rootScopeSpec.js

'use strict';

describe('Scope', function() {

  beforeEach(module(provideLog));


  describe('$root', function() {
    it('should point to itself', inject(function($rootScope) {
      expect($rootScope.$root).toEqual($rootScope);
      expect($rootScope.hasOwnProperty('$root')).toBeTruthy();
    }));


    it('should expose the constructor', inject(function($rootScope) {
      if (msie) return;
      expect($rootScope.__proto__).toBe($rootScope.constructor.prototype);
    }));


    it('should not have $root on children, but should inherit', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var child = $rootScope.$new();
      expect(child.$root).toEqual($rootScope);
      expect(child.hasOwnProperty('$root')).toBeFalsy();
    }));

  });


  describe('$parent', function() {
    it('should point to itself in root', inject(function($rootScope) {
      expect($rootScope.$root).toEqual($rootScope);
    }));


    it('should point to parent', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var child = $rootScope.$new();
      expect($rootScope.$parent).toEqual(null);
      expect(child.$parent).toEqual($rootScope);
      expect(child.$new().$parent).toEqual(child);
    }));
  });


  describe('$id', function() {
    it('should have a unique id', inject(function($rootScope) {
      expect($rootScope.$id < $rootScope.$new().$id).toBeTruthy();
    }));
  });


  describe('this', function() {
    it('should have a \'this\'', inject(function($rootScope) {
      expect($rootScope['this']).toEqual($rootScope);
    }));
  });


  describe('$new()', function() {
    it('should create a child scope', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var child = $rootScope.$new();
      $rootScope.a = 123;
      expect(child.a).toEqual(123);
    }));

    it('should create a non prototypically inherited child scope', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var child = $rootScope.$new(true);
      $rootScope.a = 123;
      expect(child.a).toBeUndefined();
      expect(child.$parent).toEqual($rootScope);
      expect(child.$new).toBe($rootScope.$new);
      expect(child.$root).toBe($rootScope);
    }));
  });


  describe('$watch/$digest', function() {
    it('should watch and fire on simple property change', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var spy = jasmine.createSpy();
      $rootScope.$watch('name', spy);
      $rootScope.$digest();
      spy.reset();

      expect(spy).not.wasCalled();
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(spy).not.wasCalled();
      $rootScope.name = 'misko';
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(spy).wasCalledWith('misko', undefined, $rootScope);
    }));


    it('should watch and fire on expression change', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var spy = jasmine.createSpy();
      $rootScope.$watch('name.first', spy);
      $rootScope.$digest();
      spy.reset();

      $rootScope.name = {};
      expect(spy).not.wasCalled();
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(spy).not.wasCalled();
      $rootScope.name.first = 'misko';
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(spy).wasCalled();
    }));

    it('should not keep constant expressions on watch queue', inject(function($rootScope) {
      $rootScope.$watch('1 + 1', function() {});
      expect($rootScope.$$watchers.length).toEqual(1);
      $rootScope.$digest();

      expect($rootScope.$$watchers.length).toEqual(0);
    }));


    it('should delegate exceptions', function() {
      module(function($exceptionHandlerProvider) {
        $exceptionHandlerProvider.mode('log');
      });
      inject(function($rootScope, $exceptionHandler, $log) {
        $rootScope.$watch('a', function() {throw new Error('abc');});
        $rootScope.a = 1;
        $rootScope.$digest();
        expect($exceptionHandler.errors[0].message).toEqual('abc');
        $log.assertEmpty();
      });
    });

    it('should clear phase if an exception interrupt $digest cycle', function() {
      inject(function($rootScope) {
        $rootScope.$watch('a', function() {throw new Error('abc');});
        $rootScope.a = 1;
        try { $rootScope.$digest(); } catch(e) { }
        expect($rootScope.$$phase).toBeNull();
      });
    });


    it('should fire watches in order of addition', inject(function($rootScope) {
      // this is not an external guarantee, just our own sanity
      var log = '';
      $rootScope.$watch('a', function() { log += 'a'; });
      $rootScope.$watch('b', function() { log += 'b'; });
      // constant expressions have slightly different handling,
      // let's ensure they are kept in the same list as others
      $rootScope.$watch('1', function() { log += '1'; });
      $rootScope.$watch('c', function() { log += 'c'; });
      $rootScope.$watch('2', function() { log += '2'; });
      $rootScope.a = $rootScope.b = $rootScope.c = 1;
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('ab1c2');
    }));


    it('should call child $watchers in addition order', inject(function($rootScope) {
      // this is not an external guarantee, just our own sanity
      var log = '';
      var childA = $rootScope.$new();
      var childB = $rootScope.$new();
      var childC = $rootScope.$new();
      childA.$watch('a', function() { log += 'a'; });
      childB.$watch('b', function() { log += 'b'; });
      childC.$watch('c', function() { log += 'c'; });
      childA.a = childB.b = childC.c = 1;
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('abc');
    }));


    it('should allow $digest on a child scope with and without a right sibling', inject(
        function($rootScope) {
      // tests a traversal edge case which we originally missed
      var log = '',
          childA = $rootScope.$new(),
          childB = $rootScope.$new();

      $rootScope.$watch(function() { log += 'r'; });
      childA.$watch(function() { log += 'a'; });
      childB.$watch(function() { log += 'b'; });

