Auto merge of #133409 - RalfJung:target-consistency, r=lcnr

ensure JSON-defined targets are consistent

We have a `check_consistency` check that ensures some invariants which (presumably) the rest of the compiler relies on. However, JSON targets can easily be written in a way that violates those invariants. So this PR applies the same consistency check to JSON targets that we already enforce for built-in targets.

I have converted many of the assertions in that function to new macros that show a nice error instead of a panic; if people are okay with the general approach here, I can do that for the rest of the checks as well.

Author: bors