BUG: prevent overflowing diffs raising error in cut (#26045)

[Batalex]

• closes BUG: pandas.cut incorrectly raises a ValueError due to an overflow #26045
• tests added / passed
• passes git diff upstream/master -u -- "*.py" | flake8 --diff
• whatsnew entry

I added a relevant test with the example reported in the issue in \tests\reshape\test_cut.py.
I also tested with grep -rn pandas -e 'np.diff(bins' if we could have a similar situation elsewhere but it does not seem so.

I will merge upstream & add changelog entry.

Edit: whatsnew entry added & no need to merge master

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #26063 into master will decrease coverage by 51.15%.
The diff coverage is 0%.

@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##           master   #26063       +/-   ##
===========================================
- Coverage   91.89%   40.73%   -51.16%     
===========================================
  Files         175      175               
  Lines       52493    52493               
===========================================
- Hits        48239    21384    -26855     
- Misses       4254    31109    +26855

Flag	Coverage Δ
#multiple	?
#single	40.73% <0%> (-0.14%)	⬇️

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
pandas/core/reshape/tile.py	11.04% <0%> (-86.63%)	⬇️
pandas/io/formats/latex.py	0% <0%> (-100%)	⬇️
pandas/io/sas/sas_constants.py	0% <0%> (-100%)	⬇️
pandas/core/groupby/categorical.py	0% <0%> (-100%)	⬇️
pandas/tseries/plotting.py	0% <0%> (-100%)	⬇️
pandas/tseries/converter.py	0% <0%> (-100%)	⬇️
pandas/io/formats/html.py	0% <0%> (-99.37%)	⬇️
pandas/io/sas/sas7bdat.py	0% <0%> (-91.16%)	⬇️
pandas/io/sas/sas_xport.py	0% <0%> (-90.1%)	⬇️
pandas/core/tools/numeric.py	10.44% <0%> (-89.56%)	⬇️
... and 131 more

---

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #26063 into master will decrease coverage by <.01%.
The diff coverage is 100%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master   #26063      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   91.99%   91.98%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         175      175              
  Lines       52384    52384              
==========================================
- Hits        48189    48185       -4     
- Misses       4195     4199       +4

Flag	Coverage Δ
#multiple	90.53% <100%> (ø)	⬆️
#single	40.74% <0%> (-0.13%)	⬇️

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
pandas/core/reshape/tile.py	97.67% <100%> (ø)	⬆️
pandas/io/gbq.py	75% <0%> (-12.5%)	⬇️
pandas/core/frame.py	96.9% <0%> (-0.12%)	⬇️

---

Continue to review full report at Codecov.

Legend - Click here to learn more
Δ = absolute <relative> (impact), ø = not affected, ? = missing data
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[jschendel]

Thanks! A couple small comments.

[Batalex]

@jreback are we good on assert_index_equal? Even though I resolved the requested changes, GH still shows red

[jreback]

tiny comments, ping on green.

[Batalex]

@jreback All good, I also merged upstream. Thanks for your time & patience !

[jreback]

thanks @Batalex nice patch & responsiveness. keep em coming!