      // init
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toBe('rabrab');

      log = '';
      childA.$digest();
      expect(log).toBe('a');

      log = '';
      childB.$digest();
      expect(log).toBe('b');
    }));


    it('should repeat watch cycle while model changes are identified', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var log = '';
      $rootScope.$watch('c', function(v) {$rootScope.d = v; log+='c'; });
      $rootScope.$watch('b', function(v) {$rootScope.c = v; log+='b'; });
      $rootScope.$watch('a', function(v) {$rootScope.b = v; log+='a'; });
      $rootScope.$digest();
      log = '';
      $rootScope.a = 1;
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect($rootScope.b).toEqual(1);
      expect($rootScope.c).toEqual(1);
      expect($rootScope.d).toEqual(1);
      expect(log).toEqual('abc');
    }));


    it('should repeat watch cycle from the root element', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var log = '';
      var child = $rootScope.$new();
      $rootScope.$watch(function() { log += 'a'; });
      child.$watch(function() { log += 'b'; });
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('abab');
    }));


    it('should prevent infinite recursion and print watcher expression',function() {
      module(function($rootScopeProvider) {
        $rootScopeProvider.digestTtl(100);
      });
      inject(function($rootScope) {
        $rootScope.$watch('a', function() {$rootScope.b++;});
        $rootScope.$watch('b', function() {$rootScope.a++;});
        $rootScope.a = $rootScope.b = 0;

        expect(function() {
          $rootScope.$digest();
        }).toThrowMinErr('$rootScope', 'infdig', '100 $digest() iterations reached. Aborting!\n'+
            'Watchers fired in the last 5 iterations: ' +
            '[["a; newVal: 96; oldVal: 95","b; newVal: 97; oldVal: 96"],' +
            '["a; newVal: 97; oldVal: 96","b; newVal: 98; oldVal: 97"],' +
            '["a; newVal: 98; oldVal: 97","b; newVal: 99; oldVal: 98"],' +
            '["a; newVal: 99; oldVal: 98","b; newVal: 100; oldVal: 99"],' +
            '["a; newVal: 100; oldVal: 99","b; newVal: 101; oldVal: 100"]]');

        expect($rootScope.$$phase).toBeNull();
      });
    });


    it('should prevent infinite recursion and print watcher function name or body',
        inject(function($rootScope) {
      $rootScope.$watch(function watcherA() {return $rootScope.a;}, function() {$rootScope.b++;});
      $rootScope.$watch(function() {return $rootScope.b;}, function() {$rootScope.a++;});
      $rootScope.a = $rootScope.b = 0;

      try {
        $rootScope.$digest();
        throw Error('Should have thrown exception');
      } catch(e) {
        expect(e.message.match(/"fn: (watcherA|function)/g).length).toBe(10);
      }
    }));


    it('should prevent infinite loop when creating and resolving a promise in a watched expression', function() {
      module(function($rootScopeProvider) {
          $rootScopeProvider.digestTtl(10);
      });
      inject(function($rootScope, $q) {
          var d = $q.defer();

          d.resolve('Hello, world.');
          $rootScope.$watch(function () {
              var $d2 = $q.defer();
              $d2.resolve('Goodbye.');
              $d2.promise.then(function () { });
              return d.promise;
          }, function () { return 0; });

          expect(function() {
              $rootScope.$digest();
          }).toThrowMinErr('$rootScope', 'infdig', '10 $digest() iterations reached. Aborting!\n'+
                  'Watchers fired in the last 5 iterations: []');

          expect($rootScope.$$phase).toBeNull();
      });
      });


    it('should not fire upon $watch registration on initial $digest', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var log = '';
      $rootScope.a = 1;
      $rootScope.$watch('a', function() { log += 'a'; });
      $rootScope.$watch('b', function() { log += 'b'; });
      $rootScope.$digest();
      log = '';
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('');
    }));


    it('should watch objects', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var log = '';
      $rootScope.a = [];
      $rootScope.b = {};
      $rootScope.$watch('a', function(value) {
        log +='.';
        expect(value).toBe($rootScope.a);
      }, true);
      $rootScope.$watch('b', function(value) {
        log +='!';
        expect(value).toBe($rootScope.b);
      }, true);
      $rootScope.$digest();
      log = '';

      $rootScope.a.push({});
      $rootScope.b.name = '';

      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('.!');
    }));


    it('should watch functions', function() {
      module(provideLog);
      inject(function($rootScope, log) {
        $rootScope.fn = function() {return 'a';};
        $rootScope.$watch('fn', function(fn) {
          log(fn());
        });
        $rootScope.$digest();
        expect(log).toEqual('a');
        $rootScope.fn = function() {return 'b';};
        $rootScope.$digest();
        expect(log).toEqual('a; b');
      });
    });


    it('should prevent $digest recursion', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var callCount = 0;
      $rootScope.$watch('name', function() {
        expect(function() {
          $rootScope.$digest();
        }).toThrowMinErr('$rootScope', 'inprog', '$digest already in progress');
        callCount++;
      });
      $rootScope.name = 'a';
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(callCount).toEqual(1);
    }));


    it('should allow a watch to be added while in a digest', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var watch1 = jasmine.createSpy('watch1'),
          watch2 = jasmine.createSpy('watch2');
      $rootScope.$watch('foo', function() {
        $rootScope.$watch('foo', watch1);
        $rootScope.$watch('foo', watch2);
      });
      $rootScope.$apply('foo = true');
      expect(watch1).toHaveBeenCalled();
      expect(watch2).toHaveBeenCalled();
    }));

    it('should not infinitely digest when current value is NaN', inject(function($rootScope) {
      $rootScope.$watch(function() { return NaN;});

      expect(function() {
        $rootScope.$digest();
      }).not.toThrow();
    }));


    it('should always call the watcher with newVal and oldVal equal on the first run',
        inject(function($rootScope) {
      var log = [];
      function logger(scope, newVal, oldVal) {
        var val = (newVal === oldVal || (newVal !== oldVal && oldVal !== newVal)) ? newVal : 'xxx';
        log.push(val);
      }

      $rootScope.$watch(function() { return NaN;}, logger);
      $rootScope.$watch(function() { return undefined;}, logger);
      $rootScope.$watch(function() { return '';}, logger);
      $rootScope.$watch(function() { return false;}, logger);
      $rootScope.$watch(function() { return {};}, logger, true);
      $rootScope.$watch(function() { return 23;}, logger);

