test_groupby.py

from datetime import datetime
import decimal
from decimal import Decimal
import re

import numpy as np
import pytest

from pandas.errors import SpecificationError
import pandas.util._test_decorators as td

from pandas.core.dtypes.common import is_string_dtype

import pandas as pd
from pandas import (
    Categorical,
    DataFrame,
    Grouper,
    Index,
    Interval,
    MultiIndex,
    RangeIndex,
    Series,
    Timedelta,
    Timestamp,
    date_range,
    to_datetime,
)
import pandas._testing as tm
from pandas.core.arrays import BooleanArray
import pandas.core.common as com

pytestmark = pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:Mean of empty slice:RuntimeWarning")


def test_repr():
    # GH18203
    result = repr(Grouper(key="A", level="B"))
    expected = "Grouper(key='A', level='B', sort=False, dropna=True)"
    assert result == expected


def test_groupby_nonobject_dtype(multiindex_dataframe_random_data):
    key = multiindex_dataframe_random_data.index.codes[0]
    grouped = multiindex_dataframe_random_data.groupby(key)
    result = grouped.sum()

    expected = multiindex_dataframe_random_data.groupby(key.astype("O")).sum()
    assert result.index.dtype == np.int8
    assert expected.index.dtype == np.int64
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected, check_index_type=False)


def test_groupby_nonobject_dtype_mixed():
    # GH 3911, mixed frame non-conversion
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "A": ["foo", "bar", "foo", "bar", "foo", "bar", "foo", "foo"],
            "B": ["one", "one", "two", "three", "two", "two", "one", "three"],
            "C": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(8),
            "D": np.array(np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(8), dtype="float32"),
        }
    )
    df["value"] = range(len(df))

    def max_value(group):
        return group.loc[group["value"].idxmax()]

    msg = "DataFrameGroupBy.apply operated on the grouping columns"
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(DeprecationWarning, match=msg):
        applied = df.groupby("A").apply(max_value)
    result = applied.dtypes
    expected = df.dtypes
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_pass_args_kwargs(ts, tsframe):
    def f(x, q=None, axis=0):
        return np.percentile(x, q, axis=axis)

    g = lambda x: np.percentile(x, 80, axis=0)

    # Series
    ts_grouped = ts.groupby(lambda x: x.month)
    agg_result = ts_grouped.agg(np.percentile, 80, axis=0)
    apply_result = ts_grouped.apply(np.percentile, 80, axis=0)
    trans_result = ts_grouped.transform(np.percentile, 80, axis=0)

    agg_expected = ts_grouped.quantile(0.8)
    trans_expected = ts_grouped.transform(g)

    tm.assert_series_equal(apply_result, agg_expected)
    tm.assert_series_equal(agg_result, agg_expected)
    tm.assert_series_equal(trans_result, trans_expected)

    agg_result = ts_grouped.agg(f, q=80)
    apply_result = ts_grouped.apply(f, q=80)
    trans_result = ts_grouped.transform(f, q=80)
    tm.assert_series_equal(agg_result, agg_expected)
    tm.assert_series_equal(apply_result, agg_expected)
    tm.assert_series_equal(trans_result, trans_expected)

    # DataFrame
    for as_index in [True, False]:
        df_grouped = tsframe.groupby(lambda x: x.month, as_index=as_index)
        agg_result = df_grouped.agg(np.percentile, 80, axis=0)
        apply_result = df_grouped.apply(DataFrame.quantile, 0.8)
        expected = df_grouped.quantile(0.8)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(apply_result, expected, check_names=False)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(agg_result, expected)

        apply_result = df_grouped.apply(DataFrame.quantile, [0.4, 0.8])
        expected_seq = df_grouped.quantile([0.4, 0.8])
        if not as_index:
            # apply treats the op as a transform; .quantile knows it's a reduction
            apply_result = apply_result.reset_index()
            apply_result["level_0"] = [1, 1, 2, 2]
        tm.assert_frame_equal(apply_result, expected_seq, check_names=False)

        agg_result = df_grouped.agg(f, q=80)
        apply_result = df_grouped.apply(DataFrame.quantile, q=0.8)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(agg_result, expected)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(apply_result, expected, check_names=False)


def test_len():
    df = DataFrame(
        np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal((10, 4)),
        columns=Index(list("ABCD"), dtype=object),
        index=date_range("2000-01-01", periods=10, freq="B"),
    )
    grouped = df.groupby([lambda x: x.year, lambda x: x.month, lambda x: x.day])
    assert len(grouped) == len(df)

    grouped = df.groupby([lambda x: x.year, lambda x: x.month])
    expected = len({(x.year, x.month) for x in df.index})
    assert len(grouped) == expected


def test_len_nan_group():
    # issue 11016
    df = DataFrame({"a": [np.nan] * 3, "b": [1, 2, 3]})
    assert len(df.groupby("a")) == 0
    assert len(df.groupby("b")) == 3
    assert len(df.groupby(["a", "b"])) == 0


def test_groupby_timedelta_median():
    # issue 57926
    expected = Series(data=Timedelta("1d"), index=["foo"])
    df = DataFrame({"label": ["foo", "foo"], "timedelta": [pd.NaT, Timedelta("1d")]})
    gb = df.groupby("label")["timedelta"]
    actual = gb.median()
    tm.assert_series_equal(actual, expected, check_names=False)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("keys", [["a"], ["a", "b"]])
def test_len_categorical(dropna, observed, keys):
    # GH#57595
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "a": Categorical([1, 1, 2, np.nan], categories=[1, 2, 3]),
            "b": Categorical([1, 1, 2, np.nan], categories=[1, 2, 3]),
            "c": 1,
        }
    )
    gb = df.groupby(keys, observed=observed, dropna=dropna)
    result = len(gb)
    if observed and dropna:
        expected = 2
    elif observed and not dropna:
        expected = 3
    elif len(keys) == 1:
        expected = 3 if dropna else 4
    else:
        expected = 9 if dropna else 16
    assert result == expected, f"{result} vs {expected}"


def test_basic_regression():
    # regression
    result = Series([1.0 * x for x in list(range(1, 10)) * 10])

    data = np.random.default_rng(2).random(1100) * 10.0
    groupings = Series(data)

    grouped = result.groupby(groupings)
    grouped.mean()


def test_indices_concatenation_order():
    # GH 2808

    def f1(x):
        y = x[(x.b % 2) == 1] ** 2
        if y.empty:
            multiindex = MultiIndex(levels=[[]] * 2, codes=[[]] * 2, names=["b", "c"])
            res = DataFrame(columns=["a"], index=multiindex)
            return res
        else:
            y = y.set_index(["b", "c"])
            return y

    def f2(x):
        y = x[(x.b % 2) == 1] ** 2
        if y.empty:
            return DataFrame()
        else:
            y = y.set_index(["b", "c"])
            return y

    def f3(x):
        y = x[(x.b % 2) == 1] ** 2
        if y.empty:
            multiindex = MultiIndex(
                levels=[[]] * 2, codes=[[]] * 2, names=["foo", "bar"]
            )
            res = DataFrame(columns=["a", "b"], index=multiindex)
            return res
        else:
            return y

    df = DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 2, 2], "b": range(4), "c": range(5, 9)})

    df2 = DataFrame({"a": [3, 2, 2, 2], "b": range(4), "c": range(5, 9)})

    # correct result
    msg = "DataFrameGroupBy.apply operated on the grouping columns"
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(DeprecationWarning, match=msg):
        result1 = df.groupby("a").apply(f1)
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(DeprecationWarning, match=msg):
        result2 = df2.groupby("a").apply(f1)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result1, result2)

    # should fail (not the same number of levels)
    msg = "Cannot concat indices that do not have the same number of levels"
    with pytest.raises(AssertionError, match=msg):
        df.groupby("a").apply(f2)
    with pytest.raises(AssertionError, match=msg):
        df2.groupby("a").apply(f2)

    # should fail (incorrect shape)
    with pytest.raises(AssertionError, match=msg):
        df.groupby("a").apply(f3)
    with pytest.raises(AssertionError, match=msg):
        df2.groupby("a").apply(f3)


def test_attr_wrapper(ts):
    grouped = ts.groupby(lambda x: x.weekday())

    result = grouped.std()
    expected = grouped.agg(lambda x: np.std(x, ddof=1))
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)

