diff --git a/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst b/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst
index f25edd39cf7da..4970b56a3acaf 100644
--- a/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst
+++ b/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst
@@ -591,6 +591,7 @@ Indexing
 ^^^^^^^^
 - Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.__getitem__` returning modified columns when called with ``slice`` in Python 3.12 (:issue:`57500`)
 - Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.from_records` throwing a ``ValueError`` when passed an empty list in ``index`` (:issue:`58594`)
+- Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.__getitem__` when slicing a :class:`DataFrame` many rows raised an ``OverflowError`` (:issue:`59531`)
 -
 
 Missing
diff --git a/pandas/_libs/lib.pyi b/pandas/_libs/lib.pyi
index daaaacee3487d..ebdf78d04379b 100644
--- a/pandas/_libs/lib.pyi
+++ b/pandas/_libs/lib.pyi
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ def maybe_booleans_to_slice(
 ) -> slice | npt.NDArray[np.uint8]: ...
 def maybe_indices_to_slice(
     indices: npt.NDArray[np.intp],
-    max_len: int,
+    max_len: np.intp,
 ) -> slice | npt.NDArray[np.intp]: ...
 def is_all_arraylike(obj: list) -> bool: ...
 
diff --git a/pandas/_libs/lib.pyx b/pandas/_libs/lib.pyx
index 489d4fa111d40..75ab3259ccef6 100644
--- a/pandas/_libs/lib.pyx
+++ b/pandas/_libs/lib.pyx
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ def has_only_ints_or_nan(const floating[:] arr) -> bool:
     return True
 
 
-def maybe_indices_to_slice(ndarray[intp_t, ndim=1] indices, int max_len):
+def maybe_indices_to_slice(ndarray[intp_t, ndim=1] indices, intp_t max_len):
     cdef:
         Py_ssize_t i, n = len(indices)
         intp_t k, vstart, vlast, v