      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(isNaN(log.shift())).toBe(true); //jasmine's toBe and toEqual don't work well with NaNs
      expect(log).toEqual([undefined, '', false, {}, 23]);
      log = [];
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual([]);
    }));


    describe('$watch deregistration', function() {

      it('should return a function that allows listeners to be deregistered', inject(
          function($rootScope) {
        var listener = jasmine.createSpy('watch listener'),
            listenerRemove;

        listenerRemove = $rootScope.$watch('foo', listener);
        $rootScope.$digest(); //init
        expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalled();
        expect(listenerRemove).toBeDefined();

        listener.reset();
        $rootScope.foo = 'bar';
        $rootScope.$digest(); //triger
        expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();

        listener.reset();
        $rootScope.foo = 'baz';
        listenerRemove();
        $rootScope.$digest(); //trigger
        expect(listener).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
      }));


      it('should allow a watch to be deregistered while in a digest', inject(function($rootScope) {
        var remove1, remove2;
        $rootScope.$watch('remove', function() {
          remove1();
          remove2();
        });
        remove1 = $rootScope.$watch('thing', function() {});
        remove2 = $rootScope.$watch('thing', function() {});
        expect(function() {
          $rootScope.$apply('remove = true');
        }).not.toThrow();
      }));


      it('should not mess up the digest loop if deregistration happens during digest', inject(
          function($rootScope, log) {

        // we are testing this due to regression #5525 which is related to how the digest loops lastDirtyWatch
        // short-circuiting optimization works

        // scenario: watch1 deregistering watch1
        var scope = $rootScope.$new();
        var deregWatch1 = scope.$watch(log.fn('watch1'), function() { deregWatch1(); log('watchAction1'); });
        scope.$watch(log.fn('watch2'), log.fn('watchAction2'));
        scope.$watch(log.fn('watch3'), log.fn('watchAction3'));

        $rootScope.$digest();

        expect(log).toEqual(['watch1', 'watchAction1', 'watch2', 'watchAction2', 'watch3', 'watchAction3',
                             'watch2', 'watch3']);
        scope.$destroy();
        log.reset();


        // scenario: watch1 deregistering watch2
        scope = $rootScope.$new();
        scope.$watch(log.fn('watch1'), function() { deregWatch2(); log('watchAction1'); });
        var deregWatch2 = scope.$watch(log.fn('watch2'), log.fn('watchAction2'));
        scope.$watch(log.fn('watch3'), log.fn('watchAction3'));

        $rootScope.$digest();

        expect(log).toEqual(['watch1', 'watchAction1', 'watch1', 'watch3', 'watchAction3',
                             'watch1', 'watch3']);
        scope.$destroy();
        log.reset();


        // scenario: watch2 deregistering watch1
        scope = $rootScope.$new();
        deregWatch1 = scope.$watch(log.fn('watch1'), log.fn('watchAction1'));
        scope.$watch(log.fn('watch2'), function() { deregWatch1(); log('watchAction2'); });
        scope.$watch(log.fn('watch3'), log.fn('watchAction3'));

        $rootScope.$digest();

        expect(log).toEqual(['watch1', 'watchAction1', 'watch2', 'watchAction2', 'watch3', 'watchAction3',
                             'watch2', 'watch3']);
      }));
    });


    describe('$watchCollection', function() {
      var log, $rootScope, deregister;

      beforeEach(inject(function(_$rootScope_) {
        log = [];
        $rootScope = _$rootScope_;
        deregister = $rootScope.$watchCollection('obj', function logger(obj) {
          log.push(toJson(obj));
        });
      }));


      it('should not trigger if nothing change', inject(function($rootScope) {
        $rootScope.$digest();
        expect(log).toEqual([undefined]);

        $rootScope.$digest();
        expect(log).toEqual([undefined]);
      }));


      it('should allow deregistration', inject(function($rootScope) {
        $rootScope.obj = [];
        $rootScope.$digest();

        expect(log).toEqual(['[]']);

        $rootScope.obj.push('a');
        deregister();

        $rootScope.$digest();
        expect(log).toEqual(['[]']);
      }));


      describe('array', function() {
        it('should trigger when property changes into array', function() {
          $rootScope.obj = 'test';
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['"test"']);

          $rootScope.obj = [];
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['"test"', '[]']);

          $rootScope.obj = {};
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['"test"', '[]', '{}']);

          $rootScope.obj = [];
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['"test"', '[]', '{}', '[]']);

          $rootScope.obj = undefined;
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['"test"', '[]', '{}', '[]', undefined]);
        });


        it('should not trigger change when object in collection changes', function() {
          $rootScope.obj = [{}];
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['[{}]']);

          $rootScope.obj[0].name = 'foo';
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['[{}]']);
        });


        it('should watch array properties', function() {
          $rootScope.obj = [];
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['[]']);

          $rootScope.obj.push('a');
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['[]', '["a"]']);

          $rootScope.obj[0] = 'b';
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['[]', '["a"]', '["b"]']);

          $rootScope.obj.push([]);
          $rootScope.obj.push({});
          log = [];
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['["b",[],{}]']);

          var temp = $rootScope.obj[1];
          $rootScope.obj[1] = $rootScope.obj[2];
          $rootScope.obj[2] = temp;
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual([ '["b",[],{}]', '["b",{},[]]' ]);

          $rootScope.obj.shift();
          log = [];
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual([ '[{},[]]' ]);
        });

        it('should watch array-like objects like arrays', function () {
          var arrayLikelog = [];
          $rootScope.$watchCollection('arrayLikeObject', function logger(obj) {
            forEach(obj, function (element){
              arrayLikelog.push(element.name);
            });
          });
          document.body.innerHTML = "<p>" +
                                      "<a name='x'>a</a>" +
                                      "<a name='y'>b</a>" +
                                    "</p>";

          $rootScope.arrayLikeObject =  document.getElementsByTagName('a');
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(arrayLikelog).toEqual(['x', 'y']);
        });
      });


      describe('object', function() {
        it('should trigger when property changes into object', function() {
          $rootScope.obj = 'test';
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['"test"']);

