@@ -319,8 +319,7 @@ def _from_values_or_dtype(
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if dtype == "category" :
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dtype = CategoricalDtype (categories , ordered )
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else :
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- msg = "Unknown dtype {dtype!r}"
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- raise ValueError (msg .format (dtype = dtype ))
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+ raise ValueError (f"Unknown dtype { repr (dtype )} " )
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elif categories is not None or ordered is not None :
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raise ValueError (
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"Cannot specify `categories` or `ordered` together with `dtype`."
@@ -512,8 +511,9 @@ def validate_categories(categories, fastpath: bool = False):
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from pandas .core .indexes .base import Index
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if not fastpath and not is_list_like (categories ):
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- msg = "Parameter 'categories' must be list-like, was {!r}"
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- raise TypeError (msg .format (categories ))
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+ raise TypeError (
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+ f"Parameter 'categories' must be list-like, was { repr (categories )} "
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+ )
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elif not isinstance (categories , ABCIndexClass ):
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categories = Index (categories , tupleize_cols = False )
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@@ -549,11 +549,10 @@ def update_dtype(
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# dtype='category' should not change anything
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return self
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elif not self .is_dtype (dtype ):
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- msg = (
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- "a CategoricalDtype must be passed to perform an update, "
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- "got {dtype!r}"
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- ).format (dtype = dtype )
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- raise ValueError (msg )
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+ raise ValueError (
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+ f"a CategoricalDtype must be passed to perform an update, "
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+ f"got { repr (dtype )} "
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+ )
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else :
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# from here on, dtype is a CategoricalDtype
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dtype = cast (CategoricalDtype , dtype )
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