    # this is pretty cool
    result = grouped.describe()
    expected = {name: gp.describe() for name, gp in grouped}
    expected = DataFrame(expected).T
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    # get attribute
    result = grouped.dtype
    expected = grouped.agg(lambda x: x.dtype)
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)

    # make sure raises error
    msg = "'SeriesGroupBy' object has no attribute 'foo'"
    with pytest.raises(AttributeError, match=msg):
        getattr(grouped, "foo")


def test_frame_groupby(tsframe):
    grouped = tsframe.groupby(lambda x: x.weekday())

    # aggregate
    aggregated = grouped.aggregate("mean")
    assert len(aggregated) == 5
    assert len(aggregated.columns) == 4

    # by string
    tscopy = tsframe.copy()
    tscopy["weekday"] = [x.weekday() for x in tscopy.index]
    stragged = tscopy.groupby("weekday").aggregate("mean")
    tm.assert_frame_equal(stragged, aggregated, check_names=False)

    # transform
    grouped = tsframe.head(30).groupby(lambda x: x.weekday())
    transformed = grouped.transform(lambda x: x - x.mean())
    assert len(transformed) == 30
    assert len(transformed.columns) == 4

    # transform propagate
    transformed = grouped.transform(lambda x: x.mean())
    for name, group in grouped:
        mean = group.mean()
        for idx in group.index:
            tm.assert_series_equal(transformed.xs(idx), mean, check_names=False)

    # iterate
    for weekday, group in grouped:
        assert group.index[0].weekday() == weekday

    # groups / group_indices
    groups = grouped.groups
    indices = grouped.indices

    for k, v in groups.items():
        samething = tsframe.index.take(indices[k])
        assert (samething == v).all()


def test_frame_set_name_single(df):
    grouped = df.groupby("A")

    result = grouped.mean(numeric_only=True)
    assert result.index.name == "A"

    result = df.groupby("A", as_index=False).mean(numeric_only=True)
    assert result.index.name != "A"

    result = grouped[["C", "D"]].agg("mean")
    assert result.index.name == "A"

    result = grouped.agg({"C": "mean", "D": "std"})
    assert result.index.name == "A"

    result = grouped["C"].mean()
    assert result.index.name == "A"
    result = grouped["C"].agg("mean")
    assert result.index.name == "A"
    result = grouped["C"].agg(["mean", "std"])
    assert result.index.name == "A"

    msg = r"nested renamer is not supported"
    with pytest.raises(SpecificationError, match=msg):
        grouped["C"].agg({"foo": "mean", "bar": "std"})


def test_multi_func(df):
    col1 = df["A"]
    col2 = df["B"]

    grouped = df.groupby([col1.get, col2.get])
    agged = grouped.mean(numeric_only=True)
    expected = df.groupby(["A", "B"]).mean()

    # TODO groupby get drops names
    tm.assert_frame_equal(
        agged.loc[:, ["C", "D"]], expected.loc[:, ["C", "D"]], check_names=False
    )

    # some "groups" with no data
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "v1": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(6),
            "v2": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(6),
            "k1": np.array(["b", "b", "b", "a", "a", "a"]),
            "k2": np.array(["1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2"]),
        },
        index=["one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six"],
    )
    # only verify that it works for now
    grouped = df.groupby(["k1", "k2"])
    grouped.agg("sum")


def test_multi_key_multiple_functions(df):
    grouped = df.groupby(["A", "B"])["C"]

    agged = grouped.agg(["mean", "std"])
    expected = DataFrame({"mean": grouped.agg("mean"), "std": grouped.agg("std")})
    tm.assert_frame_equal(agged, expected)


def test_frame_multi_key_function_list():
    data = DataFrame(
        {
            "A": [
                "foo",
                "foo",
                "foo",
                "foo",
                "bar",
                "bar",
                "bar",
                "bar",
                "foo",
                "foo",
                "foo",
            ],
            "B": [
                "one",
                "one",
                "one",
                "two",
                "one",
                "one",
                "one",
                "two",
                "two",
                "two",
                "one",
            ],
            "D": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(11),
            "E": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(11),
            "F": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(11),
        }
    )

    grouped = data.groupby(["A", "B"])
    funcs = ["mean", "std"]
    agged = grouped.agg(funcs)
    expected = pd.concat(
        [grouped["D"].agg(funcs), grouped["E"].agg(funcs), grouped["F"].agg(funcs)],
        keys=["D", "E", "F"],
        axis=1,
    )
    assert isinstance(agged.index, MultiIndex)
    assert isinstance(expected.index, MultiIndex)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(agged, expected)


def test_frame_multi_key_function_list_partial_failure():
    data = DataFrame(
        {
            "A": [
                "foo",
                "foo",
                "foo",
                "foo",
                "bar",
                "bar",
                "bar",
                "bar",
                "foo",
                "foo",
                "foo",
            ],
            "B": [
                "one",
                "one",
                "one",
                "two",
                "one",
                "one",
                "one",
                "two",
                "two",
                "two",
                "one",
            ],
            "C": [
                "dull",
                "dull",
                "shiny",
                "dull",
                "dull",
                "shiny",
                "shiny",
                "dull",
                "shiny",
                "shiny",
                "shiny",
            ],
            "D": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(11),
            "E": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(11),
            "F": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(11),
        }
    )

    grouped = data.groupby(["A", "B"])
    funcs = ["mean", "std"]
    msg = re.escape("agg function failed [how->mean,dtype->")
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
        grouped.agg(funcs)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("op", [lambda x: x.sum(), lambda x: x.mean()])
def test_groupby_multiple_columns(df, op):
    data = df
    grouped = data.groupby(["A", "B"])

    result1 = op(grouped)

    keys = []
    values = []
    for n1, gp1 in data.groupby("A"):
        for n2, gp2 in gp1.groupby("B"):
            keys.append((n1, n2))
            values.append(op(gp2.loc[:, ["C", "D"]]))

    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples(keys, names=["A", "B"])
    expected = pd.concat(values, axis=1).T
    expected.index = mi

    # a little bit crude
    for col in ["C", "D"]:
        result_col = op(grouped[col])
        pivoted = result1[col]
        exp = expected[col]
        tm.assert_series_equal(result_col, exp)
        tm.assert_series_equal(pivoted, exp)

    # test single series works the same
    result = data["C"].groupby([data["A"], data["B"]]).mean()
    expected = data.groupby(["A", "B"]).mean()["C"]

    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_as_index_select_column():
    # GH 5764
    df = DataFrame([[1, 2], [1, 4], [5, 6]], columns=["A", "B"])
    result = df.groupby("A", as_index=False)["B"].get_group(1)
    expected = Series([2, 4], name="B")
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)

    result = df.groupby("A", as_index=False, group_keys=True)["B"].apply(
        lambda x: x.cumsum()
    )
    expected = Series(
        [2, 6, 6], name="B", index=MultiIndex.from_tuples([(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2)])
    )
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_as_index_select_column_sum_empty_df():
    # GH 35246
    df = DataFrame(columns=Index(["A", "B", "C"], name="alpha"))
    left = df.groupby(by="A", as_index=False)["B"].sum(numeric_only=False)

    expected = DataFrame(columns=df.columns[:2], index=range(0))
    # GH#50744 - Columns after selection shouldn't retain names
    expected.columns.names = [None]
    tm.assert_frame_equal(left, expected)


def test_ops_not_as_index(reduction_func):
    # GH 10355, 21090
    # Using as_index=False should not modify grouped column

    if reduction_func in ("corrwith", "nth", "ngroup"):
        pytest.skip(f"GH 5755: Test not applicable for {reduction_func}")

    df = DataFrame(
        np.random.default_rng(2).integers(0, 5, size=(100, 2)), columns=["a", "b"]
    )
    expected = getattr(df.groupby("a"), reduction_func)()
    if reduction_func == "size":
        expected = expected.rename("size")
    expected = expected.reset_index()

    if reduction_func != "size":
        # 32 bit compat -> groupby preserves dtype whereas reset_index casts to int64
        expected["a"] = expected["a"].astype(df["a"].dtype)

    g = df.groupby("a", as_index=False)

    result = getattr(g, reduction_func)()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    result = g.agg(reduction_func)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    result = getattr(g["b"], reduction_func)()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    result = g["b"].agg(reduction_func)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_as_index_series_return_frame(df):
    grouped = df.groupby("A", as_index=False)
    grouped2 = df.groupby(["A", "B"], as_index=False)

