fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Author: github-actions

arithmetic_analysis/bisection.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def bisection(
         return
     else:
         mid = start + (end - start) / 2.0
-        while abs(start - mid) > 10 ** -7:  # until we achieve precise equals to 10^-7
+        while abs(start - mid) > 10**-7:  # until we achieve precise equals to 10^-7
             if function(mid) == 0:
                 return mid
             elif function(mid) * function(start) < 0:

arithmetic_analysis/in_static_equilibrium.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def polar_force(
 
 
 def in_static_equilibrium(
-    forces: array, location: array, eps: float = 10 ** -1
+    forces: array, location: array, eps: float = 10**-1
 ) -> bool:
     """
     Check if a system is in equilibrium.

arithmetic_analysis/intersection.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ def intersection(
         x_n2 = x_n1 - (
             function(x_n1) / ((function(x_n1) - function(x_n)) / (x_n1 - x_n))
         )
-        if abs(x_n2 - x_n1) < 10 ** -5:
+        if abs(x_n2 - x_n1) < 10**-5:
             return x_n2
         x_n = x_n1
         x_n1 = x_n2

arithmetic_analysis/newton_method.py

@@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ def newton(function, function1, startingInt):
     x_n = startingInt
     while True:
         x_n1 = x_n - function(x_n) / function1(x_n)
-        if abs(x_n - x_n1) < 10 ** -5:
+        if abs(x_n - x_n1) < 10**-5:
             return x_n1
         x_n = x_n1
 
 
 def f(x):
-    return (x ** 3) - (2 * x) - 5
+    return (x**3) - (2 * x) - 5
 
 
 def f1(x):
-    return 3 * (x ** 2) - 2
+    return 3 * (x**2) - 2
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 from sympy import diff
 
 
-def newton_raphson(func: str, a: int, precision: int = 10 ** -10) -> float:
+def newton_raphson(func: str, a: int, precision: int = 10**-10) -> float:
     """Finds root from the point 'a' onwards by Newton-Raphson method
     >>> newton_raphson("sin(x)", 2)
     3.1415926536808043

ciphers/deterministic_miller_rabin.py

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def miller_rabin(n, allow_probable=False):
     for prime in plist:
         pr = False
         for r in range(s):
-            m = pow(prime, d * 2 ** r, n)
+            m = pow(prime, d * 2**r, n)
             # see article for analysis explanation for m
             if (r == 0 and m == 1) or ((m + 1) % n == 0):
                 pr = True

ciphers/rabin_miller.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def rabinMiller(num):
                     return False
                 else:
                     i = i + 1
-                    v = (v ** 2) % num
+                    v = (v**2) % num
     return True
 
 

ciphers/rsa_cipher.py

@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ def getTextFromBlocks(blockInts, messageLength, blockSize=DEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE):
         blockMessage = []
         for i in range(blockSize - 1, -1, -1):
             if len(message) + i < messageLength:
-                asciiNumber = blockInt // (BYTE_SIZE ** i)
-                blockInt = blockInt % (BYTE_SIZE ** i)
+                asciiNumber = blockInt // (BYTE_SIZE**i)
+                blockInt = blockInt % (BYTE_SIZE**i)
                 blockMessage.insert(0, chr(asciiNumber))
         message.extend(blockMessage)
     return "".join(message)

ciphers/rsa_factorization.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def rsafactor(d: int, e: int, N: int) -> List[int]:
         while True:
             if t % 2 == 0:
                 t = t // 2
-                x = (g ** t) % N
+                x = (g**t) % N
                 y = math.gcd(x - 1, N)
                 if x > 1 and y > 1:
                     p = y

computer_vision/harriscorner.py

@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ def detect(self, img_path: str):
         color_img = img.copy()
         color_img = cv2.cvtColor(color_img, cv2.COLOR_GRAY2RGB)
         dy, dx = np.gradient(img)
-        ixx = dx ** 2
-        iyy = dy ** 2
+        ixx = dx**2
+        iyy = dy**2
         ixy = dx * dy
         k = 0.04
         offset = self.window_size // 2
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ def detect(self, img_path: str):
                     y - offset : y + offset + 1, x - offset : x + offset + 1
                 ].sum()
 
-                det = (wxx * wyy) - (wxy ** 2)
+                det = (wxx * wyy) - (wxy**2)
                 trace = wxx + wyy
-                r = det - k * (trace ** 2)
+                r = det - k * (trace**2)
                 # Can change the value
                 if r > 0.5:
                     corner_list.append([x, y, r])

digital_image_processing/index_calculation.py

@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ def CVI(self):
         https://www.indexdatabase.de/db/i-single.php?id=391
         :return: index
         """
-        return self.nir * (self.red / (self.green ** 2))
+        return self.nir * (self.red / (self.green**2))
 
     def GLI(self):
         """
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ def ATSAVI(self, X=0.08, a=1.22, b=0.03):
         """
         return a * (
             (self.nir - a * self.red - b)
-            / (a * self.nir + self.red - a * b + X * (1 + a ** 2))
+            / (a * self.nir + self.red - a * b + X * (1 + a**2))
         )
 
