v0.24.0.txt

.. _whatsnew_0240:

v0.24.0 (Month XX, 2018)
------------------------

.. warning::

   Starting January 1, 2019, pandas feature releases will support Python 3 only.
   See :ref:`install.dropping-27` for more.

.. _whatsnew_0240.enhancements:

New features
~~~~~~~~~~~~
- :func:`merge` now directly allows merge between objects of type ``DataFrame`` and named ``Series``, without the need to convert the ``Series`` object into a ``DataFrame`` beforehand (:issue:`21220`)


- ``ExcelWriter`` now accepts ``mode`` as a keyword argument, enabling append to existing workbooks when using the ``openpyxl`` engine (:issue:`3441`)

.. _whatsnew_0240.enhancements.extension_array_operators:

``ExtensionArray`` operator support
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

A ``Series`` based on an ``ExtensionArray`` now supports arithmetic and comparison
operators (:issue:`19577`). There are two approaches for providing operator support for an ``ExtensionArray``:

1. Define each of the operators on your ``ExtensionArray`` subclass.
2. Use an operator implementation from pandas that depends on operators that are already defined
   on the underlying elements (scalars) of the ``ExtensionArray``.

See the :ref:`ExtensionArray Operator Support
<extending.extension.operator>` documentation section for details on both
ways of adding operator support.

.. _whatsnew_0240.enhancements.intna:

Optional Integer NA Support
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Pandas has gained the ability to hold integer dtypes with missing values. This long requested feature is enabled through the use of :ref:`extension types <extending.extension-types>`.
Here is an example of the usage.

We can construct a ``Series`` with the specified dtype. The dtype string ``Int64`` is a pandas ``ExtensionDtype``. Specifying a list or array using the traditional missing value
marker of ``np.nan`` will infer to integer dtype. The display of the ``Series`` will also use the ``NaN`` to indicate missing values in string outputs. (:issue:`20700`, :issue:`20747`)

.. ipython:: python

   s = pd.Series([1, 2, np.nan], dtype='Int64')
   s


Operations on these dtypes will propagate ``NaN`` as other pandas operations.

.. ipython:: python

   # arithmetic
   s + 1

   # comparison
   s == 1

   # indexing
   s.iloc[1:3]

   # operate with other dtypes
   s + s.iloc[1:3].astype('Int8')

   # coerce when needed
   s + 0.01

These dtypes can operate as part of of ``DataFrame``.

.. ipython:: python

   df = pd.DataFrame({'A': s, 'B': [1, 1, 3], 'C': list('aab')})
   df
   df.dtypes


These dtypes can be merged & reshaped & casted.

.. ipython:: python

   pd.concat([df[['A']], df[['B', 'C']]], axis=1).dtypes
   df['A'].astype(float)

.. warning::

   The Integer NA support currently uses the captilized dtype version, e.g. ``Int8`` as compared to the traditional ``int8``. This may be changed at a future date.

.. _whatsnew_0240.enhancements.read_html:

``read_html`` Enhancements
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

:func:`read_html` previously ignored ``colspan`` and ``rowspan`` attributes.
Now it understands them, treating them as sequences of cells with the same
value. (:issue:`17054`)

.. ipython:: python

    result = pd.read_html("""
      <table>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th>A</th><th>B</th><th>C</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td colspan="2">1</td><td>2</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>""")

Previous Behavior:

.. code-block:: ipython

    In [13]: result
    Out [13]:
    [   A  B   C
     0  1  2 NaN]

Current Behavior:

.. ipython:: python

    result


.. _whatsnew_0240.enhancements.interval:

Storing Interval Data in Series and DataFrame
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Interval data may now be stored in a ``Series`` or ``DataFrame``, in addition to an
:class:`IntervalIndex` like previously (:issue:`19453`).

.. ipython:: python

   ser = pd.Series(pd.interval_range(0, 5))
   ser
   ser.dtype

Previously, these would be cast to a NumPy array of ``Interval`` objects. In general,
this should result in better performance when storing an array of intervals in
a :class:`Series`.

Note that the ``.values`` of a ``Series`` containing intervals is no longer a NumPy
array, but rather an ``ExtensionArray``:

.. ipython:: python

