add a 'language feature' detection facility for goto programs

[kroening]

This adds a facility to detect the usage of specific language features by a goto program. The features are detected by iterating over the functions of the program.

Checks for three language features not supported by goto symex are added (assembler, function pointers, vectors).

• Each commit message has a non-empty body, explaining why the change was made.
• Methods or procedures I have added are documented, following the guidelines provided in CODING_STANDARD.md.
• n/a The feature or user visible behaviour I have added or modified has been documented in the User Guide in doc/cprover-manual/
• Regression or unit tests are included, or existing tests cover the modified code (in this case I have detailed which ones those are in the commit message).
• n/a My commit message includes data points confirming performance improvements (if claimed).
• My PR is restricted to a single feature or bugfix.
• n/a White-space or formatting changes outside the feature-related changed lines are in commits of their own.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Patch coverage: 77.14% and project coverage change: +0.51 🎉

Comparison is base (b1d78e2) 78.06% compared to head (43f63dc) 78.57%.

❗ Current head 43f63dc differs from pull request most recent head 4408b1f. Consider uploading reports for the commit 4408b1f to get more accurate results

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##           develop    #7771      +/-   ##
===========================================
+ Coverage    78.06%   78.57%   +0.51%     
===========================================
  Files         1693     1693              
  Lines       193308   193343      +35     
===========================================
+ Hits        150899   151919    +1020     
+ Misses       42409    41424     -985     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
src/goto-programs/remove_vector.cpp	95.26% <63.63%> (-1.74%)	⬇️
src/assembler/remove_asm.cpp	77.91% <77.77%> (-0.01%)	⬇️
src/goto-programs/remove_function_pointers.cpp	94.09% <83.33%> (-0.63%)	⬇️
src/goto-checker/multi_path_symex_checker.cpp	95.83% <100.00%> (+0.18%)	⬆️

... and 54 files with indirect coverage changes

☔ View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
📢 Do you have feedback about the report comment? Let us know in this issue.

[TGWDB]

Maybe we should also check for vectors (see #7736)? If this is out of the scope of this PR then it would be nice to confirm at least before merging.

[TGWDB]

As discussed, some follow-up documentation and notes to come (likely next week).