    result = grouped["C"].agg("sum")
    expected = grouped.agg("sum").loc[:, ["A", "C"]]
    assert isinstance(result, DataFrame)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    result2 = grouped2["C"].agg("sum")
    expected2 = grouped2.agg("sum").loc[:, ["A", "B", "C"]]
    assert isinstance(result2, DataFrame)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result2, expected2)

    result = grouped["C"].sum()
    expected = grouped.sum().loc[:, ["A", "C"]]
    assert isinstance(result, DataFrame)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    result2 = grouped2["C"].sum()
    expected2 = grouped2.sum().loc[:, ["A", "B", "C"]]
    assert isinstance(result2, DataFrame)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result2, expected2)


def test_as_index_series_column_slice_raises(df):
    # GH15072
    grouped = df.groupby("A", as_index=False)
    msg = r"Column\(s\) C already selected"

    with pytest.raises(IndexError, match=msg):
        grouped["C"].__getitem__("D")


def test_groupby_as_index_cython(df):
    data = df

    # single-key
    grouped = data.groupby("A", as_index=False)
    result = grouped.mean(numeric_only=True)
    expected = data.groupby(["A"]).mean(numeric_only=True)
    expected.insert(0, "A", expected.index)
    expected.index = RangeIndex(len(expected))
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    # multi-key
    grouped = data.groupby(["A", "B"], as_index=False)
    result = grouped.mean()
    expected = data.groupby(["A", "B"]).mean()

    arrays = list(zip(*expected.index.values))
    expected.insert(0, "A", arrays[0])
    expected.insert(1, "B", arrays[1])
    expected.index = RangeIndex(len(expected))
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_as_index_series_scalar(df):
    grouped = df.groupby(["A", "B"], as_index=False)

    # GH #421

    result = grouped["C"].agg(len)
    expected = grouped.agg(len).loc[:, ["A", "B", "C"]]
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_multiple_key():
    df = DataFrame(
        np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal((10, 4)),
        columns=Index(list("ABCD"), dtype=object),
        index=date_range("2000-01-01", periods=10, freq="B"),
    )
    grouped = df.groupby([lambda x: x.year, lambda x: x.month, lambda x: x.day])
    agged = grouped.sum()
    tm.assert_almost_equal(df.values, agged.values)


def test_groupby_multi_corner(df):
    # test that having an all-NA column doesn't mess you up
    df = df.copy()
    df["bad"] = np.nan
    agged = df.groupby(["A", "B"]).mean()

    expected = df.groupby(["A", "B"]).mean()
    expected["bad"] = np.nan

    tm.assert_frame_equal(agged, expected)


def test_raises_on_nuisance(df):
    grouped = df.groupby("A")
    msg = re.escape("agg function failed [how->mean,dtype->")
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
        grouped.agg("mean")
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
        grouped.mean()

    df = df.loc[:, ["A", "C", "D"]]
    df["E"] = datetime.now()
    grouped = df.groupby("A")
    msg = "datetime64 type does not support operation 'sum'"
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
        grouped.agg("sum")
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
        grouped.sum()


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "agg_function",
    ["max", "min"],
)
def test_keep_nuisance_agg(df, agg_function):
    # GH 38815
    grouped = df.groupby("A")
    result = getattr(grouped, agg_function)()
    expected = result.copy()
    expected.loc["bar", "B"] = getattr(df.loc[df["A"] == "bar", "B"], agg_function)()
    expected.loc["foo", "B"] = getattr(df.loc[df["A"] == "foo", "B"], agg_function)()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "agg_function",
    ["sum", "mean", "prod", "std", "var", "sem", "median"],
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("numeric_only", [True, False])
def test_omit_nuisance_agg(df, agg_function, numeric_only):
    # GH 38774, GH 38815
    grouped = df.groupby("A")

    no_drop_nuisance = ("var", "std", "sem", "mean", "prod", "median")
    if agg_function in no_drop_nuisance and not numeric_only:
        # Added numeric_only as part of GH#46560; these do not drop nuisance
        # columns when numeric_only is False
        if agg_function in ("std", "sem"):
            klass = ValueError
            msg = "could not convert string to float: 'one'"
        else:
            klass = TypeError
            msg = re.escape(f"agg function failed [how->{agg_function},dtype->")
        with pytest.raises(klass, match=msg):
            getattr(grouped, agg_function)(numeric_only=numeric_only)
    else:
        result = getattr(grouped, agg_function)(numeric_only=numeric_only)
        if not numeric_only and agg_function == "sum":
            # sum is successful on column B
            columns = ["A", "B", "C", "D"]
        else:
            columns = ["A", "C", "D"]
        expected = getattr(df.loc[:, columns].groupby("A"), agg_function)(
            numeric_only=numeric_only
        )
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_raise_on_nuisance_python_single(df):
    # GH 38815
    grouped = df.groupby("A")
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="could not convert"):
        grouped.skew()


def test_raise_on_nuisance_python_multiple(three_group):
    grouped = three_group.groupby(["A", "B"])
    msg = re.escape("agg function failed [how->mean,dtype->")
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
        grouped.agg("mean")
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
        grouped.mean()


def test_empty_groups_corner(multiindex_dataframe_random_data):
    # handle empty groups
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "k1": np.array(["b", "b", "b", "a", "a", "a"]),
            "k2": np.array(["1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2"]),
            "k3": ["foo", "bar"] * 3,
            "v1": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(6),
            "v2": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(6),
        }
    )

    grouped = df.groupby(["k1", "k2"])
    result = grouped[["v1", "v2"]].agg("mean")
    expected = grouped.mean(numeric_only=True)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    grouped = multiindex_dataframe_random_data[3:5].groupby(level=0)
    agged = grouped.apply(lambda x: x.mean())
    agged_A = grouped["A"].apply("mean")
    tm.assert_series_equal(agged["A"], agged_A)
    assert agged.index.name == "first"


def test_nonsense_func():
    df = DataFrame([0])
    msg = r"unsupported operand type\(s\) for \+: 'int' and 'str'"
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
        df.groupby(lambda x: x + "foo")


def test_wrap_aggregated_output_multindex(multiindex_dataframe_random_data):
    df = multiindex_dataframe_random_data.T
    df["baz", "two"] = "peekaboo"

    keys = [np.array([0, 0, 1]), np.array([0, 0, 1])]
    msg = re.escape("agg function failed [how->mean,dtype->")
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
        df.groupby(keys).agg("mean")
    agged = df.drop(columns=("baz", "two")).groupby(keys).agg("mean")
    assert isinstance(agged.columns, MultiIndex)

    def aggfun(ser):
        if ser.name == ("foo", "one"):
            raise TypeError("Test error message")
        return ser.sum()

    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Test error message"):
        df.groupby(keys).aggregate(aggfun)


def test_groupby_level_apply(multiindex_dataframe_random_data):
    result = multiindex_dataframe_random_data.groupby(level=0).count()
    assert result.index.name == "first"
    result = multiindex_dataframe_random_data.groupby(level=1).count()
    assert result.index.name == "second"

    result = multiindex_dataframe_random_data["A"].groupby(level=0).count()
    assert result.index.name == "first"


def test_groupby_level_mapper(multiindex_dataframe_random_data):
    deleveled = multiindex_dataframe_random_data.reset_index()

    mapper0 = {"foo": 0, "bar": 0, "baz": 1, "qux": 1}
    mapper1 = {"one": 0, "two": 0, "three": 1}

    result0 = multiindex_dataframe_random_data.groupby(mapper0, level=0).sum()
    result1 = multiindex_dataframe_random_data.groupby(mapper1, level=1).sum()

    mapped_level0 = np.array(
        [mapper0.get(x) for x in deleveled["first"]], dtype=np.int64
    )
    mapped_level1 = np.array(
        [mapper1.get(x) for x in deleveled["second"]], dtype=np.int64
    )
    expected0 = multiindex_dataframe_random_data.groupby(mapped_level0).sum()
    expected1 = multiindex_dataframe_random_data.groupby(mapped_level1).sum()
    expected0.index.name, expected1.index.name = "first", "second"

    tm.assert_frame_equal(result0, expected0)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result1, expected1)


def test_groupby_level_nonmulti():
    # GH 1313, GH 13901
    s = Series([1, 2, 3, 10, 4, 5, 20, 6], Index([1, 2, 3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 6], name="foo"))
    expected = Series([11, 22, 3, 4, 5, 6], Index(range(1, 7), name="foo"))

