Auto merge of #49305 - SimonSapin:fallible, r=sfackler

Stabilize TryFrom / TryInto, and tweak impls for integers

Fixes #33417 (tracking issue)

----

This adds:

* `impl From<u16> for usize`
* `impl From<i16> for isize`
* `impl From<u8> for isize`

… replacing corresponding `TryFrom<Error=!>` impls. (`TryFrom` still applies through the generic `impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for T where T: From<U>`.) Their infallibility is supported by the C99 standard which (indirectly) requires pointers to be at least 16 bits.

The remaining `TryFrom` impls that define `type Error = !` all involve `usize` or `isize`. This PR changes them to use `TryFromIntError` instead, since having a return type change based on the target is a portability hazard.

Note: if we make similar assumptions about the *maximum* bit size of pointers (for all targets Rust will ever run on in the future), we could have similar `From` impls converting pointer-sized integers to large fixed-size integers. RISC-V considers the possibility of a 128-bit address space (RV128), which would leave only `impl From<usize> for u128` and `impl From<isize> for u128`. I [found](https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/ctsrd/pdfs/20171017a-cheri-poster.pdf) some [things](http://www.csl.sri.com/users/neumann/2012resolve-cheri.pdf) about 256-bit “capabilities”, but I don’t know how relevant that would be to Rust’s `usize` and `isize` types.

I chose conservatively to make no assumption about the future there. Users making their portability decisions and using something like `.try_into().unwrap()`.

----

Since this feature already went through FCP in the tracking issue #33417, this PR also proposes **stabilize** the following items:

* The `convert::TryFrom` trait
* The `convert::TryFrom` trait
* `impl<T> TryFrom<&[T]> for &[T; $N]` (for `$N` up to 32)
* `impl<T> TryFrom<&mut [T]> for &mut [T; $N]` (for `$N` up to 32)
* The `array::TryFromSliceError` struct, with impls of `Debug`, `Copy`, `Clone`, and `Error`
* `impl TryFrom<u32> for char`
* The `char::CharTryFromError` struct, with impls of `Copy`, `Clone`, `Debug`, `PartialEq`, `Eq`, `Display`, and `Error`
* Impls of `TryFrom` for all (?) combinations of primitive integer types where `From` isn’t implemented.
* The `num::TryFromIntError` struct, with impls of `Debug`, `Copy`, `Clone`, `Display`, `From<!>`, and `Error`

Some minor remaining questions that I hope can be resolved in this PR:

* Should the impls for error types be unified?
* ~Should `TryFrom` and `TryInto` be in the prelude? `From` and `Into` are.~ (Yes.)

Author: bors

Diff for: src/libcore/array.rs

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ unsafe impl<T, A: Unsize<[T]>> FixedSizeArray<T> for A {
 }
 
 /// The error type returned when a conversion from a slice to an array fails.
-#[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct TryFromSliceError(());
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ macro_rules! array_impls {
                 }
             }
 
-            #[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+            #[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
             impl<'a, T> TryFrom<&'a [T]> for &'a [T; $N] {
                 type Error = TryFromSliceError;
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ macro_rules! array_impls {
                 }
             }
 
-            #[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+            #[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
             impl<'a, T> TryFrom<&'a mut [T]> for &'a mut [T; $N] {
                 type Error = TryFromSliceError;
 

Diff for: src/libcore/char.rs

@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ impl FromStr for char {
 }
 
 
-#[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
 impl TryFrom<u32> for char {
     type Error = CharTryFromError;
 
@@ -280,11 +280,11 @@ impl TryFrom<u32> for char {
 }
 
 /// The error type returned when a conversion from u32 to char fails.
-#[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct CharTryFromError(());
 
-#[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
 impl fmt::Display for CharTryFromError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         "converted integer out of range for `char`".fmt(f)

Diff for: src/libcore/convert.rs

@@ -322,22 +322,26 @@ pub trait From<T>: Sized {
 ///
 /// [`TryFrom`]: trait.TryFrom.html
 /// [`Into`]: trait.Into.html
-#[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
 pub trait TryInto<T>: Sized {
     /// The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
+    #[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
     type Error;
 
