Fix ruff errors

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -710,7 +710,6 @@
     * [Exponential Linear Unit](neural_network/activation_functions/exponential_linear_unit.py)
   * [Back Propagation Neural Network](neural_network/back_propagation_neural_network.py)
   * [Convolution Neural Network](neural_network/convolution_neural_network.py)
-  * [Input Data](neural_network/input_data.py)
   * [Perceptron](neural_network/perceptron.py)
   * [Simple Neural Network](neural_network/simple_neural_network.py)
 

conversions/length_conversion.py

@@ -22,9 +22,13 @@
 -> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimeter
 """
 
-from collections import namedtuple
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+
+class FromTo(NamedTuple):
+    from_factor: float
+    to_factor: float
 
-from_to = namedtuple("from_to", "from_ to")
 
 TYPE_CONVERSION = {
     "millimeter": "mm",
@@ -40,14 +44,14 @@
 }
 
 METRIC_CONVERSION = {
-    "mm": from_to(0.001, 1000),
-    "cm": from_to(0.01, 100),
-    "m": from_to(1, 1),
-    "km": from_to(1000, 0.001),
-    "in": from_to(0.0254, 39.3701),
-    "ft": from_to(0.3048, 3.28084),
-    "yd": from_to(0.9144, 1.09361),
-    "mi": from_to(1609.34, 0.000621371),
+    "mm": FromTo(0.001, 1000),
+    "cm": FromTo(0.01, 100),
+    "m": FromTo(1, 1),
+    "km": FromTo(1000, 0.001),
+    "in": FromTo(0.0254, 39.3701),
+    "ft": FromTo(0.3048, 3.28084),
+    "yd": FromTo(0.9144, 1.09361),
+    "mi": FromTo(1609.34, 0.000621371),
 }
 
 
@@ -115,7 +119,11 @@ def length_conversion(value: float, from_type: str, to_type: str) -> float:
             f"Conversion abbreviations are: {', '.join(METRIC_CONVERSION)}"
         )
         raise ValueError(msg)
-    return value * METRIC_CONVERSION[new_from].from_ * METRIC_CONVERSION[new_to].to
+    return (
+        value
+        * METRIC_CONVERSION[new_from].from_factor
+        * METRIC_CONVERSION[new_to].to_factor
+    )
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

conversions/pressure_conversions.py

@@ -19,19 +19,23 @@
 -> https://www.unitconverters.net/pressure-converter.html
 """
 
-from collections import namedtuple
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+
+class FromTo(NamedTuple):
+    from_factor: float
+    to_factor: float
 
-from_to = namedtuple("from_to", "from_ to")
 
 PRESSURE_CONVERSION = {
-    "atm": from_to(1, 1),
-    "pascal": from_to(0.0000098, 101325),
-    "bar": from_to(0.986923, 1.01325),
-    "kilopascal": from_to(0.00986923, 101.325),
-    "megapascal": from_to(9.86923, 0.101325),
-    "psi": from_to(0.068046, 14.6959),
-    "inHg": from_to(0.0334211, 29.9213),
-    "torr": from_to(0.00131579, 760),
+    "atm": FromTo(1, 1),
+    "pascal": FromTo(0.0000098, 101325),
+    "bar": FromTo(0.986923, 1.01325),
+    "kilopascal": FromTo(0.00986923, 101.325),
+    "megapascal": FromTo(9.86923, 0.101325),
+    "psi": FromTo(0.068046, 14.6959),
+    "inHg": FromTo(0.0334211, 29.9213),
+    "torr": FromTo(0.00131579, 760),
 }
 
 
@@ -71,7 +75,9 @@ def pressure_conversion(value: float, from_type: str, to_type: str) -> float:
             + ", ".join(PRESSURE_CONVERSION)
         )
     return (
-        value * PRESSURE_CONVERSION[from_type].from_ * PRESSURE_CONVERSION[to_type].to
+        value
+        * PRESSURE_CONVERSION[from_type].from_factor
+        * PRESSURE_CONVERSION[to_type].to_factor
     )
 
 

conversions/volume_conversions.py

@@ -18,43 +18,47 @@
 -> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_(unit)
 """
 
-from collections import namedtuple
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+
+class FromTo(NamedTuple):
+    from_factor: float
+    to_factor: float
 
-from_to = namedtuple("from_to", "from_ to")
 