     def BWDRVI(self):
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ def GEMI(self):
         https://www.indexdatabase.de/db/i-single.php?id=25
         :return: index
         """
-        n = (2 * (self.nir ** 2 - self.red ** 2) + 1.5 * self.nir + 0.5 * self.red) / (
+        n = (2 * (self.nir**2 - self.red**2) + 1.5 * self.nir + 0.5 * self.red) / (
             self.nir + self.red + 0.5
         )
         return n * (1 - 0.25 * n) - (self.red - 0.125) / (1 - self.red)

graphics/bezier_curve.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def basis_function(self, t: float) -> List[float]:
         for i in range(len(self.list_of_points)):
             # basis function for each i
             output_values.append(
-                comb(self.degree, i) * ((1 - t) ** (self.degree - i)) * (t ** i)
+                comb(self.degree, i) * ((1 - t) ** (self.degree - i)) * (t**i)
             )
         # the basis must sum up to 1 for it to produce a valid Bezier curve.
         assert round(sum(output_values), 5) == 1

graphs/bidirectional_a_star.py

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def calculate_heuristic(self) -> float:
         if HEURISTIC == 1:
             return abs(dx) + abs(dy)
         else:
-            return sqrt(dy ** 2 + dx ** 2)
+            return sqrt(dy**2 + dx**2)
 
     def __lt__(self, other) -> bool:
         return self.f_cost < other.f_cost

hashes/chaos_machine.py

@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ def xorshift(X, Y):
         params_space[key] = (machine_time * 0.01 + r * 1.01) % 1 + 3
 
     # Choosing Chaotic Data
-    X = int(buffer_space[(key + 2) % m] * (10 ** 10))
-    Y = int(buffer_space[(key - 2) % m] * (10 ** 10))
+    X = int(buffer_space[(key + 2) % m] * (10**10))
+    Y = int(buffer_space[(key - 2) % m] * (10**10))
 
     # Machine Time
     machine_time += 1

hashes/hamming_code.py

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def emitterConverter(sizePar, data):
     >>> emitterConverter(4, "101010111111")
     ['1', '1', '1', '1', '0', '1', '0', '0', '1', '0', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1']
     """
-    if sizePar + len(data) <= 2 ** sizePar - (len(data) - 1):
+    if sizePar + len(data) <= 2**sizePar - (len(data) - 1):
         print("ERROR - size of parity don't match with size of data")
         exit(0)
 

hashes/md5.py

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ def not32(i):
 
 def sum32(a, b):
     """ """
-    return (a + b) % 2 ** 32
+    return (a + b) % 2**32
 
 
 def leftrot32(i, s):
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ def md5me(testString):
         bs += format(ord(i), "08b")
     bs = pad(bs)
 
-    tvals = [int(2 ** 32 * abs(math.sin(i + 1))) for i in range(64)]
+    tvals = [int(2**32 * abs(math.sin(i + 1))) for i in range(64)]
 
     a0 = 0x67452301
     b0 = 0xEFCDAB89
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ def md5me(testString):
             dtemp = D
             D = C
             C = B
-            B = sum32(B, leftrot32((A + f + tvals[i] + m[g]) % 2 ** 32, s[i]))
+            B = sum32(B, leftrot32((A + f + tvals[i] + m[g]) % 2**32, s[i]))
             A = dtemp
         a0 = sum32(a0, A)
         b0 = sum32(b0, B)

linear_algebra/src/lib.py

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def euclidLength(self):
         """
         summe = 0
         for c in self.__components:
-            summe += c ** 2
+            summe += c**2
         return math.sqrt(summe)
 
     def __add__(self, other):

machine_learning/k_means_clust.py

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ def compute_heterogeneity(data, k, centroids, cluster_assignment):
             distances = pairwise_distances(
                 member_data_points, [centroids[i]], metric="euclidean"
             )
-            squared_distances = distances ** 2
+            squared_distances = distances**2
             heterogeneity += np.sum(squared_distances)
 
     return heterogeneity

machine_learning/sequential_minimum_optimization.py

@@ -339,15 +339,15 @@ def _get_new_alpha(self, i1, i2, a1, a2, e1, e2, y1, y2):
             ol = (
                 l1 * f1
                 + L * f2
-                + 1 / 2 * l1 ** 2 * K(i1, i1)
-                + 1 / 2 * L ** 2 * K(i2, i2)
+                + 1 / 2 * l1**2 * K(i1, i1)
+                + 1 / 2 * L**2 * K(i2, i2)
                 + s * L * l1 * K(i1, i2)
             )
             oh = (
                 h1 * f1
                 + H * f2
-                + 1 / 2 * h1 ** 2 * K(i1, i1)
-                + 1 / 2 * H ** 2 * K(i2, i2)
+                + 1 / 2 * h1**2 * K(i1, i1)
+                + 1 / 2 * H**2 * K(i2, i2)
                 + s * H * h1 * K(i1, i2)
             )
             """

maths/area_under_curve.py

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def trapezoidal_area(
 if __name__ == "__main__":
 
