Auto merge of rust-lang#134424 - 1c3t3a:null-checks, r=saethlin

Insert null checks for pointer dereferences when debug assertions are enabled

Similar to how the alignment is already checked, this adds a check
for null pointer dereferences in debug mode. It is implemented similarly
to the alignment check as a `MirPass`.

This inserts checks in the same places as the `CheckAlignment` pass and additionally
also inserts checks for `Borrows`, so code like
```rust
let ptr: *const u32 = std::ptr::null();
let val: &u32 = unsafe { &*ptr };
```
will have a check inserted on dereference. This is done because null references
are UB. The alignment check doesn't cover these places, because in `&(*ptr).field`,
the exact requirement is that the final reference must be aligned. This is something to
consider further enhancements of the alignment check.

For now this is implemented as a separate `MirPass`, to make it easy to disable
this check if necessary.

This is related to a 2025H1 project goal for better UB checks in debug
mode: rust-lang/rust-project-goals#177.

r? `@saethlin`

Author: bors

Diff for: src/base.rs

@@ -417,6 +417,16 @@ fn codegen_fn_body(fx: &mut FunctionCx<'_, '_, '_>, start_block: Block) {
                             Some(source_info.span),
                         );
                     }
+                    AssertKind::NullPointerDereference => {
+                        let location = fx.get_caller_location(source_info).load_scalar(fx);
+
+                        codegen_panic_inner(
+                            fx,
+                            rustc_hir::LangItem::PanicNullPointerDereference,
+                            &[location],
+                            Some(source_info.span),
+                        )
+                    }
                     _ => {
                         let location = fx.get_caller_location(source_info).load_scalar(fx);