 METRIC_CONVERSION = {
-    "cubicmeter": from_to(1, 1),
-    "litre": from_to(0.001, 1000),
-    "kilolitre": from_to(1, 1),
-    "gallon": from_to(0.00454, 264.172),
-    "cubicyard": from_to(0.76455, 1.30795),
-    "cubicfoot": from_to(0.028, 35.3147),
-    "cup": from_to(0.000236588, 4226.75),
+    "cubic meter": FromTo(1, 1),
+    "litre": FromTo(0.001, 1000),
+    "kilolitre": FromTo(1, 1),
+    "gallon": FromTo(0.00454, 264.172),
+    "cubic yard": FromTo(0.76455, 1.30795),
+    "cubic foot": FromTo(0.028, 35.3147),
+    "cup": FromTo(0.000236588, 4226.75),
 }
 
 
 def volume_conversion(value: float, from_type: str, to_type: str) -> float:
     """
     Conversion between volume units.
-    >>> volume_conversion(4, "cubicmeter", "litre")
+    >>> volume_conversion(4, "cubic meter", "litre")
     4000
     >>> volume_conversion(1, "litre", "gallon")
     0.264172
-    >>> volume_conversion(1, "kilolitre", "cubicmeter")
+    >>> volume_conversion(1, "kilolitre", "cubic meter")
     1
-    >>> volume_conversion(3, "gallon", "cubicyard")
+    >>> volume_conversion(3, "gallon", "cubic yard")
     0.017814279
-    >>> volume_conversion(2, "cubicyard", "litre")
+    >>> volume_conversion(2, "cubic yard", "litre")
     1529.1
-    >>> volume_conversion(4, "cubicfoot", "cup")
+    >>> volume_conversion(4, "cubic foot", "cup")
     473.396
     >>> volume_conversion(1, "cup", "kilolitre")
     0.000236588
     >>> volume_conversion(4, "wrongUnit", "litre")
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
     ValueError: Invalid 'from_type' value: 'wrongUnit'  Supported values are:
-    cubicmeter, litre, kilolitre, gallon, cubicyard, cubicfoot, cup
+    cubic meter, litre, kilolitre, gallon, cubic yard, cubic foot, cup
     """
     if from_type not in METRIC_CONVERSION:
         raise ValueError(
@@ -66,7 +70,11 @@ def volume_conversion(value: float, from_type: str, to_type: str) -> float:
             f"Invalid 'to_type' value: {to_type!r}.  Supported values are:\n"
             + ", ".join(METRIC_CONVERSION)
         )
-    return value * METRIC_CONVERSION[from_type].from_ * METRIC_CONVERSION[to_type].to
+    return (
+        value
+        * METRIC_CONVERSION[from_type].from_factor
+        * METRIC_CONVERSION[to_type].to_factor
+    )
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

data_structures/binary_tree/distribute_coins.py

@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from collections import namedtuple
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -50,7 +50,9 @@ class TreeNode:
     right: TreeNode | None = None
 
 
-CoinsDistribResult = namedtuple("CoinsDistribResult", "moves excess")
+class CoinsDistribResult(NamedTuple):
+    moves: int
+    excess: int
 
 
 def distribute_coins(root: TreeNode | None) -> int:
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ def distribute_coins(root: TreeNode | None) -> int:
     # Validation
     def count_nodes(node: TreeNode | None) -> int:
         """
-        >>> count_nodes(None):
+        >>> count_nodes(None)
         0
         """
         if node is None:
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ def count_nodes(node: TreeNode | None) -> int:
 
     def count_coins(node: TreeNode | None) -> int:
         """
-        >>> count_coins(None):
+        >>> count_coins(None)
         0
         """
         if node is None:

electronics/electric_power.py

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 # https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from collections import namedtuple
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+
+class Result(NamedTuple):
+    name: str
+    value: float
 