   ser.values

This is the same behavior as ``Series.values`` for categorical data. See
:ref:`whatsnew_0240.api_breaking.interval_values` for more.


.. _whatsnew_0240.enhancements.other:

Other Enhancements
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- :func:`to_datetime` now supports the ``%Z`` and ``%z`` directive when passed into ``format`` (:issue:`13486`)
- :func:`Series.mode` and :func:`DataFrame.mode` now support the ``dropna`` parameter which can be used to specify whether NaN/NaT values should be considered (:issue:`17534`)
- :func:`to_csv` now supports ``compression`` keyword when a file handle is passed. (:issue:`21227`)
- :meth:`Index.droplevel` is now implemented also for flat indexes, for compatibility with :class:`MultiIndex` (:issue:`21115`)
- :meth:`Series.droplevel` and :meth:`DataFrame.droplevel` are now implemented (:issue:`20342`)
- Added support for reading from Google Cloud Storage via the ``gcsfs`` library (:issue:`19454`)
- :func:`to_gbq` and :func:`read_gbq` signature and documentation updated to
  reflect changes from the `Pandas-GBQ library version 0.5.0
  <https://pandas-gbq.readthedocs.io/en/latest/changelog.html#changelog-0-5-0>`__.
  (:issue:`21627`)
- New method :meth:`HDFStore.walk` will recursively walk the group hierarchy of an HDF5 file (:issue:`10932`)
- :func:`read_html` copies cell data across ``colspan`` and ``rowspan``, and it treats all-``th`` table rows as headers if ``header`` kwarg is not given and there is no ``thead`` (:issue:`17054`)
- :meth:`Series.nlargest`, :meth:`Series.nsmallest`, :meth:`DataFrame.nlargest`, and :meth:`DataFrame.nsmallest` now accept the value ``"all"`` for the ``keep`` argument. This keeps all ties for the nth largest/smallest value (:issue:`16818`)
- :class:`IntervalIndex` has gained the :meth:`~IntervalIndex.set_closed` method to change the existing ``closed`` value (:issue:`21670`)
- :func:`~DataFrame.to_csv` and :func:`~DataFrame.to_json` now support ``compression='infer'`` to infer compression based on filename (:issue:`15008`)
- :func:`to_timedelta` now supports iso-formated timedelta strings (:issue:`21877`)
- :class:`Series` and :class:`DataFrame` now support :class:`Iterable` in constructor (:issue:`2193`)

.. _whatsnew_0240.api_breaking:

Backwards incompatible API changes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


.. _whatsnew_0240.api_breaking.interval_values:

``IntervalIndex.values`` is now an ``IntervalArray``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The :attr:`~Interval.values` attribute of an :class:`IntervalIndex` now returns an
``IntervalArray``, rather than a NumPy array of :class:`Interval` objects (:issue:`19453`).

Previous Behavior:

.. code-block:: ipython

   In [1]: idx = pd.interval_range(0, 4)

   In [2]: idx.values
   Out[2]:
   array([Interval(0, 1, closed='right'), Interval(1, 2, closed='right'),
          Interval(2, 3, closed='right'), Interval(3, 4, closed='right')],
         dtype=object)

New Behavior:

.. ipython:: python

   idx = pd.interval_range(0, 4)
   idx.values

This mirrors ``CateogricalIndex.values``, which returns a ``Categorical``.

For situations where you need an ``ndarray`` of ``Interval`` objects, use
:meth:`numpy.asarray` or ``idx.astype(object)``.

.. ipython:: python

   np.asarray(idx)
   idx.values.astype(object)


.. _whatsnew_0240.api.datetimelike.normalize:

Tick DateOffset Normalize Restrictions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Creating a ``Tick`` object (:class:`Day`, :class:`Hour`, :class:`Minute`,
:class:`Second`, :class:`Milli`, :class:`Micro`, :class:`Nano`) with
`normalize=True` is no longer supported.  This prevents unexpected behavior
where addition could fail to be monotone or associative.  (:issue:`21427`)

*Previous Behavior*:

.. code-block:: ipython


   In [2]: ts = pd.Timestamp('2018-06-11 18:01:14')

   In [3]: ts
   Out[3]: Timestamp('2018-06-11 18:01:14')

   In [4]: tic = pd.offsets.Hour(n=2, normalize=True)
      ...:

   In [5]: tic
   Out[5]: <2 * Hours>

   In [6]: ts + tic
   Out[6]: Timestamp('2018-06-11 00:00:00')

   In [7]: ts + tic + tic + tic == ts + (tic + tic + tic)
   Out[7]: False

*Current Behavior*:

.. ipython:: python

    ts = pd.Timestamp('2018-06-11 18:01:14')
    tic = pd.offsets.Hour(n=2)
    ts + tic + tic + tic == ts + (tic + tic + tic)


.. _whatsnew_0240.api.datetimelike:


