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Indexing is a complicated API with many subtleties. This refactor will require care
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and attention. The following principles should inspire refactoring of indexing code and
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should result on cleaner, simpler, and more performant code.
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1. Label indexing must never involve looking in an axis twice for the same label(s).
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This implies that any validation step must either:
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* limit validation to general features (e.g. dtype/structure of the key/index), or
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* reuse the result for the actual indexing.
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2. Indexers must never rely on an explicit call to other indexers.
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For instance, it is OK to have some internal method of `.loc` call some
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internal method of `__getitem__` (or of their common base class),
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but never in the code flow of `.loc` should `the_obj[something]` appear.
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3. Execution of positional indexing must never involve labels (as currently, sadly, happens).
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That is, the code flow of a getter call (or a setter call in which the right hand side is non-indexed)
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to `.iloc` should never involve the axes of the object in any way.
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4. Indexing must never involve accessing/modifying values (i.e., act on `._data` or `.values`) more than once.
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The following steps must hence be clearly decoupled:
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* find positions we need to access/modify on each axis
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* (if we are accessing) derive the type of object we need to return (dimensionality)
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* actually access/modify the values
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* (if we are accessing) construct the return object
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5. As a corollary to the decoupling between 4.i and 4.iii, any code which deals on how data is stored
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(including any combination of handling multiple dtypes, and sparse storage, categoricals, third-party types)
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must be independent from code that deals with identifying affected rows/columns,
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and take place only once step 4.i is completed.
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* In particular, such code should most probably not live in `pandas/core/indexing.py`
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* ... and must not depend in any way on the type(s) of axes (e.g. no `MultiIndex` special cases)
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6. As a corollary to point 1.i, `Index` (sub)classes must provide separate methods for any desired validity check of label(s) which does not involve actual lookup,
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on the one side, and for any required conversion/adaptation/lookup of label(s), on the other.
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7. Use of trial and error should be limited, and anyway restricted to catch only exceptions
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which are actually expected (typically `KeyError`).
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* In particular, code should never (intentionally) raise new exceptions in the `except` portion of a `try... exception`
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8. Any code portion which is not specific to setters and getters must be shared,
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and when small differences in behavior are expected (e.g. getting with `.loc` raises for
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missing labels, setting still doesn't), they can be managed with a specific parameter.
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