          $rootScope.obj = {};
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['"test"', '{}']);
        });


        it('should not trigger change when object in collection changes', function() {
          $rootScope.obj = {name: {}};
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['{"name":{}}']);

          $rootScope.obj.name.bar = 'foo';
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['{"name":{}}']);
        });


        it('should watch object properties', function() {
          $rootScope.obj = {};
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['{}']);

          $rootScope.obj.a= 'A';
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['{}', '{"a":"A"}']);

          $rootScope.obj.a = 'B';
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['{}', '{"a":"A"}', '{"a":"B"}']);

          $rootScope.obj.b = [];
          $rootScope.obj.c = {};
          log = [];
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual(['{"a":"B","b":[],"c":{}}']);

          var temp = $rootScope.obj.a;
          $rootScope.obj.a = $rootScope.obj.b;
          $rootScope.obj.c = temp;
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual([ '{"a":"B","b":[],"c":{}}', '{"a":[],"b":[],"c":"B"}' ]);

          delete $rootScope.obj.a;
          log = [];
          $rootScope.$digest();
          expect(log).toEqual([ '{"b":[],"c":"B"}' ]);
        });
      });
    });


    describe('optimizations', function() {

      function setupWatches(scope, log) {
        scope.$watch(function() { log('w1'); return scope.w1; }, log.fn('w1action'));
        scope.$watch(function() { log('w2'); return scope.w2; }, log.fn('w2action'));
        scope.$watch(function() { log('w3'); return scope.w3; }, log.fn('w3action'));
        scope.$digest();
        log.reset();
      }


      it('should check watches only once during an empty digest', inject(function(log, $rootScope) {
        setupWatches($rootScope, log);
        $rootScope.$digest();
        expect(log).toEqual(['w1', 'w2', 'w3']);
      }));


      it('should quit digest early after we check the last watch that was previously dirty',
          inject(function(log, $rootScope) {
        setupWatches($rootScope, log);
        $rootScope.w1 = 'x';
        $rootScope.$digest();
        expect(log).toEqual(['w1', 'w1action', 'w2', 'w3', 'w1']);
      }));


      it('should not quit digest early if a new watch was added from an existing watch action',
          inject(function(log, $rootScope) {
        setupWatches($rootScope, log);
        $rootScope.$watch(log.fn('w4'), function() {
          log('w4action');
          $rootScope.$watch(log.fn('w5'), log.fn('w5action'));
        });
        $rootScope.$digest();
        expect(log).toEqual(['w1', 'w2', 'w3', 'w4', 'w4action',
                             'w1', 'w2', 'w3', 'w4', 'w5', 'w5action',
                             'w1', 'w2', 'w3', 'w4', 'w5']);
      }));


      it('should not quit digest early if an evalAsync task was scheduled from a watch action',
          inject(function(log, $rootScope) {
        setupWatches($rootScope, log);
        $rootScope.$watch(log.fn('w4'), function() {
          log('w4action');
          $rootScope.$evalAsync(function() {
            log('evalAsync')
          });
        });
        $rootScope.$digest();
        expect(log).toEqual(['w1', 'w2', 'w3', 'w4', 'w4action', 'evalAsync',
                             'w1', 'w2', 'w3', 'w4']);
      }));


      it('should quit digest early but not too early when various watches fire', inject(function(log, $rootScope) {
        setupWatches($rootScope, log);
        $rootScope.$watch(function() { log('w4'); return $rootScope.w4; }, function(newVal) {
          log('w4action');
          $rootScope.w2 = newVal;
        });

        $rootScope.$digest();
        log.reset();

        $rootScope.w1 = 'x';
        $rootScope.w4 = 'x';
        $rootScope.$digest();
        expect(log).toEqual(['w1', 'w1action', 'w2', 'w3', 'w4', 'w4action',
                             'w1', 'w2', 'w2action', 'w3', 'w4',
                             'w1', 'w2']);
      }));
    });
  });

  describe('$watchSet', function() {

    it('should detect a change to any expression in the array', inject(function($rootScope, log) {
      $rootScope.$watchSet(['a', 'b'], function(values, oldValues, scope) {
        expect(scope).toBe($rootScope);
        log(values + '-' + oldValues);
      });

      $rootScope.a = 'foo';
      $rootScope.b = 'bar';
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('foo,bar-foo,bar');

      log.reset();
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('');

      log.reset();
      $rootScope.a = 'a';
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('a,bar-foo,bar');

      log.reset();
      $rootScope.a = 'A';
      $rootScope.b = 'B';
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('A,B-a,bar');
    }));

    it('should return a function that allows listeners to be deregistered', inject(function($rootScope) {
        var listener = jasmine.createSpy('watchSet listener'),
          listenerRemove;

        listenerRemove = $rootScope.$watchSet(['a'], listener);
        $rootScope.$digest(); //init
        expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalled();
        expect(listenerRemove).toBeDefined();

        listener.reset();
        $rootScope.a = 'bar';
        $rootScope.$digest(); //trigger
        expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();

        listener.reset();
        $rootScope.a = 'baz';
        listenerRemove();
        $rootScope.$digest(); //trigger
        expect(listener).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
      }));
  });

  describe('$destroy', function() {
    var first = null, middle = null, last = null, log = null;

    beforeEach(inject(function($rootScope) {
      log = '';

      first = $rootScope.$new();
      middle = $rootScope.$new();
      last = $rootScope.$new();

      first.$watch(function() { log += '1';});
      middle.$watch(function() { log += '2';});
      last.$watch(function() { log += '3';});

