refactor: Enhance docs, add more tests in LRUCache

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/caches/LRUCache.java

@@ -4,15 +4,40 @@
 import java.util.Map;
 
 /**
- * Least recently used (LRU)
- * <p>
- * Discards the least recently used items first. This algorithm requires keeping
- * track of what was used when, which is expensive if one wants to make sure the
- * algorithm always discards the least recently used item.
- * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies#Least_recently_used_(LRU)
+ * A Least Recently Used (LRU) Cache implementation.
  *
- * @param <K> key type
- * @param <V> value type
+ * <p>An LRU cache is a fixed-size cache that maintains items in order of use. When the cache reaches
+ * its capacity and a new item needs to be added, it removes the least recently used item first.
+ * This implementation provides O(1) time complexity for both get and put operations.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>Features:</p>
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Fixed-size cache with configurable capacity</li>
+ *   <li>Constant time O(1) operations for get and put</li>
+ *   <li>Thread-unsafe - should be externally synchronized if used in concurrent environments</li>
+ *   <li>Supports null values but not null keys</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p>Implementation Details:</p>
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Uses a HashMap for O(1) key-value lookups</li>
+ *   <li>Maintains a doubly-linked list for tracking access order</li>
+ *   <li>The head of the list contains the least recently used item</li>
+ *   <li>The tail of the list contains the most recently used item</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p>Example usage:</p>
+ * <pre>
+ * LRUCache<String, Integer> cache = new LRUCache<>(3); // Create cache with capacity 3
+ * cache.put("A", 1); // Cache: A=1
+ * cache.put("B", 2); // Cache: A=1, B=2
+ * cache.put("C", 3); // Cache: A=1, B=2, C=3
+ * cache.get("A");    // Cache: B=2, C=3, A=1 (A moved to end)
+ * cache.put("D", 4); // Cache: C=3, A=1, D=4 (B evicted)
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this cache
+ * @param <V> the type of mapped values
  */
 public class LRUCache<K, V> {
 
@@ -30,6 +55,11 @@ public LRUCache(int cap) {
         setCapacity(cap);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns the current capacity of the cache.
+     *
+     * @param newCapacity the new capacity of the cache
+     */
     private void setCapacity(int newCapacity) {
         checkCapacity(newCapacity);
         for (int i = data.size(); i > newCapacity; i--) {
@@ -39,6 +69,11 @@ private void setCapacity(int newCapacity) {
         this.cap = newCapacity;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Evicts the least recently used item from the cache.
+     *
+     * @return the evicted entry
+     */
     private Entry<K, V> evict() {
         if (head == null) {
             throw new RuntimeException("cache cannot be empty!");
@@ -50,12 +85,25 @@ private Entry<K, V> evict() {
         return evicted;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Checks if the capacity is valid.
+     *
+     * @param capacity the capacity to check
+     */
     private void checkCapacity(int capacity) {
         if (capacity <= 0) {
             throw new RuntimeException("capacity must greater than 0!");
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or null if this cache contains no
+     * mapping for the key.
+     *
+     * @param key the key whose associated value is to be returned
+     * @return the value to which the specified key is mapped, or null if this cache contains no
+     * mapping for the key
+     */
     public V get(K key) {
         if (!data.containsKey(key)) {
             return null;
@@ -65,6 +113,11 @@ public V get(K key) {
         return entry.getValue();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Moves the specified entry to the end of the list.
+     *
+     * @param entry the entry to move
+     */
     private void moveNodeToLast(Entry<K, V> entry) {
         if (tail == entry) {
             return;
@@ -86,6 +139,12 @@ private void moveNodeToLast(Entry<K, V> entry) {
         tail = entry;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this cache.
+     *
+     * @param key the key with which the specified value is to be associated
+     * @param value the value to be associated with the specified key
+     */
     public void put(K key, V value) {
         if (data.containsKey(key)) {
             final Entry<K, V> existingEntry = data.get(key);
@@ -107,6 +166,11 @@ public void put(K key, V value) {
         data.put(key, newEntry);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Adds a new entry to the end of the list.
+     *
+     * @param newEntry the entry to add
+     */
     private void addNewEntry(Entry<K, V> newEntry) {
         if (data.isEmpty()) {
             head = newEntry;

src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/caches/LRUCacheTest.java

@@ -3,56 +3,147 @@
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull;
 