 
 def electric_power(voltage: float, current: float, power: float) -> tuple:
@@ -10,11 +15,11 @@ def electric_power(voltage: float, current: float, power: float) -> tuple:
     fundamental value of electrical system.
     examples are below:
     >>> electric_power(voltage=0, current=2, power=5)
-    result(name='voltage', value=2.5)
+    Result(name='voltage', value=2.5)
     >>> electric_power(voltage=2, current=2, power=0)
-    result(name='power', value=4.0)
+    Result(name='power', value=4.0)
     >>> electric_power(voltage=-2, current=3, power=0)
-    result(name='power', value=6.0)
+    Result(name='power', value=6.0)
     >>> electric_power(voltage=2, current=4, power=2)
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
@@ -28,21 +33,20 @@ def electric_power(voltage: float, current: float, power: float) -> tuple:
         ...
     ValueError: Power cannot be negative in any electrical/electronics system
     >>> electric_power(voltage=2.2, current=2.2, power=0)
-    result(name='power', value=4.84)
+    Result(name='power', value=4.84)
     """
-    result = namedtuple("result", "name value")
     if (voltage, current, power).count(0) != 1:
         raise ValueError("Only one argument must be 0")
     elif power < 0:
         raise ValueError(
             "Power cannot be negative in any electrical/electronics system"
         )
     elif voltage == 0:
-        return result("voltage", power / current)
+        return Result("voltage", power / current)
     elif current == 0:
-        return result("current", power / voltage)
+        return Result("current", power / voltage)
     elif power == 0:
-        return result("power", float(round(abs(voltage * current), 2)))
+        return Result("power", float(round(abs(voltage * current), 2)))
     else:
         raise ValueError("Exactly one argument must be 0")
 

graphs/bi_directional_dijkstra.py

@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ def pass_and_relaxation(
     cst_bwd: dict,
     queue: PriorityQueue,
     parent: dict,
-    shortest_distance: float | int,
-) -> float | int:
+    shortest_distance: float,
+) -> float:
     for nxt, d in graph[v]:
         if nxt in visited_forward:
             continue

maths/area_under_curve.py

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 
 
 def trapezoidal_area(
-    fnc: Callable[[int | float], int | float],
-    x_start: int | float,
-    x_end: int | float,
+    fnc: Callable[[float], float],
+    x_start: float,
+    x_end: float,
     steps: int = 100,
 ) -> float:
     """

maths/decimal_to_fraction.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-def decimal_to_fraction(decimal: int | float | str) -> tuple[int, int]:
+def decimal_to_fraction(decimal: float | str) -> tuple[int, int]:
     """
     Return a decimal number in its simplest fraction form
     >>> decimal_to_fraction(2)

maths/line_length.py

@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 
 
 def line_length(
-    fnc: Callable[[int | float], int | float],
-    x_start: int | float,
-    x_end: int | float,
+    fnc: Callable[[float], float],
+    x_start: float,
+    x_end: float,
     steps: int = 100,
 ) -> float:
     """

maths/numerical_integration.py

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 
 
 def trapezoidal_area(
-    fnc: Callable[[int | float], int | float],
-    x_start: int | float,
-    x_end: int | float,
+    fnc: Callable[[float], float],
+    x_start: float,
+    x_end: float,
     steps: int = 100,
 ) -> float:
     """

maths/polynomials/single_indeterminate_operations.py

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def __mul__(self, polynomial_2: Polynomial) -> Polynomial:
 
         return Polynomial(self.degree + polynomial_2.degree, coefficients)
 
-    def evaluate(self, substitution: int | float) -> int | float:
+    def evaluate(self, substitution: float) -> float:
         """
         Evaluates the polynomial at x.
         >>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def derivative(self) -> Polynomial:
             coefficients[i] = self.coefficients[i + 1] * (i + 1)
         return Polynomial(self.degree - 1, coefficients)
 
-    def integral(self, constant: int | float = 0) -> Polynomial:
+    def integral(self, constant: float = 0) -> Polynomial:
         """
         Returns the integral of the polynomial.
         >>> p = Polynomial(2, [1, 2, 3])

maths/series/geometric_series.py

@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
 
 
 def geometric_series(
-    nth_term: float | int,
-    start_term_a: float | int,
-    common_ratio_r: float | int,
-) -> list[float | int]:
+    nth_term: float,
+    start_term_a: float,
+    common_ratio_r: float,
+) -> list[float]:
     """
     Pure Python implementation of Geometric Series algorithm
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def geometric_series(
     """
     if not all((nth_term, start_term_a, common_ratio_r)):
         return []
-    series: list[float | int] = []
+    series: list[float] = []
     power = 1
     multiple = common_ratio_r
     for _ in range(int(nth_term)):

maths/series/p_series.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 
-def p_series(nth_term: int | float | str, power: int | float | str) -> list[str]:
+def p_series(nth_term: float | str, power: float | str) -> list[str]:
     """
     Pure Python implementation of P-Series algorithm
     :return: The P-Series starting from 1 to last (nth) term

maths/volume.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 from math import pi, pow
 
 
-def vol_cube(side_length: int | float) -> float:
+def vol_cube(side_length: float) -> float:
     """
     Calculate the Volume of a Cube.
     >>> vol_cube(1)