    result = s.groupby(level=0).sum()
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
    result = s.groupby(level=[0]).sum()
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
    result = s.groupby(level=-1).sum()
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
    result = s.groupby(level=[-1]).sum()
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)

    msg = "level > 0 or level < -1 only valid with MultiIndex"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        s.groupby(level=1)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        s.groupby(level=-2)
    msg = "No group keys passed!"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        s.groupby(level=[])
    msg = "multiple levels only valid with MultiIndex"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        s.groupby(level=[0, 0])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        s.groupby(level=[0, 1])
    msg = "level > 0 or level < -1 only valid with MultiIndex"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        s.groupby(level=[1])


def test_groupby_complex():
    # GH 12902
    a = Series(data=np.arange(4) * (1 + 2j), index=[0, 0, 1, 1])
    expected = Series((1 + 2j, 5 + 10j))

    result = a.groupby(level=0).sum()
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_complex_mean():
    # GH 26475
    df = DataFrame(
        [
            {"a": 2, "b": 1 + 2j},
            {"a": 1, "b": 1 + 1j},
            {"a": 1, "b": 1 + 2j},
        ]
    )
    result = df.groupby("b").mean()
    expected = DataFrame(
        [[1.0], [1.5]],
        index=Index([(1 + 1j), (1 + 2j)], name="b"),
        columns=Index(["a"]),
    )
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_complex_numbers(using_infer_string):
    # GH 17927
    df = DataFrame(
        [
            {"a": 1, "b": 1 + 1j},
            {"a": 1, "b": 1 + 2j},
            {"a": 4, "b": 1},
        ]
    )
    dtype = "string[pyarrow_numpy]" if using_infer_string else object
    expected = DataFrame(
        np.array([1, 1, 1], dtype=np.int64),
        index=Index([(1 + 1j), (1 + 2j), (1 + 0j)], name="b"),
        columns=Index(["a"], dtype=dtype),
    )
    result = df.groupby("b", sort=False).count()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    # Sorted by the magnitude of the complex numbers
    expected.index = Index([(1 + 0j), (1 + 1j), (1 + 2j)], name="b")
    result = df.groupby("b", sort=True).count()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_series_indexed_differently():
    s1 = Series(
        [5.0, -9.0, 4.0, 100.0, -5.0, 55.0, 6.7],
        index=Index(["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g"]),
    )
    s2 = Series(
        [1.0, 1.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.0, 7.0], index=Index(["a", "b", "d", "f", "g", "h"])
    )

    grouped = s1.groupby(s2)
    agged = grouped.mean()
    exp = s1.groupby(s2.reindex(s1.index).get).mean()
    tm.assert_series_equal(agged, exp)


def test_groupby_with_hier_columns():
    tuples = list(
        zip(
            *[
                ["bar", "bar", "baz", "baz", "foo", "foo", "qux", "qux"],
                ["one", "two", "one", "two", "one", "two", "one", "two"],
            ]
        )
    )
    index = MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples)
    columns = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
        [("A", "cat"), ("B", "dog"), ("B", "cat"), ("A", "dog")]
    )
    df = DataFrame(
        np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal((8, 4)), index=index, columns=columns
    )

    result = df.groupby(level=0).mean()
    tm.assert_index_equal(result.columns, columns)

    result = df.groupby(level=0).agg("mean")
    tm.assert_index_equal(result.columns, columns)

    result = df.groupby(level=0).apply(lambda x: x.mean())
    tm.assert_index_equal(result.columns, columns)

    # add a nuisance column
    sorted_columns, _ = columns.sortlevel(0)
    df["A", "foo"] = "bar"
    result = df.groupby(level=0).mean(numeric_only=True)
    tm.assert_index_equal(result.columns, df.columns[:-1])


def test_grouping_ndarray(df):
    grouped = df.groupby(df["A"].values)
    result = grouped.sum()
    expected = df.groupby(df["A"].rename(None)).sum()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_wrong_multi_labels():
    index = Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], name="index")
    data = DataFrame(
        {
            "foo": ["foo1", "foo1", "foo2", "foo1", "foo3"],
            "bar": ["bar1", "bar2", "bar2", "bar1", "bar1"],
            "baz": ["baz1", "baz1", "baz1", "baz2", "baz2"],
            "spam": ["spam2", "spam3", "spam2", "spam1", "spam1"],
            "data": [20, 30, 40, 50, 60],
        },
        index=index,
    )

    grouped = data.groupby(["foo", "bar", "baz", "spam"])

    result = grouped.agg("mean")
    expected = grouped.mean()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_series_with_name(df):
    result = df.groupby(df["A"]).mean(numeric_only=True)
    result2 = df.groupby(df["A"], as_index=False).mean(numeric_only=True)
    assert result.index.name == "A"
    assert "A" in result2

    result = df.groupby([df["A"], df["B"]]).mean()
    result2 = df.groupby([df["A"], df["B"]], as_index=False).mean()
    assert result.index.names == ("A", "B")
    assert "A" in result2
    assert "B" in result2


def test_seriesgroupby_name_attr(df):
    # GH 6265
    result = df.groupby("A")["C"]
    assert result.count().name == "C"
    assert result.mean().name == "C"

    testFunc = lambda x: np.sum(x) * 2
    assert result.agg(testFunc).name == "C"


def test_consistency_name():
    # GH 12363

    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "A": ["foo", "bar", "foo", "bar", "foo", "bar", "foo", "foo"],
            "B": ["one", "one", "two", "two", "two", "two", "one", "two"],
            "C": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(8) + 1.0,
            "D": np.arange(8),
        }
    )

    expected = df.groupby(["A"]).B.count()
    result = df.B.groupby(df.A).count()
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_name_propagation(df):
    # GH 6124
    def summarize(df, name=None):
        return Series({"count": 1, "mean": 2, "omissions": 3}, name=name)

    def summarize_random_name(df):
        # Provide a different name for each Series.  In this case, groupby
        # should not attempt to propagate the Series name since they are
        # inconsistent.
        return Series({"count": 1, "mean": 2, "omissions": 3}, name=df.iloc[0]["A"])

    msg = "DataFrameGroupBy.apply operated on the grouping columns"
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(DeprecationWarning, match=msg):
        metrics = df.groupby("A").apply(summarize)
    assert metrics.columns.name is None
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(DeprecationWarning, match=msg):
        metrics = df.groupby("A").apply(summarize, "metrics")
    assert metrics.columns.name == "metrics"
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(DeprecationWarning, match=msg):
        metrics = df.groupby("A").apply(summarize_random_name)
    assert metrics.columns.name is None


def test_groupby_nonstring_columns():
    df = DataFrame([np.arange(10) for x in range(10)])
    grouped = df.groupby(0)
    result = grouped.mean()
    expected = df.groupby(df[0]).mean()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_mixed_type_columns():
    # GH 13432, unorderable types in py3
    df = DataFrame([[0, 1, 2]], columns=["A", "B", 0])
    expected = DataFrame([[1, 2]], columns=["B", 0], index=Index([0], name="A"))

    result = df.groupby("A").first()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    result = df.groupby("A").sum()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_cython_grouper_series_bug_noncontig():
    arr = np.empty((100, 100))
    arr.fill(np.nan)
    obj = Series(arr[:, 0])
    inds = np.tile(range(10), 10)

    result = obj.groupby(inds).agg(Series.median)
    assert result.isna().all()


def test_series_grouper_noncontig_index():
    index = Index(["a" * 10] * 100)

    values = Series(np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(50), index=index[::2])
    labels = np.random.default_rng(2).integers(0, 5, 50)