.. _whatsnew_0240.api.period_subtraction:

Period Subtraction
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Subtraction of a ``Period`` from another ``Period`` will give a ``DateOffset``.
instead of an integer (:issue:`21314`)

.. ipython:: python

    june = pd.Period('June 2018')
    april = pd.Period('April 2018')
    june - april

Previous Behavior:

.. code-block:: ipython

    In [2]: june = pd.Period('June 2018')

    In [3]: april = pd.Period('April 2018')

    In [4]: june - april
    Out [4]: 2

Similarly, subtraction of a ``Period`` from a ``PeriodIndex`` will now return
an ``Index`` of ``DateOffset`` objects instead of an ``Int64Index``

.. ipython:: python

    pi = pd.period_range('June 2018', freq='M', periods=3)
    pi - pi[0]

Previous Behavior:

.. code-block:: ipython

    In [2]: pi = pd.period_range('June 2018', freq='M', periods=3)

    In [3]: pi - pi[0]
    Out[3]: Int64Index([0, 1, 2], dtype='int64')

.. _whatsnew_0240.api.extension:

ExtensionType Changes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- ``ExtensionArray`` has gained the abstract methods ``.dropna()`` (:issue:`21185`)
- ``ExtensionDtype`` has gained the ability to instantiate from string dtypes, e.g. ``decimal`` would instantiate a registered ``DecimalDtype``; furthermore
  the ``ExtensionDtype`` has gained the method ``construct_array_type`` (:issue:`21185`)
- The ``ExtensionArray`` constructor, ``_from_sequence`` now take the keyword arg ``copy=False`` (:issue:`21185`)
- Bug in :meth:`Series.get` for ``Series`` using ``ExtensionArray`` and integer index (:issue:`21257`)
- :meth:`Series.combine()` works correctly with :class:`~pandas.api.extensions.ExtensionArray` inside of :class:`Series` (:issue:`20825`)
- :meth:`Series.combine()` with scalar argument now works for any function type (:issue:`21248`)
-

.. _whatsnew_0240.api.incompatibilities:

Series and Index Data-Dtype Incompatibilities
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

``Series`` and ``Index`` constructors now raise when the
data is incompatible with a passed ``dtype=`` (:issue:`15832`)

Previous Behavior:

.. code-block:: ipython

    In [4]: pd.Series([-1], dtype="uint64")
    Out [4]:
    0    18446744073709551615
    dtype: uint64

Current Behavior:

.. code-block:: ipython

    In [4]: pd.Series([-1], dtype="uint64")
    Out [4]:
    ...
    OverflowError: Trying to coerce negative values to unsigned integers

Datetimelike API Changes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- For :class:`DatetimeIndex` and :class:`TimedeltaIndex` with non-``None`` ``freq`` attribute, addition or subtraction of integer-dtyped array or ``Index`` will return an object of the same class (:issue:`19959`)
- :class:`DateOffset` objects are now immutable. Attempting to alter one of these will now raise ``AttributeError`` (:issue:`21341`)
- :class:`PeriodIndex` subtraction of another ``PeriodIndex`` will now return an object-dtype :class:`Index` of :class:`DateOffset` objects instead of raising a ``TypeError`` (:issue:`20049`)
- :func:`cut` and :func:`qcut` now returns a :class:`DatetimeIndex` or :class:`TimedeltaIndex` bins when the input is datetime or timedelta dtype respectively and ``retbins=True`` (:issue:`19891`)

.. _whatsnew_0240.api.other:

Other API Changes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- :class:`DatetimeIndex` now accepts :class:`Int64Index` arguments as epoch timestamps (:issue:`20997`)
- Accessing a level of a ``MultiIndex`` with a duplicate name (e.g. in
  :meth:~MultiIndex.get_level_values) now raises a ``ValueError`` instead of
  a ``KeyError`` (:issue:`21678`).
- Invalid construction of ``IntervalDtype`` will now always raise a ``TypeError`` rather than a ``ValueError`` if the subdtype is invalid (:issue:`21185`)
- Trying to reindex a ``DataFrame`` with a non unique ``MultiIndex`` now raises a ``ValueError`` instead of an ``Exception`` (:issue:`21770`)
- :meth:`PeriodIndex.tz_convert` and :meth:`PeriodIndex.tz_localize` have been removed (:issue:`21781`)
- :class:`Index` subtraction will attempt to operate element-wise instead of raising ``TypeError`` (:issue:`19369`)
- :class:`pandas.io.formats.style.Styler` supports a ``number-format`` property when using :meth:`~pandas.io.formats.style.Styler.to_excel` (:issue:`22015`)

.. _whatsnew_0240.deprecations:

Deprecations
~~~~~~~~~~~~