     def f(x):
-        return x ** 3 + x ** 2
+        return x**3 + x**2
 
     print("f(x) = x^3 + x^2")
     print("The area between the curve, x = -5, x = 5 and the x axis is:")

maths/armstrong_numbers.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def armstrong_number(n: int) -> bool:
     temp = n
     while temp > 0:
         rem = temp % 10
-        sum += rem ** number_of_digits
+        sum += rem**number_of_digits
         temp //= 10
     return n == sum
 

maths/basic_maths.py

@@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ def sum_of_divisors(n: int) -> int:
         temp += 1
         n = int(n / 2)
     if temp > 1:
-        s *= (2 ** temp - 1) / (2 - 1)
+        s *= (2**temp - 1) / (2 - 1)
     for i in range(3, int(math.sqrt(n)) + 1, 2):
         temp = 1
         while n % i == 0:
             temp += 1
             n = int(n / i)
         if temp > 1:
-            s *= (i ** temp - 1) / (i - 1)
+            s *= (i**temp - 1) / (i - 1)
     return int(s)
 
 

maths/gaussian.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def gaussian(x, mu: float = 0.0, sigma: float = 1.0) -> int:
     >>> gaussian(2523, mu=234234, sigma=3425)
     0.0
     """
-    return 1 / sqrt(2 * pi * sigma ** 2) * exp(-((x - mu) ** 2) / 2 * sigma ** 2)
+    return 1 / sqrt(2 * pi * sigma**2) * exp(-((x - mu) ** 2) / 2 * sigma**2)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

maths/karatsuba.py

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ def karatsuba(a, b):
         m1 = max(len(str(a)), len(str(b)))
         m2 = m1 // 2
 
-        a1, a2 = divmod(a, 10 ** m2)
-        b1, b2 = divmod(b, 10 ** m2)
+        a1, a2 = divmod(a, 10**m2)
+        b1, b2 = divmod(b, 10**m2)
 
         x = karatsuba(a2, b2)
         y = karatsuba((a1 + a2), (b1 + b2))

maths/monte_carlo.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def pi_estimator(iterations: int):
     """
     # A local function to see if a dot lands in the circle.
     def is_in_circle(x: float, y: float) -> bool:
-        distance_from_centre = sqrt((x ** 2) + (y ** 2))
+        distance_from_centre = sqrt((x**2) + (y**2))
         # Our circle has a radius of 1, so a distance
         # greater than 1 would land outside the circle.
         return distance_from_centre <= 1

maths/numerical_integration.py

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def trapezoidal_area(
 if __name__ == "__main__":
 
     def f(x):
-        return x ** 3
+        return x**3
 
     print("f(x) = x^3")
     print("The area between the curve, x = -10, x = 10 and the x axis is:")

maths/pi_monte_carlo_estimation.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ def is_in_unit_circle(self) -> bool:
         True, if the point lies in the unit circle
         False, otherwise
         """
-        return (self.x ** 2 + self.y ** 2) <= 1
+        return (self.x**2 + self.y**2) <= 1
 
     @classmethod
     def random_unit_square(cls):

maths/polynomial_evaluation.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def evaluate_poly(poly: Sequence[float], x: float) -> float:
     >>> evaluate_poly((0.0, 0.0, 5.0, 9.3, 7.0), 10.0)
     79800.0
     """
-    return sum(c * (x ** i) for i, c in enumerate(poly))
+    return sum(c * (x**i) for i, c in enumerate(poly))
 
 
 def horner(poly: Sequence[float], x: float) -> float:

maths/radix2_fft.py

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def __DFT(self, which):
         next_ncol = self.C_max_length // 2
         while next_ncol > 0:
             new_dft = [[] for i in range(next_ncol)]
-            root = self.root ** next_ncol
+            root = self.root**next_ncol
 
             # First half of next step
             current_root = 1

maths/segmented_sieve.py

@@ -48,4 +48,4 @@ def sieve(n):
     return prime
 
 
-print(sieve(10 ** 6))
+print(sieve(10**6))

project_euler/problem_06/sol1.py

@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ def solution(n):
     suma = 0
     sumb = 0
     for i in range(1, n + 1):
-        suma += i ** 2
+        suma += i**2
         sumb += i
-    sum = sumb ** 2 - suma
+    sum = sumb**2 - suma
     return sum
 
 

project_euler/problem_07/sol2.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 
 def isprime(number):
-    for i in range(2, int(number ** 0.5) + 1):
+    for i in range(2, int(number**0.5) + 1):
         if number % i == 0:
             return False
     return True

project_euler/problem_09/sol1.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def solution():
         for b in range(400):
             for c in range(500):
                 if a < b < c:
-                    if (a ** 2) + (b ** 2) == (c ** 2):
+                    if (a**2) + (b**2) == (c**2):
                         if (a + b + c) == 1000:
                             return a * b * c
 

project_euler/problem_10/sol3.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def prime_sum(n: int) -> int:
     list_[0] = 1
     list_[1] = 1
 
-    for i in range(2, int(n ** 0.5) + 1):
+    for i in range(2, int(n**0.5) + 1):
         if list_[i] == 0:
             for j in range(i * i, n + 1, i):
                 list_[j] = 1