    # it works!
    grouped = values.groupby(labels)

    # accessing the index elements causes segfault
    f = lambda x: len(set(map(id, x.index)))
    grouped.agg(f)


def test_convert_objects_leave_decimal_alone():
    s = Series(range(5))
    labels = np.array(["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], dtype="O")

    def convert_fast(x):
        return Decimal(str(x.mean()))

    def convert_force_pure(x):
        # base will be length 0
        assert len(x.values.base) > 0
        return Decimal(str(x.mean()))

    grouped = s.groupby(labels)

    result = grouped.agg(convert_fast)
    assert result.dtype == np.object_
    assert isinstance(result.iloc[0], Decimal)

    result = grouped.agg(convert_force_pure)
    assert result.dtype == np.object_
    assert isinstance(result.iloc[0], Decimal)


def test_groupby_dtype_inference_empty():
    # GH 6733
    df = DataFrame({"x": [], "range": np.arange(0, dtype="int64")})
    assert df["x"].dtype == np.float64

    result = df.groupby("x").first()
    exp_index = Index([], name="x", dtype=np.float64)
    expected = DataFrame({"range": Series([], index=exp_index, dtype="int64")})
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected, by_blocks=True)


def test_groupby_unit64_float_conversion():
    # GH: 30859 groupby converts unit64 to floats sometimes
    df = DataFrame({"first": [1], "second": [1], "value": [16148277970000000000]})
    result = df.groupby(["first", "second"])["value"].max()
    expected = Series(
        [16148277970000000000],
        MultiIndex.from_product([[1], [1]], names=["first", "second"]),
        name="value",
    )
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_list_infer_array_like(df):
    result = df.groupby(list(df["A"])).mean(numeric_only=True)
    expected = df.groupby(df["A"]).mean(numeric_only=True)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected, check_names=False)

    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^'foo'$"):
        df.groupby(list(df["A"][:-1]))

    # pathological case of ambiguity
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "foo": [0, 1],
            "bar": [3, 4],
            "val": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(2),
        }
    )

    result = df.groupby(["foo", "bar"]).mean()
    expected = df.groupby([df["foo"], df["bar"]]).mean()[["val"]]


def test_groupby_keys_same_size_as_index():
    # GH 11185
    freq = "s"
    index = date_range(
        start=Timestamp("2015-09-29T11:34:44-0700"), periods=2, freq=freq
    )
    df = DataFrame([["A", 10], ["B", 15]], columns=["metric", "values"], index=index)
    result = df.groupby([Grouper(level=0, freq=freq), "metric"]).mean()
    expected = df.set_index([df.index, "metric"]).astype(float)

    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_one_row():
    # GH 11741
    msg = r"^'Z'$"
    df1 = DataFrame(
        np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal((1, 4)), columns=list("ABCD")
    )
    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=msg):
        df1.groupby("Z")
    df2 = DataFrame(
        np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal((2, 4)), columns=list("ABCD")
    )
    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=msg):
        df2.groupby("Z")


def test_groupby_nat_exclude():
    # GH 6992
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "values": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(8),
            "dt": [
                np.nan,
                Timestamp("2013-01-01"),
                np.nan,
                Timestamp("2013-02-01"),
                np.nan,
                Timestamp("2013-02-01"),
                np.nan,
                Timestamp("2013-01-01"),
            ],
            "str": [np.nan, "a", np.nan, "a", np.nan, "a", np.nan, "b"],
        }
    )
    grouped = df.groupby("dt")

    expected = [Index([1, 7]), Index([3, 5])]
    keys = sorted(grouped.groups.keys())
    assert len(keys) == 2
    for k, e in zip(keys, expected):
        # grouped.groups keys are np.datetime64 with system tz
        # not to be affected by tz, only compare values
        tm.assert_index_equal(grouped.groups[k], e)

    # confirm obj is not filtered
    tm.assert_frame_equal(grouped._grouper.groupings[0].obj, df)
    assert grouped.ngroups == 2

    expected = {
        Timestamp("2013-01-01 00:00:00"): np.array([1, 7], dtype=np.intp),
        Timestamp("2013-02-01 00:00:00"): np.array([3, 5], dtype=np.intp),
    }

    for k in grouped.indices:
        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(grouped.indices[k], expected[k])

    tm.assert_frame_equal(grouped.get_group(Timestamp("2013-01-01")), df.iloc[[1, 7]])
    tm.assert_frame_equal(grouped.get_group(Timestamp("2013-02-01")), df.iloc[[3, 5]])

    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^NaT$"):
        grouped.get_group(pd.NaT)

    nan_df = DataFrame(
        {"nan": [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan], "nat": [pd.NaT, pd.NaT, pd.NaT]}
    )
    assert nan_df["nan"].dtype == "float64"
    assert nan_df["nat"].dtype == "datetime64[ns]"

    for key in ["nan", "nat"]:
        grouped = nan_df.groupby(key)
        assert grouped.groups == {}
        assert grouped.ngroups == 0
        assert grouped.indices == {}
        with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^nan$"):
            grouped.get_group(np.nan)
        with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^NaT$"):
            grouped.get_group(pd.NaT)


def test_groupby_two_group_keys_all_nan():
    # GH #36842: Grouping over two group keys shouldn't raise an error
    df = DataFrame({"a": [np.nan, np.nan], "b": [np.nan, np.nan], "c": [1, 2]})
    result = df.groupby(["a", "b"]).indices
    assert result == {}


def test_groupby_2d_malformed():
    d = DataFrame(index=range(2))
    d["group"] = ["g1", "g2"]
    d["zeros"] = [0, 0]
    d["ones"] = [1, 1]
    d["label"] = ["l1", "l2"]
    tmp = d.groupby(["group"]).mean(numeric_only=True)
    res_values = np.array([[0.0, 1.0], [0.0, 1.0]])
    tm.assert_index_equal(tmp.columns, Index(["zeros", "ones"]))
    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(tmp.values, res_values)


def test_int32_overflow():
    B = np.concatenate((np.arange(10000), np.arange(10000), np.arange(5000)))
    A = np.arange(25000)
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "A": A,
            "B": B,
            "C": A,
            "D": B,
            "E": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(25000),
        }
    )

    left = df.groupby(["A", "B", "C", "D"]).sum()
    right = df.groupby(["D", "C", "B", "A"]).sum()
    assert len(left) == len(right)


def test_groupby_sort_multi():
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "a": ["foo", "bar", "baz"],
            "b": [3, 2, 1],
            "c": [0, 1, 2],
            "d": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(3),
        }
    )

    tups = [tuple(row) for row in df[["a", "b", "c"]].values]
    tups = com.asarray_tuplesafe(tups)
    result = df.groupby(["a", "b", "c"], sort=True).sum()
    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result.index.values, tups[[1, 2, 0]])

    tups = [tuple(row) for row in df[["c", "a", "b"]].values]
    tups = com.asarray_tuplesafe(tups)
    result = df.groupby(["c", "a", "b"], sort=True).sum()
    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result.index.values, tups)

    tups = [tuple(x) for x in df[["b", "c", "a"]].values]
    tups = com.asarray_tuplesafe(tups)
    result = df.groupby(["b", "c", "a"], sort=True).sum()
    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result.index.values, tups[[2, 1, 0]])

    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "a": [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2],
            "b": [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
            "d": np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal(6),
        }
    )
    grouped = df.groupby(["a", "b"])["d"]
    result = grouped.sum()

    def _check_groupby(df, result, keys, field, f=lambda x: x.sum()):
        tups = [tuple(row) for row in df[keys].values]
        tups = com.asarray_tuplesafe(tups)
        expected = f(df.groupby(tups)[field])
        for k, v in expected.items():
            assert result[k] == v

    _check_groupby(df, result, ["a", "b"], "d")


def test_dont_clobber_name_column():
    df = DataFrame(
        {"key": ["a", "a", "a", "b", "b", "b"], "name": ["foo", "bar", "baz"] * 2}
    )

    msg = "DataFrameGroupBy.apply operated on the grouping columns"
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(DeprecationWarning, match=msg):
        result = df.groupby("key", group_keys=False).apply(lambda x: x)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)


def test_skip_group_keys():
    tsf = DataFrame(
        np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal((10, 4)),
        columns=Index(list("ABCD"), dtype=object),
        index=date_range("2000-01-01", periods=10, freq="B"),
    )

    grouped = tsf.groupby(lambda x: x.month, group_keys=False)
    result = grouped.apply(lambda x: x.sort_values(by="A")[:3])

    pieces = [group.sort_values(by="A")[:3] for key, group in grouped]

    expected = pd.concat(pieces)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    grouped = tsf["A"].groupby(lambda x: x.month, group_keys=False)
    result = grouped.apply(lambda x: x.sort_values()[:3])

    pieces = [group.sort_values()[:3] for key, group in grouped]

    expected = pd.concat(pieces)
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_no_nonsense_name(float_frame):
    # GH #995
    s = float_frame["C"].copy()
    s.name = None

    result = s.groupby(float_frame["A"]).agg("sum")
    assert result.name is None


def test_multifunc_sum_bug():
    # GH #1065
    x = DataFrame(np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3))
    x["test"] = 0
    x["fl"] = [1.3, 1.5, 1.6]

    grouped = x.groupby("test")
    result = grouped.agg({"fl": "sum", 2: "size"})
    assert result["fl"].dtype == np.float64


def test_handle_dict_return_value(df):
    def f(group):
        return {"max": group.max(), "min": group.min()}

    def g(group):
        return Series({"max": group.max(), "min": group.min()})

    result = df.groupby("A")["C"].apply(f)
    expected = df.groupby("A")["C"].apply(g)

    assert isinstance(result, Series)
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("grouper", ["A", ["A", "B"]])
def test_set_group_name(df, grouper, using_infer_string):
    def f(group):
        assert group.name is not None
        return group

    def freduce(group):
        assert group.name is not None
        if using_infer_string and grouper == "A" and is_string_dtype(group.dtype):
            with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="does not support"):
                group.sum()
        else:
            return group.sum()

    def freducex(x):
        return freduce(x)

    grouped = df.groupby(grouper, group_keys=False)