- :meth:`DataFrame.to_stata`, :meth:`read_stata`, :class:`StataReader` and :class:`StataWriter` have deprecated the ``encoding`` argument.  The encoding of a Stata dta file is determined by the file type and cannot be changed (:issue:`21244`).
- :meth:`MultiIndex.to_hierarchical` is deprecated and will be removed in a future version  (:issue:`21613`)
- :meth:`Series.ptp` is deprecated. Use ``numpy.ptp`` instead (:issue:`21614`)
- :meth:`Series.compress` is deprecated. Use ``Series[condition]`` instead (:issue:`18262`)

.. _whatsnew_0240.prior_deprecations:

Removal of prior version deprecations/changes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- The ``LongPanel`` and ``WidePanel`` classes have been removed (:issue:`10892`)
- Several private functions were removed from the (non-public) module ``pandas.core.common`` (:issue:`22001`)
-
-

.. _whatsnew_0240.performance:

Performance Improvements
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- Very large improvement in performance of slicing when the index is a :class:`CategoricalIndex`,
  both when indexing by label (using .loc) and position(.iloc).
  Likewise, slicing a ``CategoricalIndex`` itself (i.e. ``ci[100:200]``) shows similar speed improvements (:issue:`21659`)
- Improved performance of :func:`Series.describe` in case of numeric dtpyes (:issue:`21274`)
- Improved performance of :func:`pandas.core.groupby.GroupBy.rank` when dealing with tied rankings (:issue:`21237`)
- Improved performance of :func:`DataFrame.set_index` with columns consisting of :class:`Period` objects (:issue:`21582`,:issue:`21606`)
- Improved performance of membership checks in :class:`Categorical` and :class:`CategoricalIndex`
  (i.e. ``x in cat``-style checks are much faster). :meth:`CategoricalIndex.contains`
  is likewise much faster (:issue:`21369`, :issue:`21508`)
- Improved performance of :meth:`HDFStore.groups` (and dependent functions like
  :meth:`~HDFStore.keys`.  (i.e. ``x in store`` checks are much faster)
  (:issue:`21372`)
- Improved the performance of :func:`pandas.get_dummies` with ``sparse=True`` (:issue:`21997`)

.. _whatsnew_0240.docs:

Documentation Changes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- Added sphinx spelling extension, updated documentation on how to use the spell check (:issue:`21079`)
-
-

.. _whatsnew_0240.bug_fixes:

Bug Fixes
~~~~~~~~~

Categorical
^^^^^^^^^^^

-
-
-

Datetimelike
^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Fixed bug where two :class:`DateOffset` objects with different ``normalize`` attributes could evaluate as equal (:issue:`21404`)
- Fixed bug where :meth:`Timestamp.resolution` incorrectly returned 1-microsecond ``timedelta`` instead of 1-nanosecond :class:`Timedelta` (:issue:`21336`,:issue:`21365`)

Timedelta
^^^^^^^^^

-
-
-

Timezones
^^^^^^^^^

- Bug in :meth:`DatetimeIndex.shift` where an ``AssertionError`` would raise when shifting across DST (:issue:`8616`)
- Bug in :class:`Timestamp` constructor where passing an invalid timezone offset designator (``Z``) would not raise a ``ValueError`` (:issue:`8910`)
- Bug in :meth:`Timestamp.replace` where replacing at a DST boundary would retain an incorrect offset (:issue:`7825`)
- Bug in :meth:`Series.replace` with ``datetime64[ns, tz]`` data when replacing ``NaT`` (:issue:`11792`)
- Bug in :class:`Timestamp` when passing different string date formats with a timezone offset would produce different timezone offsets (:issue:`12064`)
- Bug when comparing a tz-naive :class:`Timestamp` to a tz-aware :class:`DatetimeIndex` which would coerce the :class:`DatetimeIndex` to tz-naive (:issue:`12601`)
- Bug in :meth:`Series.truncate` with a tz-aware :class:`DatetimeIndex` which would cause a core dump (:issue:`9243`)
- Bug in :class:`Series` constructor which would coerce tz-aware and tz-naive :class:`Timestamp` to tz-aware (:issue:`13051`)
- Bug in :class:`Index` with ``datetime64[ns, tz]`` dtype that did not localize integer data correctly (:issue:`20964`)
- Bug in :class:`DatetimeIndex` where constructing with an integer and tz would not localize correctly (:issue:`12619`)
- Fixed bug where :meth:`DataFrame.describe` and :meth:`Series.describe` on tz-aware datetimes did not show `first` and `last` result (:issue:`21328`)

Offsets
^^^^^^^

- Bug in :class:`FY5253` where date offsets could incorrectly raise an ``AssertionError`` in arithmetic operatons (:issue:`14774`)
- Bug in :class:`DateOffset` where keyword arguments ``week`` and ``milliseconds`` were accepted and ignored.  Passing these will now raise ``ValueError`` (:issue:`19398`)
-

Numeric
^^^^^^^

- Bug in :class:`Series` ``__rmatmul__`` doesn't support matrix vector multiplication (:issue:`21530`)
- Bug in :func:`factorize` fails with read-only array (:issue:`12813`)
- Fixed bug in :func:`unique` handled signed zeros inconsistently: for some inputs 0.0 and -0.0 were treated as equal and for some inputs as different. Now they are treated as equal for all inputs (:issue:`21866`)
- Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.agg`, :meth:`DataFrame.transform` and :meth:`DataFrame.apply` where,
  when supplied with a list of functions and ``axis=1`` (e.g. ``df.apply(['sum', 'mean'], axis=1)``),
  a ``TypeError`` was wrongly raised. For all three methods such calculation are now done correctly. (:issue:`16679`).
-

Strings
^^^^^^^

-
-
-

Interval
^^^^^^^^

- Bug in the :class:`IntervalIndex` constructor where the ``closed`` parameter did not always override the inferred ``closed`` (:issue:`19370`)
- Bug in the ``IntervalIndex`` repr where a trailing comma was missing after the list of intervals (:issue:`20611`)
-
-

Indexing
^^^^^^^^

- The traceback from a ``KeyError`` when asking ``.loc`` for a single missing label is now shorter and more clear (:issue:`21557`)
- When ``.ix`` is asked for a missing integer label in a :class:`MultiIndex` with a first level of integer type, it now raises a ``KeyError``, consistently with the case of a flat :class:`Int64Index, rather than falling back to positional indexing (:issue:`21593`)
- Bug in :meth:`DatetimeIndex.reindex` when reindexing a tz-naive and tz-aware :class:`DatetimeIndex` (:issue:`8306`)
- Bug in :class:`DataFrame` when setting values with ``.loc`` and a timezone aware :class:`DatetimeIndex` (:issue:`11365`)