     /// Performs the conversion.
+    #[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
     fn try_into(self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>;
 }
 
 /// Attempt to construct `Self` via a conversion.
-#[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
 pub trait TryFrom<T>: Sized {
     /// The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
+    #[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
     type Error;
 
     /// Performs the conversion.
+    #[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
     fn try_from(value: T) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>;
 }
 
@@ -405,7 +409,7 @@ impl<T> From<T> for T {
 
 
 // TryFrom implies TryInto
-#[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
 impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for T where U: TryFrom<T>
 {
     type Error = U::Error;
@@ -417,7 +421,7 @@ impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for T where U: TryFrom<T>
 
 // Infallible conversions are semantically equivalent to fallible conversions
 // with an uninhabited error type.
-#[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
 impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for T where T: From<U> {
     type Error = !;
 

Diff for: src/libcore/iter/range.rs

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ macro_rules! step_impl_unsigned {
             #[inline]
             #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
             fn add_usize(&self, n: usize) -> Option<Self> {
-                match <$t>::try_from(n) {
+                match <$t>::private_try_from(n) {
                     Ok(n_as_t) => self.checked_add(n_as_t),
                     Err(_) => None,
                 }
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ macro_rules! step_impl_signed {
             #[inline]
             #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
             fn add_usize(&self, n: usize) -> Option<Self> {
-                match <$unsigned>::try_from(n) {
+                match <$unsigned>::private_try_from(n) {
                     Ok(n_as_unsigned) => {
                         // Wrapping in unsigned space handles cases like
                         // `-120_i8.add_usize(200) == Some(80_i8)`,
@@ -461,3 +461,73 @@ impl<A: Step> DoubleEndedIterator for ops::RangeInclusive<A> {
 
 #[stable(feature = "fused", since = "1.26.0")]
 impl<A: Step> FusedIterator for ops::RangeInclusive<A> {}
+
+/// Compensate removal of some impls per
+/// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/49305#issuecomment-376293243
+trait PrivateTryFromUsize: Sized {
+    fn private_try_from(n: usize) -> Result<Self, ()>;
+}
+
+impl<T> PrivateTryFromUsize for T where T: TryFrom<usize> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn private_try_from(n: usize) -> Result<Self, ()> {
+        T::try_from(n).map_err(|_| ())
+    }
+}
+
+// no possible bounds violation
+macro_rules! try_from_unbounded {
+    ($($target:ty),*) => {$(
+        impl PrivateTryFromUsize for $target {
+            #[inline]
+            fn private_try_from(value: usize) -> Result<Self, ()> {
+                Ok(value as $target)
+            }
+        }
+    )*}
+}
+
+// unsigned to signed (only positive bound)
+macro_rules! try_from_upper_bounded {
+    ($($target:ty),*) => {$(
+        impl PrivateTryFromUsize for $target {
+            #[inline]
+            fn private_try_from(u: usize) -> Result<$target, ()> {
+                if u > (<$target>::max_value() as usize) {
+                    Err(())
+                } else {
+                    Ok(u as $target)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    )*}
+}
+
+
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "16")]
+mod ptr_try_from_impls {
+    use super::PrivateTryFromUsize;
+
+    try_from_unbounded!(u16, u32, u64, u128);
+    try_from_unbounded!(i32, i64, i128);
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
+mod ptr_try_from_impls {
+    use super::PrivateTryFromUsize;
+
+    try_from_upper_bounded!(u16);
+    try_from_unbounded!(u32, u64, u128);
+    try_from_upper_bounded!(i32);
+    try_from_unbounded!(i64, i128);
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
+mod ptr_try_from_impls {
+    use super::PrivateTryFromUsize;
+
+    try_from_upper_bounded!(u16, u32);
+    try_from_unbounded!(u64, u128);
+    try_from_upper_bounded!(i32, i64);
+    try_from_unbounded!(i128);
+}

Diff for: src/libcore/num/mod.rs

@@ -3647,7 +3647,7 @@ macro_rules! from_str_radix_int_impl {
 from_str_radix_int_impl! { isize i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 usize u8 u16 u32 u64 u128 }
 