    # make sure all these work
    msg = "DataFrameGroupBy.apply operated on the grouping columns"
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(DeprecationWarning, match=msg):
        grouped.apply(f)
    grouped.aggregate(freduce)
    grouped.aggregate({"C": freduce, "D": freduce})
    grouped.transform(f)

    grouped["C"].apply(f)
    grouped["C"].aggregate(freduce)
    grouped["C"].aggregate([freduce, freducex])
    grouped["C"].transform(f)


def test_group_name_available_in_inference_pass():
    # gh-15062
    df = DataFrame({"a": [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2], "b": np.arange(6)})

    names = []

    def f(group):
        names.append(group.name)
        return group.copy()

    msg = "DataFrameGroupBy.apply operated on the grouping columns"
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(DeprecationWarning, match=msg):
        df.groupby("a", sort=False, group_keys=False).apply(f)

    expected_names = [0, 1, 2]
    assert names == expected_names


def test_no_dummy_key_names(df):
    # see gh-1291
    result = df.groupby(df["A"].values).sum()
    assert result.index.name is None

    result = df.groupby([df["A"].values, df["B"].values]).sum()
    assert result.index.names == (None, None)


def test_groupby_sort_multiindex_series():
    # series multiindex groupby sort argument was not being passed through
    # _compress_group_index
    # GH 9444
    index = MultiIndex(
        levels=[[1, 2], [1, 2]],
        codes=[[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]],
        names=["a", "b"],
    )
    mseries = Series([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], index=index)
    index = MultiIndex(
        levels=[[1, 2], [1, 2]], codes=[[0, 0, 1], [1, 0, 0]], names=["a", "b"]
    )
    mseries_result = Series([0, 2, 4], index=index)

    result = mseries.groupby(level=["a", "b"], sort=False).first()
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, mseries_result)
    result = mseries.groupby(level=["a", "b"], sort=True).first()
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, mseries_result.sort_index())


def test_groupby_reindex_inside_function():
    periods = 1000
    ind = date_range(start="2012/1/1", freq="5min", periods=periods)
    df = DataFrame({"high": np.arange(periods), "low": np.arange(periods)}, index=ind)

    def agg_before(func, fix=False):
        """
        Run an aggregate func on the subset of data.
        """

        def _func(data):
            d = data.loc[data.index.map(lambda x: x.hour < 11)].dropna()
            if fix:
                data[data.index[0]]
            if len(d) == 0:
                return None
            return func(d)

        return _func

    grouped = df.groupby(lambda x: datetime(x.year, x.month, x.day))
    closure_bad = grouped.agg({"high": agg_before(np.max)})
    closure_good = grouped.agg({"high": agg_before(np.max, True)})

    tm.assert_frame_equal(closure_bad, closure_good)


def test_groupby_multiindex_missing_pair():
    # GH9049
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "group1": ["a", "a", "a", "b"],
            "group2": ["c", "c", "d", "c"],
            "value": [1, 1, 1, 5],
        }
    )
    df = df.set_index(["group1", "group2"])
    df_grouped = df.groupby(level=["group1", "group2"], sort=True)

    res = df_grouped.agg("sum")
    idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
        [("a", "c"), ("a", "d"), ("b", "c")], names=["group1", "group2"]
    )
    exp = DataFrame([[2], [1], [5]], index=idx, columns=["value"])

    tm.assert_frame_equal(res, exp)


def test_groupby_multiindex_not_lexsorted(performance_warning):
    # GH 11640

    # define the lexsorted version
    lexsorted_mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
        [("a", ""), ("b1", "c1"), ("b2", "c2")], names=["b", "c"]
    )
    lexsorted_df = DataFrame([[1, 3, 4]], columns=lexsorted_mi)
    assert lexsorted_df.columns._is_lexsorted()

    # define the non-lexsorted version
    not_lexsorted_df = DataFrame(
        columns=["a", "b", "c", "d"], data=[[1, "b1", "c1", 3], [1, "b2", "c2", 4]]
    )
    not_lexsorted_df = not_lexsorted_df.pivot_table(
        index="a", columns=["b", "c"], values="d"
    )
    not_lexsorted_df = not_lexsorted_df.reset_index()
    assert not not_lexsorted_df.columns._is_lexsorted()

    expected = lexsorted_df.groupby("a").mean()
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(performance_warning):
        result = not_lexsorted_df.groupby("a").mean()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(expected, result)

    # a transforming function should work regardless of sort
    # GH 14776
    df = DataFrame(
        {"x": ["a", "a", "b", "a"], "y": [1, 1, 2, 2], "z": [1, 2, 3, 4]}
    ).set_index(["x", "y"])
    assert not df.index._is_lexsorted()

    for level in [0, 1, [0, 1]]:
        for sort in [False, True]:
            result = df.groupby(level=level, sort=sort, group_keys=False).apply(
                DataFrame.drop_duplicates
            )
            expected = df
            tm.assert_frame_equal(expected, result)

            result = (
                df.sort_index()
                .groupby(level=level, sort=sort, group_keys=False)
                .apply(DataFrame.drop_duplicates)
            )
            expected = df.sort_index()
            tm.assert_frame_equal(expected, result)


def test_index_label_overlaps_location():
    # checking we don't have any label/location confusion in the
    # wake of GH5375
    df = DataFrame(list("ABCDE"), index=[2, 0, 2, 1, 1])
    g = df.groupby(list("ababb"))
    actual = g.filter(lambda x: len(x) > 2)
    expected = df.iloc[[1, 3, 4]]
    tm.assert_frame_equal(actual, expected)

    ser = df[0]
    g = ser.groupby(list("ababb"))
    actual = g.filter(lambda x: len(x) > 2)
    expected = ser.take([1, 3, 4])
    tm.assert_series_equal(actual, expected)

    #  and again, with a generic Index of floats
    df.index = df.index.astype(float)
    g = df.groupby(list("ababb"))
    actual = g.filter(lambda x: len(x) > 2)
    expected = df.iloc[[1, 3, 4]]
    tm.assert_frame_equal(actual, expected)

    ser = df[0]
    g = ser.groupby(list("ababb"))
    actual = g.filter(lambda x: len(x) > 2)
    expected = ser.take([1, 3, 4])
    tm.assert_series_equal(actual, expected)


def test_transform_doesnt_clobber_ints():
    # GH 7972
    n = 6
    x = np.arange(n)
    df = DataFrame({"a": x // 2, "b": 2.0 * x, "c": 3.0 * x})
    df2 = DataFrame({"a": x // 2 * 1.0, "b": 2.0 * x, "c": 3.0 * x})

    gb = df.groupby("a")
    result = gb.transform("mean")

    gb2 = df2.groupby("a")
    expected = gb2.transform("mean")
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "sort_column",
    ["ints", "floats", "strings", ["ints", "floats"], ["ints", "strings"]],
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "group_column", ["int_groups", "string_groups", ["int_groups", "string_groups"]]
)
def test_groupby_preserves_sort(sort_column, group_column):
    # Test to ensure that groupby always preserves sort order of original
    # object. Issue #8588 and #9651

