pickle : Load pickled pandas object (or any object) from file.
@@ -2670,7 +2694,13 @@ def to_pickle(
         """
         from pandas.io.pickle import to_pickle
 
-        to_pickle(self, path, compression=compression, protocol=protocol)
+        to_pickle(
+            self,
+            path,
+            compression=compression,
+            protocol=protocol,
+            storage_options=storage_options,
+        )
 
     def to_clipboard(
         self, excel: bool_t = True, sep: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs
@@ -3015,6 +3045,7 @@ def to_csv(
         escapechar: Optional[str] = None,
         decimal: Optional[str] = ".",
         errors: str = "strict",
+        storage_options: StorageOptions = None,
     ) -> Optional[str]:
         r"""
         Write object to a comma-separated values (csv) file.
@@ -3126,6 +3157,16 @@ def to_csv(
 
             .. versionadded:: 1.1.0
 
+        storage_options : dict, optional
+            Extra options that make sense for a particular storage connection, e.g.
+            host, port, username, password, etc., if using a URL that will
+            be parsed by ``fsspec``, e.g., starting "s3://", "gcs://". An error
+            will be raised if providing this argument with a local path or
+            a file-like buffer. See the fsspec and backend storage implementation
+            docs for the set of allowed keys and values
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.2.0
+
         Returns
         -------
         None or str
@@ -3178,6 +3219,7 @@ def to_csv(
             doublequote=doublequote,
             escapechar=escapechar,
             decimal=decimal,
+            storage_options=storage_options,
         )
         formatter.save()