      $rootScope.$digest();
      log = '';
    }));


    it('should broadcast $destroy on rootScope', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var spy = spyOn(angular, 'noop');
      $rootScope.$on('$destroy', angular.noop);
      $rootScope.$destroy();
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('123');
      expect(spy).toHaveBeenCalled();
      expect($rootScope.$$destroyed).toBe(true);
    }));


    it('should remove first', inject(function($rootScope) {
      first.$destroy();
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('23');
    }));


    it('should remove middle', inject(function($rootScope) {
      middle.$destroy();
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('13');
    }));


    it('should remove last', inject(function($rootScope) {
      last.$destroy();
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('12');
    }));


    it('should broadcast the $destroy event', inject(function($rootScope, log) {
      first.$on('$destroy', log.fn('first'));
      first.$new().$on('$destroy', log.fn('first-child'));

      first.$destroy();
      expect(log).toEqual('first; first-child');
    }));


    it('should $destroy a scope only once and ignore any further destroy calls',
        inject(function($rootScope) {
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toBe('123');

      first.$destroy();
      first.$apply();
      expect(log).toBe('12323');

      first.$destroy();
      first.$destroy();
      first.$apply();
      expect(log).toBe('1232323');
    }));


    it('should decrement anscestor $$listenerCount entries', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var EVENT = 'fooEvent',
          spy = jasmine.createSpy('listener'),
          firstSecond = first.$new();

      firstSecond.$on(EVENT, spy);
      firstSecond.$on(EVENT, spy);
      middle.$on(EVENT, spy);

      expect($rootScope.$$listenerCount[EVENT]).toBe(3);
      expect(first.$$listenerCount[EVENT]).toBe(2);

      firstSecond.$destroy();

      expect($rootScope.$$listenerCount[EVENT]).toBe(1);
      expect(first.$$listenerCount[EVENT]).toBeUndefined();

      $rootScope.$broadcast(EVENT);
      expect(spy.callCount).toBe(1);
    }));
  });


  describe('$eval', function() {
    it('should eval an expression', inject(function($rootScope) {
      expect($rootScope.$eval('a=1')).toEqual(1);
      expect($rootScope.a).toEqual(1);

      $rootScope.$eval(function(self) {self.b=2;});
      expect($rootScope.b).toEqual(2);
    }));


    it('should allow passing locals to the expression', inject(function($rootScope) {
      expect($rootScope.$eval('a+1', {a: 2})).toBe(3);

      $rootScope.$eval(function(scope, locals) {
        scope.c = locals.b + 4;
      }, {b: 3});
      expect($rootScope.c).toBe(7);
    }));
  });


  describe('$evalAsync', function() {

    it('should run callback before $watch', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var log = '';
      var child = $rootScope.$new();
      $rootScope.$evalAsync(function(scope) { log += 'parent.async;'; });
      $rootScope.$watch('value', function() { log += 'parent.$digest;'; });
      child.$evalAsync(function(scope) { log += 'child.async;'; });
      child.$watch('value', function() { log += 'child.$digest;'; });
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(log).toEqual('parent.async;child.async;parent.$digest;child.$digest;');
    }));

    it('should not run another digest for an $$postDigest call', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var internalWatchCount = 0;
      var externalWatchCount = 0;

      $rootScope.internalCount = 0;
      $rootScope.externalCount = 0;

      $rootScope.$evalAsync(function(scope) {
        $rootScope.internalCount++;
      });

      $rootScope.$$postDigest(function(scope) {
        $rootScope.externalCount++;
      });

      $rootScope.$watch('internalCount', function(value) {
        internalWatchCount = value;
      });
      $rootScope.$watch('externalCount', function(value) {
        externalWatchCount = value;
      });

      $rootScope.$digest();

      expect(internalWatchCount).toEqual(1);
      expect(externalWatchCount).toEqual(0);
    }));

    it('should run a $$postDigest call on all child scopes when a parent scope is digested', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var parent = $rootScope.$new(),
          child = parent.$new(),
          count = 0;

      $rootScope.$$postDigest(function() {
        count++;
      });

      parent.$$postDigest(function() {
        count++;
      });

      child.$$postDigest(function() {
        count++;
      });

      expect(count).toBe(0);
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(count).toBe(3);
    }));

    it('should run a $$postDigest call even if the child scope is isolated', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var parent = $rootScope.$new(),
          child = parent.$new(true),
          signature = '';

      parent.$$postDigest(function() {
        signature += 'A';
      });

      child.$$postDigest(function() {
        signature += 'B';
      });

      expect(signature).toBe('');
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect(signature).toBe('AB');
    }));

    it('should cause a $digest rerun', inject(function($rootScope) {
      $rootScope.log = '';
      $rootScope.value = 0;
      $rootScope.$watch('value', 'log = log + ".";');
      $rootScope.$watch('init', function() {
        $rootScope.$evalAsync('value = 123; log = log + "=" ');
        expect($rootScope.value).toEqual(0);
      });
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect($rootScope.log).toEqual('.=.');
    }));

    it('should run async in the same order as added', inject(function($rootScope) {
      $rootScope.log = '';
      $rootScope.$evalAsync("log = log + 1");
      $rootScope.$evalAsync("log = log + 2");
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect($rootScope.log).toBe('12');
    }));

    it('should run async expressions in their proper context', inject(function ($rootScope) {
      var child = $rootScope.$new();
      $rootScope.ctx = 'root context';
      $rootScope.log = '';
      child.ctx = 'child context';
      child.log = '';
      child.$evalAsync('log=ctx');
      $rootScope.$digest();
      expect($rootScope.log).toBe('');
      expect(child.log).toBe('child context');
    }));

    it('should operate only with a single queue across all child and isolate scopes', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var childScope = $rootScope.$new();
      var isolateScope = $rootScope.$new(true);

      $rootScope.$evalAsync('rootExpression');
      childScope.$evalAsync('childExpression');
      isolateScope.$evalAsync('isolateExpression');

      expect(childScope.$$asyncQueue).toBe($rootScope.$$asyncQueue);
      expect(isolateScope.$$asyncQueue).toBe($rootScope.$$asyncQueue);
      expect($rootScope.$$asyncQueue).toEqual([
        {scope: $rootScope, expression: 'rootExpression'},
        {scope: childScope, expression: 'childExpression'},
        {scope: isolateScope, expression: 'isolateExpression'}]);
    }));


    describe('auto-flushing when queueing outside of an $apply', function() {
      var log, $rootScope, $browser;

      beforeEach(inject(function(_log_, _$rootScope_, _$browser_) {
        log = _log_;
        $rootScope = _$rootScope_;
        $browser = _$browser_;
      }));


      it('should auto-flush the queue asynchronously and trigger digest', function() {
        $rootScope.$evalAsync(log.fn('eval-ed!'));
        $rootScope.$watch(log.fn('digesting'));
        expect(log).toEqual([]);