 /// The error type returned when a checked integral type conversion fails.
-#[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct TryFromIntError(());
 
@@ -3662,39 +3662,24 @@ impl TryFromIntError {
     }
 }
 
-#[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
 impl fmt::Display for TryFromIntError {
     fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         self.__description().fmt(fmt)
     }
 }
 
-#[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
 impl From<!> for TryFromIntError {
     fn from(never: !) -> TryFromIntError {
         never
     }
 }
 
-// no possible bounds violation
-macro_rules! try_from_unbounded {
-    ($source:ty, $($target:ty),*) => {$(
-        #[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
-        impl TryFrom<$source> for $target {
-            type Error = !;
-
-            #[inline]
-            fn try_from(value: $source) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-                Ok(value as $target)
-            }
-        }
-    )*}
-}
-
 // only negative bounds
 macro_rules! try_from_lower_bounded {
     ($source:ty, $($target:ty),*) => {$(
-        #[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+        #[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
         impl TryFrom<$source> for $target {
             type Error = TryFromIntError;
 
@@ -3713,7 +3698,7 @@ macro_rules! try_from_lower_bounded {
 // unsigned to signed (only positive bound)
 macro_rules! try_from_upper_bounded {
     ($source:ty, $($target:ty),*) => {$(
-        #[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+        #[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
         impl TryFrom<$source> for $target {
             type Error = TryFromIntError;
 
@@ -3732,7 +3717,7 @@ macro_rules! try_from_upper_bounded {
 // all other cases
 macro_rules! try_from_both_bounded {
     ($source:ty, $($target:ty),*) => {$(
-        #[unstable(feature = "try_from", issue = "33417")]
+        #[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
         impl TryFrom<$source> for $target {
             type Error = TryFromIntError;
 
@@ -3789,82 +3774,44 @@ try_from_both_bounded!(i128, u64, u32, u16, u8);
 try_from_upper_bounded!(usize, isize);
 try_from_lower_bounded!(isize, usize);
 
+try_from_upper_bounded!(usize, u8);
+try_from_upper_bounded!(usize, i8, i16);
+try_from_both_bounded!(isize, u8);
+try_from_both_bounded!(isize, i8);
+
 #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "16")]
 mod ptr_try_from_impls {
     use super::TryFromIntError;
     use convert::TryFrom;
 
-    try_from_upper_bounded!(usize, u8);
-    try_from_unbounded!(usize, u16, u32, u64, u128);
-    try_from_upper_bounded!(usize, i8, i16);
-    try_from_unbounded!(usize, i32, i64, i128);
-
-    try_from_both_bounded!(isize, u8);
+    // Fallible across platfoms, only implementation differs
     try_from_lower_bounded!(isize, u16, u32, u64, u128);
-    try_from_both_bounded!(isize, i8);
-    try_from_unbounded!(isize, i16, i32, i64, i128);
-
-    rev!(try_from_unbounded, usize, u16);
-    rev!(try_from_upper_bounded, usize, u32, u64, u128);
     rev!(try_from_lower_bounded, usize, i8, i16);
     rev!(try_from_both_bounded, usize, i32, i64, i128);
-
-    rev!(try_from_unbounded, isize, u8);
-    rev!(try_from_upper_bounded, isize, u16, u32, u64, u128);
-    rev!(try_from_unbounded, isize, i16);
-    rev!(try_from_both_bounded, isize, i32, i64, i128);
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
 mod ptr_try_from_impls {
     use super::TryFromIntError;
     use convert::TryFrom;
 