    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "int_groups": [3, 1, 0, 1, 0, 3, 3, 3],
            "string_groups": ["z", "a", "z", "a", "a", "g", "g", "g"],
            "ints": [8, 7, 4, 5, 2, 9, 1, 1],
            "floats": [2.3, 5.3, 6.2, -2.4, 2.2, 1.1, 1.1, 5],
            "strings": ["z", "d", "a", "e", "word", "word2", "42", "47"],
        }
    )

    # Try sorting on different types and with different group types

    df = df.sort_values(by=sort_column)
    g = df.groupby(group_column)

    def test_sort(x):
        tm.assert_frame_equal(x, x.sort_values(by=sort_column))

    msg = "DataFrameGroupBy.apply operated on the grouping columns"
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(DeprecationWarning, match=msg):
        g.apply(test_sort)


def test_pivot_table_values_key_error():
    # This test is designed to replicate the error in issue #14938
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "eventDate": date_range(datetime.today(), periods=20, freq="ME").tolist(),
            "thename": range(20),
        }
    )

    df["year"] = df.set_index("eventDate").index.year
    df["month"] = df.set_index("eventDate").index.month

    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match="'badname'"):
        df.reset_index().pivot_table(
            index="year", columns="month", values="badname", aggfunc="count"
        )


@pytest.mark.parametrize("columns", ["C", ["C"]])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("keys", [["A"], ["A", "B"]])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "values",
    [
        [True],
        [0],
        [0.0],
        ["a"],
        Categorical([0]),
        [to_datetime(0)],
        date_range(0, 1, 1, tz="US/Eastern"),
        pd.period_range("2016-01-01", periods=3, freq="D"),
        pd.array([0], dtype="Int64"),
        pd.array([0], dtype="Float64"),
        pd.array([False], dtype="boolean"),
    ],
    ids=[
        "bool",
        "int",
        "float",
        "str",
        "cat",
        "dt64",
        "dt64tz",
        "period",
        "Int64",
        "Float64",
        "boolean",
    ],
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("method", ["attr", "agg", "apply"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "op", ["idxmax", "idxmin", "min", "max", "sum", "prod", "skew"]
)
def test_empty_groupby(columns, keys, values, method, op, dropna, using_infer_string):
    # GH8093 & GH26411
    override_dtype = None

    if isinstance(values, BooleanArray) and op in ["sum", "prod"]:
        # We expect to get Int64 back for these
        override_dtype = "Int64"

    if isinstance(values[0], bool) and op in ("prod", "sum"):
        # sum/product of bools is an integer
        override_dtype = "int64"

    df = DataFrame({"A": values, "B": values, "C": values}, columns=list("ABC"))

    if hasattr(values, "dtype"):
        # check that we did the construction right
        assert (df.dtypes == values.dtype).all()

    df = df.iloc[:0]

    gb = df.groupby(keys, group_keys=False, dropna=dropna, observed=False)[columns]

    def get_result(**kwargs):
        if method == "attr":
            return getattr(gb, op)(**kwargs)
        else:
            return getattr(gb, method)(op, **kwargs)

    def get_categorical_invalid_expected():
        # Categorical is special without 'observed=True', we get an NaN entry
        #  corresponding to the unobserved group. If we passed observed=True
        #  to groupby, expected would just be 'df.set_index(keys)[columns]'
        #  as below
        lev = Categorical([0], dtype=values.dtype)
        if len(keys) != 1:
            idx = MultiIndex.from_product([lev, lev], names=keys)
        else:
            # all columns are dropped, but we end up with one row
            # Categorical is special without 'observed=True'
            idx = Index(lev, name=keys[0])

        if using_infer_string:
            columns = Index([], dtype="string[pyarrow_numpy]")
        else:
            columns = []
        expected = DataFrame([], columns=columns, index=idx)
        return expected

    is_per = isinstance(df.dtypes.iloc[0], pd.PeriodDtype)
    is_dt64 = df.dtypes.iloc[0].kind == "M"
    is_cat = isinstance(values, Categorical)

    if (
        isinstance(values, Categorical)
        and not values.ordered
        and op in ["min", "max", "idxmin", "idxmax"]
    ):
        if op in ["min", "max"]:
            msg = f"Cannot perform {op} with non-ordered Categorical"
            klass = TypeError
        else:
            msg = f"Can't get {op} of an empty group due to unobserved categories"
            klass = ValueError
        with pytest.raises(klass, match=msg):
            get_result()

        if op in ["min", "max", "idxmin", "idxmax"] and isinstance(columns, list):
            # i.e. DataframeGroupBy, not SeriesGroupBy
            result = get_result(numeric_only=True)
            expected = get_categorical_invalid_expected()
            tm.assert_equal(result, expected)
        return

    if op in ["prod", "sum", "skew"]:
        # ops that require more than just ordered-ness
        if is_dt64 or is_cat or is_per:
            # GH#41291
            # datetime64 -> prod and sum are invalid
            if is_dt64:
                msg = "datetime64 type does not support"
            elif is_per:
                msg = "Period type does not support"
            else:
                msg = "category type does not support"
            if op == "skew":
                msg = "|".join([msg, "does not support operation 'skew'"])
            with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
                get_result()

            if not isinstance(columns, list):
                # i.e. SeriesGroupBy
                return
            elif op == "skew":
                # TODO: test the numeric_only=True case
                return
            else:
                # i.e. op in ["prod", "sum"]:
                # i.e. DataFrameGroupBy
                # ops that require more than just ordered-ness
                # GH#41291
                result = get_result(numeric_only=True)

                # with numeric_only=True, these are dropped, and we get
                # an empty DataFrame back
                expected = df.set_index(keys)[[]]
                if is_cat:
                    expected = get_categorical_invalid_expected()
                tm.assert_equal(result, expected)
                return

    result = get_result()
    expected = df.set_index(keys)[columns]
    if op in ["idxmax", "idxmin"]:
        expected = expected.astype(df.index.dtype)
    if override_dtype is not None:
        expected = expected.astype(override_dtype)
    if len(keys) == 1:
        expected.index.name = keys[0]
    tm.assert_equal(result, expected)


def test_empty_groupby_apply_nonunique_columns():
    # GH#44417
    df = DataFrame(np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal((0, 4)))
    df[3] = df[3].astype(np.int64)
    df.columns = [0, 1, 2, 0]
    gb = df.groupby(df[1], group_keys=False)
    msg = "DataFrameGroupBy.apply operated on the grouping columns"
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(DeprecationWarning, match=msg):
        res = gb.apply(lambda x: x)
    assert (res.dtypes == df.dtypes).all()


def test_tuple_as_grouping():
    # https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/18314
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            ("a", "b"): [1, 1, 1, 1],
            "a": [2, 2, 2, 2],
            "b": [2, 2, 2, 2],
            "c": [1, 1, 1, 1],
        }
    )

    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"('a', 'b')"):
        df[["a", "b", "c"]].groupby(("a", "b"))

    result = df.groupby(("a", "b"))["c"].sum()
    expected = Series([4], name="c", index=Index([1], name=("a", "b")))
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_tuple_correct_keyerror():
    # https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/18798
    df = DataFrame(1, index=range(3), columns=MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 2], [3, 4]]))
    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^\(7, 8\)$"):
        df.groupby((7, 8)).mean()


def test_groupby_agg_ohlc_non_first():
    # GH 21716
    df = DataFrame(
        [[1], [1]],
        columns=Index(["foo"], name="mycols"),
        index=date_range("2018-01-01", periods=2, freq="D", name="dti"),
    )

    expected = DataFrame(
        [[1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]],
        columns=MultiIndex.from_tuples(
            (
                ("foo", "sum", "foo"),
                ("foo", "ohlc", "open"),
                ("foo", "ohlc", "high"),
                ("foo", "ohlc", "low"),
                ("foo", "ohlc", "close"),
            ),
            names=["mycols", None, None],
        ),
        index=date_range("2018-01-01", periods=2, freq="D", name="dti"),
    )

    result = df.groupby(Grouper(freq="D")).agg(["sum", "ohlc"])

