diff --git a/pandas/core/indexes/multi.py b/pandas/core/indexes/multi.py
index 78e7a8516178a..5312dfe84cfd8 100644
--- a/pandas/core/indexes/multi.py
+++ b/pandas/core/indexes/multi.py
@@ -707,7 +707,12 @@ def dtypes(self) -> "Series":
         """
         from pandas import Series
 
-        return Series({level.name: level.dtype for level in self.levels})
+        return Series(
+            {
+                f"level_{idx}" if level.name is None else level.name: level.dtype
+                for idx, level in enumerate(self.levels)
+            }
+        )
 
     @property
     def shape(self) -> Shape:
diff --git a/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_get_set.py b/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_get_set.py
index 83cebf90623fe..d43ee3330ef08 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_get_set.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_get_set.py
@@ -45,6 +45,25 @@ def test_get_dtypes():
     tm.assert_series_equal(expected, idx_multitype.dtypes)
 
 
+def test_get_dtypes_no_level_name():
+    # Test MultiIndex.dtypes (# GH38580 )
+    idx_multitype = MultiIndex.from_product(
+        [
+            [1, 2, 3],
+            ["a", "b", "c"],
+            pd.date_range("20200101", periods=2, tz="UTC"),
+        ],
+    )
+    expected = pd.Series(
+        {
+            "level_0": np.dtype("int64"),
+            "level_1": np.dtype("O"),
+            "level_2": DatetimeTZDtype(tz="utc"),
+        }
+    )
+    tm.assert_series_equal(expected, idx_multitype.dtypes)
+
+
 def test_get_level_number_out_of_bounds(multiindex_dataframe_random_data):
     frame = multiindex_dataframe_random_data