        $browser.defer.flush(0);

        expect(log).toEqual(['eval-ed!', 'digesting', 'digesting']);
      });


      it('should not trigger digest asynchronously if the queue is empty in the next tick', function() {
        $rootScope.$evalAsync(log.fn('eval-ed!'));
        $rootScope.$watch(log.fn('digesting'));
        expect(log).toEqual([]);

        $rootScope.$digest();

        expect(log).toEqual(['eval-ed!', 'digesting', 'digesting']);
        log.reset();

        $browser.defer.flush(0);

        expect(log).toEqual([]);
      });


      it('should not schedule more than one auto-flush task', function() {
        $rootScope.$evalAsync(log.fn('eval-ed 1!'));
        $rootScope.$evalAsync(log.fn('eval-ed 2!'));

        $browser.defer.flush(0);
        expect(log).toEqual(['eval-ed 1!', 'eval-ed 2!']);

        $browser.defer.flush(100000);
        expect(log).toEqual(['eval-ed 1!', 'eval-ed 2!']);
      });
    });
  });


  describe('$apply', function() {
    it('should apply expression with full lifecycle', inject(function($rootScope) {
      var log = '';
      var child = $rootScope.$new();
      $rootScope.$watch('a', function(a) { log += '1'; });
      child.$apply('$parent.a=0');
      expect(log).toEqual('1');
    }));


    it('should catch exceptions', function() {
      module(function($exceptionHandlerProvider) {
        $exceptionHandlerProvider.mode('log');
      });
      inject(function($rootScope, $exceptionHandler, $log) {
        var log = '';
        var child = $rootScope.$new();
        $rootScope.$watch('a', function(a) { log += '1'; });
        $rootScope.a = 0;
        child.$apply(function() { throw new Error('MyError'); });
        expect(log).toEqual('1');
        expect($exceptionHandler.errors[0].message).toEqual('MyError');
        $log.error.logs.shift();
      });
    });


    it('should log exceptions from $digest', function() {
      module(function($rootScopeProvider, $exceptionHandlerProvider) {
        $rootScopeProvider.digestTtl(2);
        $exceptionHandlerProvider.mode('log');
      });
      inject(function($rootScope, $exceptionHandler) {
        $rootScope.$watch('a', function() {$rootScope.b++;});
        $rootScope.$watch('b', function() {$rootScope.a++;});
        $rootScope.a = $rootScope.b = 0;

        expect(function() {
          $rootScope.$apply();
        }).toThrow();

        expect($exceptionHandler.errors[0]).toBeDefined();

        expect($rootScope.$$phase).toBeNull();
      });
    });


    describe('exceptions', function() {
      var log;
      beforeEach(module(function($exceptionHandlerProvider) {
        $exceptionHandlerProvider.mode('log');
      }));
      beforeEach(inject(function($rootScope) {
        log = '';
        $rootScope.$watch(function() { log += '$digest;'; });
        $rootScope.$digest();
        log = '';
      }));


      it('should execute and return value and update', inject(
          function($rootScope, $exceptionHandler) {
        $rootScope.name = 'abc';
        expect($rootScope.$apply(function(scope) {
          return scope.name;
        })).toEqual('abc');
        expect(log).toEqual('$digest;');
        expect($exceptionHandler.errors).toEqual([]);
      }));


      it('should catch exception and update', inject(function($rootScope, $exceptionHandler) {
        var error = new Error('MyError');
        $rootScope.$apply(function() { throw error; });
        expect(log).toEqual('$digest;');
        expect($exceptionHandler.errors).toEqual([error]);
      }));
    });


    describe('recursive $apply protection', function() {
      it('should throw an exception if $apply is called while an $apply is in progress', inject(
          function($rootScope) {
        expect(function() {
          $rootScope.$apply(function() {
            $rootScope.$apply();
          });
        }).toThrowMinErr('$rootScope', 'inprog', '$apply already in progress');
      }));


      it('should throw an exception if $apply is called while flushing evalAsync queue', inject(
          function($rootScope) {
        expect(function() {
          $rootScope.$apply(function() {
            $rootScope.$evalAsync(function() {
              $rootScope.$apply();
            });
          });
        }).toThrowMinErr('$rootScope', 'inprog', '$digest already in progress');
      }));


      it('should throw an exception if $apply is called while a watch is being initialized', inject(
          function($rootScope) {
        var childScope1 = $rootScope.$new();
        childScope1.$watch('x', function() {
          childScope1.$apply();
        });
        expect(function() { childScope1.$apply(); }).toThrowMinErr('$rootScope', 'inprog', '$digest already in progress');
      }));


      it('should thrown an exception if $apply in called from a watch fn (after init)', inject(
          function($rootScope) {
        var childScope2 = $rootScope.$new();
        childScope2.$apply(function() {
          childScope2.$watch('x', function(newVal, oldVal) {
            if (newVal !== oldVal) {
              childScope2.$apply();
            }
          });
        });

        expect(function() { childScope2.$apply(function() {
          childScope2.x = 'something';
        }); }).toThrowMinErr('$rootScope', 'inprog', '$digest already in progress');
      }));
    });
  });


  describe('events', function() {

    describe('$on', function() {

      it('should add listener for both $emit and $broadcast events', inject(function($rootScope) {
        var log = '',
            child = $rootScope.$new();

        function eventFn() {
          log += 'X';
        }

        child.$on('abc', eventFn);
        expect(log).toEqual('');

        child.$emit('abc');
        expect(log).toEqual('X');

        child.$broadcast('abc');
        expect(log).toEqual('XX');
      }));


      it('should increment ancestor $$listenerCount entries', inject(function($rootScope) {
        var child1 = $rootScope.$new(),
            child2 = child1.$new(),
            spy = jasmine.createSpy();