-    try_from_upper_bounded!(usize, u8, u16);
-    try_from_unbounded!(usize, u32, u64, u128);
-    try_from_upper_bounded!(usize, i8, i16, i32);
-    try_from_unbounded!(usize, i64, i128);
-
-    try_from_both_bounded!(isize, u8, u16);
+    // Fallible across platfoms, only implementation differs
+    try_from_both_bounded!(isize, u16);
     try_from_lower_bounded!(isize, u32, u64, u128);
-    try_from_both_bounded!(isize, i8, i16);
-    try_from_unbounded!(isize, i32, i64, i128);
-
-    rev!(try_from_unbounded, usize, u16, u32);
-    rev!(try_from_upper_bounded, usize, u64, u128);
     rev!(try_from_lower_bounded, usize, i8, i16, i32);
     rev!(try_from_both_bounded, usize, i64, i128);
-
-    rev!(try_from_unbounded, isize, u8, u16);
-    rev!(try_from_upper_bounded, isize, u32, u64, u128);
-    rev!(try_from_unbounded, isize, i16, i32);
-    rev!(try_from_both_bounded, isize, i64, i128);
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
 mod ptr_try_from_impls {
     use super::TryFromIntError;
     use convert::TryFrom;
 
-    try_from_upper_bounded!(usize, u8, u16, u32);
-    try_from_unbounded!(usize, u64, u128);
-    try_from_upper_bounded!(usize, i8, i16, i32, i64);
-    try_from_unbounded!(usize, i128);
-
-    try_from_both_bounded!(isize, u8, u16, u32);
+    // Fallible across platfoms, only implementation differs
+    try_from_both_bounded!(isize, u16, u32);
     try_from_lower_bounded!(isize, u64, u128);
-    try_from_both_bounded!(isize, i8, i16, i32);
-    try_from_unbounded!(isize, i64, i128);
-
-    rev!(try_from_unbounded, usize, u16, u32, u64);
-    rev!(try_from_upper_bounded, usize, u128);
     rev!(try_from_lower_bounded, usize, i8, i16, i32, i64);
     rev!(try_from_both_bounded, usize, i128);
-
-    rev!(try_from_unbounded, isize, u8, u16, u32);
-    rev!(try_from_upper_bounded, isize, u64, u128);
-    rev!(try_from_unbounded, isize, i16, i32, i64);
-    rev!(try_from_both_bounded, isize, i128);
 }
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -4074,6 +4021,20 @@ impl_from! { u32, i64, #[stable(feature = "lossless_int_conv", since = "1.5.0")]
 impl_from! { u32, i128, #[stable(feature = "i128", since = "1.26.0")] }
 impl_from! { u64, i128, #[stable(feature = "i128", since = "1.26.0")] }
 
+// The C99 standard defines bounds on INTPTR_MIN, INTPTR_MAX, and UINTPTR_MAX
+// which imply that pointer-sized integers must be at least 16 bits:
+// https://port70.net/~nsz/c/c99/n1256.html#7.18.2.4
+impl_from! { u16, usize, #[stable(feature = "lossless_iusize_conv", since = "1.26.0")] }
+impl_from! { u8, isize, #[stable(feature = "lossless_iusize_conv", since = "1.26.0")] }
+impl_from! { i16, isize, #[stable(feature = "lossless_iusize_conv", since = "1.26.0")] }
+
+// RISC-V defines the possibility of a 128-bit address space (RV128).
+
+// CHERI proposes 256-bit “capabilities”. Unclear if this would be relevant to usize/isize.
+// https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/ctsrd/pdfs/20171017a-cheri-poster.pdf
+// http://www.csl.sri.com/users/neumann/2012resolve-cheri.pdf
+
+
 // Note: integers can only be represented with full precision in a float if
 // they fit in the significand, which is 24 bits in f32 and 53 bits in f64.
 // Lossy float conversions are not implemented at this time.

Diff for: src/libcore/prelude/v1.rs

@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@ pub use cmp::{PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord};
 #[stable(feature = "core_prelude", since = "1.4.0")]
 #[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use convert::{AsRef, AsMut, Into, From};
+#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.26.0")]
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use convert::{TryFrom, TryInto};
 #[stable(feature = "core_prelude", since = "1.4.0")]
 #[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use default::Default;

Diff for: src/libcore/tests/lib.rs

@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@
 #![feature(step_trait)]
 #![feature(test)]
 #![feature(trusted_len)]
-#![feature(try_from)]
 #![feature(try_trait)]
 #![feature(exact_chunks)]
 #![feature(atomic_nand)]