ENH: Extend UnsortedIndexError to regular indices

[geophpherie]

Is your feature request related to a problem?

When using .loc to index into a dataframe whose index is not sorted, a KeyError is raised that indicates the key does not exist. But sorting the index allows the same .loc command to pull a range of values from the dataframe.

Describe the solution you'd like

I'd like to see this extended to regular indices. So that when I try to index into an unsorted dataframe, the error is more informative in how to fix it.

API breaking implications

Since UnsortedIndexError is already implemented, and inherits from KeyError I don't see any breaking implications?

Describe alternatives you've considered

Seems that bringing the UnsortedIndexError to regular indices (as it is already raised for a Multi-Index) is the best idea?

Additional context

I tested this with 1.2.4

>>> df = pd.DataFrame({'val': ['a', 'b', 'c','d']}, index=[1.0, 3.0, 2.0, 4.0])
>>> df.loc[1.5:3.5]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/JBEYER/opt/miniconda3/envs/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py", line 3080, in get_loc
    return self._engine.get_loc(casted_key)
  File "pandas/_libs/index.pyx", line 70, in pandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc
  File "pandas/_libs/index.pyx", line 101, in pandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc
  File "pandas/_libs/hashtable_class_helper.pxi", line 975, in pandas._libs.hashtable.Float64HashTable.get_item
  File "pandas/_libs/hashtable_class_helper.pxi", line 982, in pandas._libs.hashtable.Float64HashTable.get_item
KeyError: 1.5

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/Users/JBEYER/opt/miniconda3/envs/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexing.py", line 895, in __getitem__
    return self._getitem_axis(maybe_callable, axis=axis)
  File "/Users/JBEYER/opt/miniconda3/envs/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexing.py", line 1102, in _getitem_axis
    return self._get_slice_axis(key, axis=axis)
  File "/Users/JBEYER/opt/miniconda3/envs/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexing.py", line 1136, in _get_slice_axis
    indexer = labels.slice_indexer(
  File "/Users/JBEYER/opt/miniconda3/envs/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py", line 5277, in slice_indexer
    start_slice, end_slice = self.slice_locs(start, end, step=step, kind=kind)
  File "/Users/JBEYER/opt/miniconda3/envs/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py", line 5476, in slice_locs
    start_slice = self.get_slice_bound(start, "left", kind)
  File "/Users/JBEYER/opt/miniconda3/envs/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py", line 5396, in get_slice_bound
    raise err
  File "/Users/JBEYER/opt/miniconda3/envs/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py", line 5390, in get_slice_bound
    slc = self.get_loc(label)
  File "/Users/JBEYER/opt/miniconda3/envs/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/numeric.py", line 395, in get_loc
    return super().get_loc(key, method=method, tolerance=tolerance)
  File "/Users/JBEYER/opt/miniconda3/envs/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py", line 3082, in get_loc
    raise KeyError(key) from err
KeyError: 1.5
>>> df.sort_index().loc[1.5:3.5]
    val
2.0   c
3.0   b