Refactor data_structures.Stacks

data_structures/Stacks/balanced_parentheses.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from Stack import Stack
+
+__author__ = 'Omkar Pathak'
+
+
+def balanced_parentheses(parentheses):
+    """ Use a stack to check if a string of parentheses are balanced."""
+    stack = Stack(len(parentheses))
+    for parenthesis in parentheses:
+        if parenthesis == '(':
+            stack.push(parenthesis)
+        elif parenthesis == ')':
+            stack.pop()
+    return not stack.is_empty()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    examples = ['((()))', '((())']
+    print('Balanced parentheses demonstration:\n')
+    for example in examples:
+        print(example + ': ' + str(balanced_parentheses(example)))

data_structures/Stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import string
+
+from Stack import Stack
+
+__author__ = 'Omkar Pathak'
+
+
+def is_operand(char):
+    return char in string.ascii_letters or char in string.digits
+
+
+def precedence(char):
+    """ Return integer value representing an operator's precedence, or
+    order of operation.
+
+    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations
+    """
+    dictionary = {'+': 1, '-': 1,
+                  '*': 2, '/': 2,
+                  '^': 3}
+    return dictionary.get(char, -1)
+
+
+def infix_to_postfix(expression):
+    """ Convert infix notation to postfix notation using the Shunting-yard
+    algorithm.
+
+    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunting-yard_algorithm
+    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infix_notation
+    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notation
+    """
+    stack = Stack(len(expression))
+    postfix = []
+    for char in expression:
+        if is_operand(char):
+            postfix.append(char)
+        elif char not in {'(', ')'}:
+            while (not stack.is_empty()
+                    and precedence(char) <= precedence(stack.peek())):
+                postfix.append(stack.pop())
+            stack.push(char)
+        elif char == '(':
+            stack.push(char)
+        elif char == ')':
+            while not stack.is_empty() and stack.peek() != '(':
+                postfix.append(stack.pop())
+            # Pop '(' from stack. If there is no '(', there is a mismatched
+            # parentheses.
+            if stack.peek() != '(':
+                raise ValueError('Mismatched parentheses')
+            stack.pop()
+    while not stack.is_empty():
+        postfix.append(stack.pop())
+    return ' '.join(postfix)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    expression = 'a+b*(c^d-e)^(f+g*h)-i'
+
+    print('Infix to Postfix Notation demonstration:\n')
+    print('Infix notation: ' + expression)
+    print('Postfix notation: ' + infix_to_postfix(expression))

data_structures/Stacks/stack.py

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+__author__ = 'Omkar Pathak'
+
+
+class Stack(object):
+    """ A stack is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of
+    elements with two principal operations: push() and pop(). push() adds an
+    element to the top of the stack, and pop() removes an element from the top
+    of a stack. The order in which elements come off of a stack are
+    Last In, First Out (LIFO).
+
+    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, limit=10):
+        self.stack = []
+        self.limit = limit
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return not bool(self.stack)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.stack)
+
+    def push(self, data):
+        """ Push an element to the top of the stack."""
+        if len(self.stack) >= self.limit:
+            raise StackOverflowError
+        self.stack.append(data)
+
+    def pop(self):
+        """ Pop an element off of the top of the stack."""
+        if self.stack:
+            return self.stack.pop()
+        else:
+            raise IndexError('pop from an empty stack')
+
+    def peek(self):
+        """ Peek at the top-most element of the stack."""
+        if self.stack:
+            return self.stack[-1]
+
+    def is_empty(self):
+        """ Check if a stack is empty."""
+        return not bool(self.stack)
+
+    def size(self):
+        """ Return the size of the stack."""
+        return len(self.stack)
+
+
+class StackOverflowError(BaseException):
+    pass
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    stack = Stack()
+    for i in range(10):
+        stack.push(i)
+
+    print('Stack demonstration:\n')
+    print('Initial stack: ' + str(stack))
+    print('pop(): ' + str(stack.pop()))
+    print('After pop(), the stack is now: ' + str(stack))
+    print('peek(): ' + str(stack.peek()))
+    stack.push(100)
+    print('After push(100), the stack is now: ' + str(stack))
+    print('is_empty(): ' + str(stack.is_empty()))
+    print('size(): ' + str(stack.size()))