        $rootScope.$on('event1', spy);
        expect($rootScope.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event1: 1});

        child1.$on('event1', spy);
        expect($rootScope.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event1: 2});
        expect(child1.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event1: 1});

        child2.$on('event2', spy);
        expect($rootScope.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event1: 2, event2: 1});
        expect(child1.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event1: 1, event2: 1});
        expect(child2.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event2: 1});
      }));


      describe('deregistration', function() {

        it('should return a function that deregisters the listener', inject(function($rootScope) {
          var log = '',
              child = $rootScope.$new(),
              listenerRemove;

          function eventFn() {
            log += 'X';
          }

          listenerRemove = child.$on('abc', eventFn);
          expect(log).toEqual('');
          expect(listenerRemove).toBeDefined();

          child.$emit('abc');
          child.$broadcast('abc');
          expect(log).toEqual('XX');
          expect($rootScope.$$listenerCount['abc']).toBe(1);

          log = '';
          listenerRemove();
          child.$emit('abc');
          child.$broadcast('abc');
          expect(log).toEqual('');
          expect($rootScope.$$listenerCount['abc']).toBeUndefined();
        }));


        it('should decrement ancestor $$listenerCount entries', inject(function($rootScope) {
          var child1 = $rootScope.$new(),
              child2 = child1.$new(),
              spy = jasmine.createSpy();

          $rootScope.$on('event1', spy);
          expect($rootScope.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event1: 1});

          child1.$on('event1', spy);
          expect($rootScope.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event1: 2});
          expect(child1.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event1: 1});

          var deregisterEvent2Listener = child2.$on('event2', spy);
          expect($rootScope.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event1: 2, event2: 1});
          expect(child1.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event1: 1, event2: 1});
          expect(child2.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event2: 1});

          deregisterEvent2Listener();

          expect($rootScope.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event1: 2});
          expect(child1.$$listenerCount).toEqual({event1: 1});
          expect(child2.$$listenerCount).toEqual({});
        }));
      });
    });


    describe('$emit', function() {
      var log, child, grandChild, greatGrandChild;

      function logger(event) {
        log += event.currentScope.id + '>';
      }

      beforeEach(module(function($exceptionHandlerProvider) {
        $exceptionHandlerProvider.mode('log');
      }));
      beforeEach(inject(function($rootScope) {
        log = '';
        child = $rootScope.$new();
        grandChild = child.$new();
        greatGrandChild = grandChild.$new();

        $rootScope.id = 0;
        child.id = 1;
        grandChild.id = 2;
        greatGrandChild.id = 3;

        $rootScope.$on('myEvent', logger);
        child.$on('myEvent', logger);
        grandChild.$on('myEvent', logger);
        greatGrandChild.$on('myEvent', logger);
      }));

      it('should bubble event up to the root scope', function() {
        grandChild.$emit('myEvent');
        expect(log).toEqual('2>1>0>');
      });

      it('should allow all events on the same scope to run even if stopPropagation is called', function(){
        child.$on('myEvent', logger);
        grandChild.$on('myEvent', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); });
        grandChild.$on('myEvent', logger);
        grandChild.$on('myEvent', logger);
        grandChild.$emit('myEvent');
        expect(log).toEqual('2>2>2>');
      });

      it('should dispatch exceptions to the $exceptionHandler',
          inject(function($exceptionHandler) {
        child.$on('myEvent', function() { throw 'bubbleException'; });
        grandChild.$emit('myEvent');
        expect(log).toEqual('2>1>0>');
        expect($exceptionHandler.errors).toEqual(['bubbleException']);
      }));


      it('should allow stopping event propagation', function() {
        child.$on('myEvent', function(event) { event.stopPropagation(); });
        grandChild.$emit('myEvent');
        expect(log).toEqual('2>1>');
      });


      it('should forward method arguments', function() {
        child.$on('abc', function(event, arg1, arg2) {
          expect(event.name).toBe('abc');
          expect(arg1).toBe('arg1');
          expect(arg2).toBe('arg2');
        });
        child.$emit('abc', 'arg1', 'arg2');
      });


      it('should allow removing event listener inside a listener on $emit', function() {
        var spy1 = jasmine.createSpy('1st listener');
        var spy2 = jasmine.createSpy('2nd listener');
        var spy3 = jasmine.createSpy('3rd listener');

        var remove1 = child.$on('evt', spy1);
        var remove2 = child.$on('evt', spy2);
        var remove3 = child.$on('evt', spy3);

        spy1.andCallFake(remove1);

        expect(child.$$listeners['evt'].length).toBe(3);

        // should call all listeners and remove 1st
        child.$emit('evt');
        expect(spy1).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
        expect(spy2).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
        expect(spy3).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
        expect(child.$$listeners['evt'].length).toBe(3); // cleanup will happen on next $emit

        spy1.reset();
        spy2.reset();
        spy3.reset();

        // should call only 2nd because 1st was already removed and 2nd removes 3rd
        spy2.andCallFake(remove3);
        child.$emit('evt');
        expect(spy1).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
        expect(spy2).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
        expect(spy3).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
        expect(child.$$listeners['evt'].length).toBe(1);
      });


      it('should allow removing event listener inside a listener on $broadcast', function() {
        var spy1 = jasmine.createSpy('1st listener');
        var spy2 = jasmine.createSpy('2nd listener');
        var spy3 = jasmine.createSpy('3rd listener');

        var remove1 = child.$on('evt', spy1);
        var remove2 = child.$on('evt', spy2);
        var remove3 = child.$on('evt', spy3);

        spy1.andCallFake(remove1);

        expect(child.$$listeners['evt'].length).toBe(3);