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 
 public class LRUCacheTest {
-
     private static final int SIZE = 5;
+    private LRUCache<Integer, Integer> cache;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() {
+        cache = new LRUCache<>(SIZE);
+    }
 
     @Test
-    public void putAndGetIntegerValues() {
-        LRUCache<Integer, Integer> lruCache = new LRUCache<>(SIZE);
+    public void testBasicOperations() {
+        cache.put(1, 100);
+        assertEquals(100, cache.get(1));
+        assertNull(cache.get(2));
+    }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testEvictionPolicy() {
+        // Fill cache to capacity
         for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
-            lruCache.put(i, i);
+            cache.put(i, i * 100);
         }
 
+        // Verify all elements are present
         for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
-            assertEquals(i, lruCache.get(i));
+            assertEquals(i * 100, cache.get(i));
         }
+
+        // Add one more element, causing eviction of least recently used
+        cache.put(SIZE, SIZE * 100);
+
+        // First element should be evicted
+        assertNull(cache.get(0));
+        assertEquals(SIZE * 100, cache.get(SIZE));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void putAndGetStringValues() {
-        LRUCache<String, String> lruCache = new LRUCache<>(SIZE);
-
+    public void testAccessOrder() {
+        // Fill cache
         for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
-            lruCache.put("key" + i, "value" + i);
+            cache.put(i, i);
         }
 
-        for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
-            assertEquals("value" + i, lruCache.get("key" + i));
-        }
+        // Access first element, making it most recently used
+        cache.get(0);
+
+        // Add new element, should evict second element (1)
+        cache.put(SIZE, SIZE);
+
+        assertEquals(0, cache.get(0)); // Should still exist
+        assertNull(cache.get(1)); // Should be evicted
+        assertEquals(SIZE, cache.get(SIZE)); // Should exist
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateExistingKey() {
+        cache.put(1, 100);
+        assertEquals(100, cache.get(1));
+
+        // Update existing key
+        cache.put(1, 200);
+        assertEquals(200, cache.get(1));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void nullKeysAndValues() {
-        LRUCache<Integer, Integer> mruCache = new LRUCache<>(SIZE);
-        mruCache.put(null, 2);
-        mruCache.put(6, null);
+    public void testNullValues() {
+        cache.put(1, null);
+        assertNull(cache.get(1));
 
-        assertEquals(2, mruCache.get(null));
-        assertNull(mruCache.get(6));
+        // Update null to non-null
+        cache.put(1, 100);
+        assertEquals(100, cache.get(1));
+
+        // Update non-null to null
+        cache.put(1, null);
+        assertNull(cache.get(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStringKeysAndValues() {
+        LRUCache<String, String> stringCache = new LRUCache<>(SIZE);
+
+        stringCache.put("key1", "value1");
+        stringCache.put("key2", "value2");
+
+        assertEquals("value1", stringCache.get("key1"));
+        assertEquals("value2", stringCache.get("key2"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLongSequenceOfOperations() {
+        // Add elements beyond capacity multiple times
+        for (int i = 0; i < SIZE * 3; i++) {
+            cache.put(i, i * 100);
+
+            // Verify only the last SIZE elements are present
+            for (int j = Math.max(0, i - SIZE + 1); j <= i; j++) {
+                assertEquals(j * 100, cache.get(j));
+            }
+
+            // Verify elements before the window are evicted
+            if (i >= SIZE) {
+                assertNull(cache.get(i - SIZE));
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void overCapacity() {
-        LRUCache<Integer, Integer> mruCache = new LRUCache<>(SIZE);
+    void testCustomObjects() {
+        class TestObject {
+            private final String value;
 
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
-            mruCache.put(i, i);
+            TestObject(String value) {
+                this.value = value;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+                if (obj instanceof TestObject) {
+                    return value.equals(((TestObject) obj).value);
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int hashCode() {
+                return value == null ? 0 : value.hashCode();
+            }
         }
 
-        assertEquals(9, mruCache.get(9));
+        LRUCache<Integer, TestObject> objectCache = new LRUCache<>(SIZE);
+        TestObject obj1 = new TestObject("test1");
+        TestObject obj2 = new TestObject("test2");
+
+        objectCache.put(1, obj1);
+        objectCache.put(2, obj2);
+
+        assertEquals(obj1, objectCache.get(1));
+        assertEquals(obj2, objectCache.get(2));
     }
 }