- ``DataFrame.__getitem__`` now accepts dictionaries and dictionary keys as list-likes of labels, consistently with ``Series.__getitem__`` (:issue:`21294`)
- Fixed ``DataFrame[np.nan]`` when columns are non-unique (:issue:`21428`)
- Bug when indexing :class:`DatetimeIndex` with nanosecond resolution dates and timezones (:issue:`11679`)
- Bug where indexing with a Numpy array containing negative values would mutate the indexer (:issue:`21867`)

Missing
^^^^^^^

- Bug in :func:`DataFrame.fillna` where a ``ValueError`` would raise when one column contained a ``datetime64[ns, tz]`` dtype (:issue:`15522`)
- Bug in :func:`Series.hasnans` that could be incorrectly cached and return incorrect answers if null elements are introduced after an initial call (:issue:`19700`)

MultiIndex
^^^^^^^^^^

- Removed compatibility for MultiIndex pickles prior to version 0.8.0; compatibility with MultiIndex pickles from version 0.13 forward is maintained (:issue:`21654`)
-
-

I/O
^^^

- :func:`read_html()` no longer ignores all-whitespace ``<tr>`` within ``<thead>`` when considering the ``skiprows`` and ``header`` arguments. Previously, users had to decrease their ``header`` and ``skiprows`` values on such tables to work around the issue. (:issue:`21641`)
- :func:`read_excel()` will correctly show the deprecation warning for previously deprecated ``sheetname`` (:issue:`17994`)
-

Plotting
^^^^^^^^

- Bug in :func:'DataFrame.plot.scatter' and :func:'DataFrame.plot.hexbin' caused x-axis label and ticklabels to disappear when colorbar was on in IPython inline backend (:issue:`10611`, :issue:`10678`, and :issue:`20455`)
-

Groupby/Resample/Rolling
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Bug in :func:`pandas.core.groupby.GroupBy.first` and :func:`pandas.core.groupby.GroupBy.last` with ``as_index=False`` leading to the loss of timezone information (:issue:`15884`)
- Bug in :meth:`DatetimeIndex.resample` when downsampling across a DST boundary (:issue:`8531`)
- Bug where ``ValueError`` is wrongly raised when calling :func:`~pandas.core.groupby.SeriesGroupBy.count` method of a
  ``SeriesGroupBy`` when the grouping variable only contains NaNs and numpy version < 1.13 (:issue:`21956`).
- Multiple bugs in :func:`pandas.core.Rolling.min` with ``closed='left'` and a
  datetime-like index leading to incorrect results and also segfault. (:issue:`21704`)
-

Sparse
^^^^^^

-
-
-

Reshaping
^^^^^^^^^

- Bug in :func:`pandas.concat` when joining resampled DataFrames with timezone aware index (:issue:`13783`)
- Bug in :meth:`Series.combine_first` with ``datetime64[ns, tz]`` dtype which would return tz-naive result (:issue:`21469`)
- Bug in :meth:`Series.where` and :meth:`DataFrame.where` with ``datetime64[ns, tz]`` dtype (:issue:`21546`)
- Bug in :meth:`Series.mask` and :meth:`DataFrame.mask` with ``list`` conditionals (:issue:`21891`)
- Bug in :meth:`Series.replace` and meth:`DataFrame.replace` when dict is used as the `to_replace` value and one key in the dict is is another key's value, the results were inconsistent between using integer key and using string key (:issue:`20656`)
-

Build Changes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Building pandas for development now requires ``cython >= 0.28.2`` (:issue:`21688`)
-

Other
^^^^^

- :meth: `~pandas.io.formats.style.Styler.background_gradient` now takes a ``text_color_threshold`` parameter to automatically lighten the text color based on the luminance of the background color. This improves readability with dark background colors without the need to limit the background colormap range. (:issue:`21258`)
- Require at least 0.28.2 version of ``cython`` to support read-only memoryviews (:issue:`21688`)
- :meth: `~pandas.io.formats.style.Styler.background_gradient` now also supports tablewise application (in addition to rowwise and columnwise) with ``axis=None`` (:issue:`15204`)
-