Auto merge of #129019 - kromych:master, r=workingjubilee

Break into the debugger (if attached) on panics (Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD)

The developer experience for panics is to provide the backtrace and
exit the program. When running under debugger, that might be improved
by breaking into the debugger once the code panics thus enabling
the developer to examine the program state at the exact time when
the code panicked.

Let the developer catch the panic in the debugger if it is attached.
If the debugger is not attached, nothing changes. Providing this feature
inside the standard library facilitates better debugging experience.

Validated under Windows, Linux, macOS 14.6, and FreeBSD 13.3..14.1.

Author: bors