BUG: qcut does not create bins when values contain np.inf

[HansBambel]

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Reproducible Example

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

pd.qcut([1,2,3,4,5,-np.inf, np.inf], q=3)


Results in:

ValueError: Bin edges must be unique: array([nan, 2., 4., nan]).
You can drop duplicate edges by setting the 'duplicates' kwarg

```python
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
pd.qcut([1,2,3,4,5,-np.inf, np.inf], q=3, duplicates="drop")

Results in:

ValueError: missing values must be missing in the same location both left and right sides

### Issue Description

After upgrading from pandas 1.1.5 to the latest version 1.5.3 I am now receiving an error when the list contains `np.inf` that is given to `pd.qcut`. In the older version this was working. 
Using `duplicates="drop"` also doesn't help.

### Expected Behavior

I was expecting the first and last bin to contain np.inf. This was working in pandas 1.1.5.

### Installed Versions

<details>

INSTALLED VERSIONS
------------------
commit           : 2e218d10984e9919f0296931d92ea851c6a6faf5
python           : 3.9.16.final.0
python-bits      : 64
OS               : Darwin
OS-release       : 22.2.0
Version          : Darwin Kernel Version 22.2.0: Fri Nov 11 02:04:44 PST 2022; root:xnu-8792.61.2~4/RELEASE_ARM64_T8103
machine          : x86_64
processor        : i386
byteorder        : little
LC_ALL           : None
LANG             : None
LOCALE           : None.UTF-8
pandas           : 1.5.3
numpy            : 1.23.5
pytz             : 2022.7.1
dateutil         : 2.8.2
setuptools       : 67.0.0
pip              : 22.3.1
Cython           : None
pytest           : 7.2.1
hypothesis       : None
sphinx           : 6.1.3
blosc            : None
feather          : None
xlsxwriter       : None
lxml.etree       : None
html5lib         : None
pymysql          : None
psycopg2         : 2.9.5
jinja2           : 3.1.2
IPython          : None
pandas_datareader: None
bs4              : None
bottleneck       : None
brotli           : None
fastparquet      : 2023.1.0
fsspec           : 0.8.7
gcsfs            : None
matplotlib       : None
numba            : 0.56.4
numexpr          : None
odfpy            : None
openpyxl         : 3.0.10
pandas_gbq       : None
pyarrow          : None
pyreadstat       : None
pyxlsb           : None
s3fs             : None
scipy            : 1.9.3
snappy           : None
sqlalchemy       : 1.4.46
tables           : None
tabulate         : 0.8.10
xarray           : None
xlrd             : 1.2.0
xlwt             : None
zstandard        : None
tzdata           : None
</details>

[HansBambel]

Since this was working in 1.1.3 and not working in 1.5.3 it is likely something different than, but they might be related:
#11113
#24314