        // should call all listeners and remove 1st
        child.$broadcast('evt');
        expect(spy1).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
        expect(spy2).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
        expect(spy3).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
        expect(child.$$listeners['evt'].length).toBe(3); //cleanup will happen on next $broadcast

        spy1.reset();
        spy2.reset();
        spy3.reset();

        // should call only 2nd because 1st was already removed and 2nd removes 3rd
        spy2.andCallFake(remove3);
        child.$broadcast('evt');
        expect(spy1).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
        expect(spy2).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
        expect(spy3).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
        expect(child.$$listeners['evt'].length).toBe(1);
      });


      describe('event object', function() {
        it('should have methods/properties', function() {
          var event;
          child.$on('myEvent', function(e) {
            expect(e.targetScope).toBe(grandChild);
            expect(e.currentScope).toBe(child);
            expect(e.name).toBe('myEvent');
            event = e;
          });
          grandChild.$emit('myEvent');
          expect(event).toBeDefined();
        });


        it('should have preventDefault method and defaultPrevented property', function() {
          var event = grandChild.$emit('myEvent');
          expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(false);

          child.$on('myEvent', function(event) {
            event.preventDefault();
          });
          event = grandChild.$emit('myEvent');
          expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
        });
      });
    });


    describe('$broadcast', function() {
      describe('event propagation', function() {
        var log, child1, child2, child3, grandChild11, grandChild21, grandChild22, grandChild23,
            greatGrandChild211;

        function logger(event) {
          log += event.currentScope.id + '>';
        }

        beforeEach(inject(function($rootScope) {
          log = '';
          child1 = $rootScope.$new();
          child2 = $rootScope.$new();
          child3 = $rootScope.$new();
          grandChild11 = child1.$new();
          grandChild21 = child2.$new();
          grandChild22 = child2.$new();
          grandChild23 = child2.$new();
          greatGrandChild211 = grandChild21.$new();

          $rootScope.id = 0;
          child1.id = 1;
          child2.id = 2;
          child3.id = 3;
          grandChild11.id = 11;
          grandChild21.id = 21;
          grandChild22.id = 22;
          grandChild23.id = 23;
          greatGrandChild211.id = 211;

          $rootScope.$on('myEvent', logger);
          child1.$on('myEvent', logger);
          child2.$on('myEvent', logger);
          child3.$on('myEvent', logger);
          grandChild11.$on('myEvent', logger);
          grandChild21.$on('myEvent', logger);
          grandChild22.$on('myEvent', logger);
          grandChild23.$on('myEvent', logger);
          greatGrandChild211.$on('myEvent', logger);

          //          R
          //       /  |   \
          //     1    2    3
          //    /   / | \
          //   11  21 22 23
          //       |
          //      211
        }));


        it('should broadcast an event from the root scope', inject(function($rootScope) {
          $rootScope.$broadcast('myEvent');
          expect(log).toBe('0>1>11>2>21>211>22>23>3>');
        }));


        it('should broadcast an event from a child scope', function() {
          child2.$broadcast('myEvent');
          expect(log).toBe('2>21>211>22>23>');
        });


        it('should broadcast an event from a leaf scope with a sibling', function() {
          grandChild22.$broadcast('myEvent');
          expect(log).toBe('22>');
        });


        it('should broadcast an event from a leaf scope without a sibling', function() {
          grandChild23.$broadcast('myEvent');
          expect(log).toBe('23>');
        });


        it('should not not fire any listeners for other events', inject(function($rootScope) {
          $rootScope.$broadcast('fooEvent');
          expect(log).toBe('');
        }));


        it('should not descend past scopes with a $$listerCount of 0 or undefined',
            inject(function($rootScope) {
          var EVENT = 'fooEvent',
              spy = jasmine.createSpy('listener');

          // Precondition: There should be no listeners for fooEvent.
          expect($rootScope.$$listenerCount[EVENT]).toBeUndefined();

          // Add a spy listener to a child scope.
          $rootScope.$$childHead.$$listeners[EVENT] = [spy];

          // $rootScope's count for 'fooEvent' is undefined, so spy should not be called.
          $rootScope.$broadcast(EVENT);
          expect(spy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
        }));


        it('should return event object', function() {
          var result = child1.$broadcast('some');

          expect(result).toBeDefined();
          expect(result.name).toBe('some');
          expect(result.targetScope).toBe(child1);
        });
      });


      describe('listener', function() {
        it('should receive event object', inject(function($rootScope) {
          var scope = $rootScope,
              child = scope.$new(),
              event;

          child.$on('fooEvent', function(e) {
            event = e;
          });
          scope.$broadcast('fooEvent');

          expect(event.name).toBe('fooEvent');
          expect(event.targetScope).toBe(scope);
          expect(event.currentScope).toBe(child);
        }));


        it('should support passing messages as varargs', inject(function($rootScope) {
          var scope = $rootScope,
              child = scope.$new(),
              args;

          child.$on('fooEvent', function() {
            args = arguments;
          });
          scope.$broadcast('fooEvent', 'do', 're', 'me', 'fa');

          expect(args.length).toBe(5);
          expect(sliceArgs(args, 1)).toEqual(['do', 're', 'me', 'fa']);
        }));
      });
    });
  });

  describe("doc examples", function() {

    it("should properly fire off watch listeners upon scope changes", inject(function($rootScope) {
//<docs tag="docs1">
      var scope = $rootScope.$new();
      scope.salutation = 'Hello';
      scope.name = 'World';

      expect(scope.greeting).toEqual(undefined);

      scope.$watch('name', function() {
       scope.greeting = scope.salutation + ' ' + scope.name + '!';
      }); // initialize the watch

      expect(scope.greeting).toEqual(undefined);
      scope.name = 'Misko';
      // still old value, since watches have not been called yet
      expect(scope.greeting).toEqual(undefined);

      scope.$digest(); // fire all  the watches
      expect(scope.greeting).toEqual('Hello Misko!');
//</docs>
    }));

  });
});