add Stalin-sort

[ghost]

Describe your change:

This PR adds the Stalin-sort algorithm.

• Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
• Documentation change?

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER".

[ghost]

@cclauss ruff seems to fail on other files which have nothing to do with this PR.

ruff is also passing locally:

$ ruff check sorts\stalin_sort.py
All checks passed!

Have I done something wrong?

[cclauss]

We should never support automated data loss.

[ghost]

It's satire...

[cclauss]

https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/pulls?q=is%3Apr+stalin+is%3Aclosed