Arunsiva003 patch 1 flatten tree (TheAlgorithms#9695)

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* flatten binary tree to linked list - 1

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---------

Co-authored-by: ArunSiva <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <[email protected]>

Author: 3 people

Diff for: data_structures/binary_tree/flatten_binarytree_to_linkedlist.py

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+"""
+Binary Tree Flattening Algorithm
+
+This code defines an algorithm to flatten a binary tree into a linked list
+represented using the right pointers of the tree nodes. It uses in-place
+flattening and demonstrates the flattening process along with a display
+function to visualize the flattened linked list.
+https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/flatten-a-binary-tree-into-linked-list
+
+Author: Arunkumar A
+Date: 04/09/2023
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+class TreeNode:
+    """
+    A TreeNode has data variable and pointers to TreeNode objects
+    for its left and right children.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, data: int) -> None:
+        self.data = data
+        self.left: TreeNode | None = None
+        self.right: TreeNode | None = None
+
+
+def build_tree() -> TreeNode:
+    """
+    Build and return a sample binary tree.
+
+    Returns:
+        TreeNode: The root of the binary tree.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> root = build_tree()
+        >>> root.data
+        1
+        >>> root.left.data
+        2
+        >>> root.right.data
+        5
+        >>> root.left.left.data
+        3
+        >>> root.left.right.data
+        4
+        >>> root.right.right.data
+        6
+    """
+    root = TreeNode(1)
+    root.left = TreeNode(2)
+    root.right = TreeNode(5)
+    root.left.left = TreeNode(3)
+    root.left.right = TreeNode(4)
+    root.right.right = TreeNode(6)
+    return root
+
+
+def flatten(root: TreeNode | None) -> None:
+    """
+    Flatten a binary tree into a linked list in-place, where the linked list is
+    represented using the right pointers of the tree nodes.
+
+    Args:
+        root (TreeNode): The root of the binary tree to be flattened.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> root = TreeNode(1)
+        >>> root.left = TreeNode(2)
+        >>> root.right = TreeNode(5)
+        >>> root.left.left = TreeNode(3)
+        >>> root.left.right = TreeNode(4)
+        >>> root.right.right = TreeNode(6)
+        >>> flatten(root)
+        >>> root.data
+        1
+        >>> root.right.right is None
+        False
+        >>> root.right.right = TreeNode(3)
+        >>> root.right.right.right is None
+        True
+    """
+    if not root:
+        return
+
+    # Flatten the left subtree
+    flatten(root.left)
+
+    # Save the right subtree
+    right_subtree = root.right
+
+    # Make the left subtree the new right subtree
+    root.right = root.left
+    root.left = None
+
+    # Find the end of the new right subtree
+    current = root
+    while current.right:
+        current = current.right
+
+    # Append the original right subtree to the end
+    current.right = right_subtree
+
+    # Flatten the updated right subtree
+    flatten(right_subtree)
+
+
+def display_linked_list(root: TreeNode | None) -> None:
+    """
+    Display the flattened linked list.
+
+    Args:
+        root (TreeNode | None): The root of the flattened linked list.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> root = TreeNode(1)
+        >>> root.right = TreeNode(2)
+        >>> root.right.right = TreeNode(3)
+        >>> display_linked_list(root)
+        1 2 3
+        >>> root = None
+        >>> display_linked_list(root)
+
+    """
+    current = root
+    while current:
+        if current.right is None:
+            print(current.data, end="")
+            break
+        print(current.data, end=" ")
+        current = current.right
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print("Flattened Linked List:")
+    root = build_tree()
+    flatten(root)
+    display_linked_list(root)