    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_multiindex_nat():
    # GH 9236
    values = [
        (pd.NaT, "a"),
        (datetime(2012, 1, 2), "a"),
        (datetime(2012, 1, 2), "b"),
        (datetime(2012, 1, 3), "a"),
    ]
    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples(values, names=["date", None])
    ser = Series([3, 2, 2.5, 4], index=mi)

    result = ser.groupby(level=1).mean()
    expected = Series([3.0, 2.5], index=["a", "b"])
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_empty_list_raises():
    # GH 5289
    values = zip(range(10), range(10))
    df = DataFrame(values, columns=["apple", "b"])
    msg = "Grouper and axis must be same length"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        df.groupby([[]])


def test_groupby_multiindex_series_keys_len_equal_group_axis():
    # GH 25704
    index_array = [["x", "x"], ["a", "b"], ["k", "k"]]
    index_names = ["first", "second", "third"]
    ri = MultiIndex.from_arrays(index_array, names=index_names)
    s = Series(data=[1, 2], index=ri)
    result = s.groupby(["first", "third"]).sum()

    index_array = [["x"], ["k"]]
    index_names = ["first", "third"]
    ei = MultiIndex.from_arrays(index_array, names=index_names)
    expected = Series([3], index=ei)

    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_groups_in_BaseGrouper():
    # GH 26326
    # Test if DataFrame grouped with a pandas.Grouper has correct groups
    mi = MultiIndex.from_product([["A", "B"], ["C", "D"]], names=["alpha", "beta"])
    df = DataFrame({"foo": [1, 2, 1, 2], "bar": [1, 2, 3, 4]}, index=mi)
    result = df.groupby([Grouper(level="alpha"), "beta"])
    expected = df.groupby(["alpha", "beta"])
    assert result.groups == expected.groups

    result = df.groupby(["beta", Grouper(level="alpha")])
    expected = df.groupby(["beta", "alpha"])
    assert result.groups == expected.groups


def test_groups_sort_dropna(sort, dropna):
    # GH#56966, GH#56851
    df = DataFrame([[2.0, 1.0], [np.nan, 4.0], [0.0, 3.0]])
    keys = [(2.0, 1.0), (np.nan, 4.0), (0.0, 3.0)]
    values = [
        Index([0], dtype="int64"),
        Index([1], dtype="int64"),
        Index([2], dtype="int64"),
    ]
    if sort:
        taker = [2, 0] if dropna else [2, 0, 1]
    else:
        taker = [0, 2] if dropna else [0, 1, 2]
    expected = {keys[idx]: values[idx] for idx in taker}

    gb = df.groupby([0, 1], sort=sort, dropna=dropna)
    result = gb.groups

    for result_key, expected_key in zip(result.keys(), expected.keys()):
        # Compare as NumPy arrays to handle np.nan
        result_key = np.array(result_key)
        expected_key = np.array(expected_key)
        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result_key, expected_key)
    for result_value, expected_value in zip(result.values(), expected.values()):
        tm.assert_index_equal(result_value, expected_value)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "op, expected",
    [
        (
            "shift",
            {
                "time": [
                    None,
                    None,
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 12:00:00"),
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 12:30:00"),
                    None,
                    None,
                ]
            },
        ),
        (
            "bfill",
            {
                "time": [
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 12:00:00"),
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 12:30:00"),
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 14:00:00"),
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 14:30:00"),
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 14:00:00"),
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 14:30:00"),
                ]
            },
        ),
        (
            "ffill",
            {
                "time": [
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 12:00:00"),
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 12:30:00"),
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 12:00:00"),
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 12:30:00"),
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 14:00:00"),
                    Timestamp("2019-01-01 14:30:00"),
                ]
            },
        ),
    ],
)
def test_shift_bfill_ffill_tz(tz_naive_fixture, op, expected):
    # GH19995, GH27992: Check that timezone does not drop in shift, bfill, and ffill
    tz = tz_naive_fixture
    data = {
        "id": ["A", "B", "A", "B", "A", "B"],
        "time": [
            Timestamp("2019-01-01 12:00:00"),
            Timestamp("2019-01-01 12:30:00"),
            None,
            None,
            Timestamp("2019-01-01 14:00:00"),
            Timestamp("2019-01-01 14:30:00"),
        ],
    }
    df = DataFrame(data).assign(time=lambda x: x.time.dt.tz_localize(tz))

    grouped = df.groupby("id")
    result = getattr(grouped, op)()
    expected = DataFrame(expected).assign(time=lambda x: x.time.dt.tz_localize(tz))
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_only_none_group():
    # see GH21624
    # this was crashing with "ValueError: Length of passed values is 1, index implies 0"
    df = DataFrame({"g": [None], "x": 1})
    actual = df.groupby("g")["x"].transform("sum")
    expected = Series([np.nan], name="x")

    tm.assert_series_equal(actual, expected)


def test_groupby_duplicate_index():
    # GH#29189 the groupby call here used to raise
    ser = Series([2, 5, 6, 8], index=[2.0, 4.0, 4.0, 5.0])
    gb = ser.groupby(level=0)

    result = gb.mean()
    expected = Series([2, 5.5, 8], index=[2.0, 4.0, 5.0])
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_group_on_empty_multiindex(transformation_func, request):
    # GH 47787
    # With one row, those are transforms so the schema should be the same
    df = DataFrame(
        data=[[1, Timestamp("today"), 3, 4]],
        columns=["col_1", "col_2", "col_3", "col_4"],
    )
    df["col_3"] = df["col_3"].astype(int)
    df["col_4"] = df["col_4"].astype(int)
    df = df.set_index(["col_1", "col_2"])
    if transformation_func == "fillna":
        args = ("ffill",)
    else:
        args = ()
    warn = FutureWarning if transformation_func == "fillna" else None
    warn_msg = "DataFrameGroupBy.fillna is deprecated"
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(warn, match=warn_msg):
        result = df.iloc[:0].groupby(["col_1"]).transform(transformation_func, *args)
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(warn, match=warn_msg):
        expected = df.groupby(["col_1"]).transform(transformation_func, *args).iloc[:0]
    if transformation_func in ("diff", "shift"):
        expected = expected.astype(int)
    tm.assert_equal(result, expected)

    warn_msg = "SeriesGroupBy.fillna is deprecated"
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(warn, match=warn_msg):
        result = (
            df["col_3"]
            .iloc[:0]
            .groupby(["col_1"])
            .transform(transformation_func, *args)
        )
    warn_msg = "SeriesGroupBy.fillna is deprecated"
    with tm.assert_produces_warning(warn, match=warn_msg):
        expected = (
            df["col_3"]
            .groupby(["col_1"])
            .transform(transformation_func, *args)
            .iloc[:0]
        )
    if transformation_func in ("diff", "shift"):
        expected = expected.astype(int)
    tm.assert_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_crash_on_nunique():
    # Fix following 30253
    dti = date_range("2016-01-01", periods=2, name="foo")
    df = DataFrame({("A", "B"): [1, 2], ("A", "C"): [1, 3], ("D", "B"): [0, 0]})
    df.columns.names = ("bar", "baz")
    df.index = dti

    df = df.T
    gb = df.groupby(level=0)
    result = gb.nunique()

    expected = DataFrame({"A": [1, 2], "D": [1, 1]}, index=dti)
    expected.columns.name = "bar"
    expected = expected.T

    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    # same thing, but empty columns
    gb2 = df[[]].groupby(level=0)
    exp = expected[[]]

    res = gb2.nunique()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(res, exp)


def test_groupby_list_level():
    # GH 9790
    expected = DataFrame(np.arange(0, 9).reshape(3, 3), dtype=float)
    result = expected.groupby(level=[0]).mean()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "max_seq_items, expected",
    [
        (5, "{0: [0], 1: [1], 2: [2], 3: [3], 4: [4]}"),
        (4, "{0: [0], 1: [1], 2: [2], 3: [3], ...}"),
        (1, "{0: [0], ...}"),
    ],
)
def test_groups_repr_truncates(max_seq_items, expected):
    # GH 1135
    df = DataFrame(np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal((5, 1)))
    df["a"] = df.index

    with pd.option_context("display.max_seq_items", max_seq_items):
        result = df.groupby("a").groups.__repr__()
        assert result == expected

        result = df.groupby(np.array(df.a)).groups.__repr__()
        assert result == expected


def test_group_on_two_row_multiindex_returns_one_tuple_key():
    # GH 18451
    df = DataFrame([{"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 99}, {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 88}])
    df = df.set_index(["a", "b"])

    grp = df.groupby(["a", "b"])
    result = grp.indices
    expected = {(1, 2): np.array([0, 1], dtype=np.int64)}

    assert len(result) == 1
    key = (1, 2)
    assert (result[key] == expected[key]).all()


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "klass, attr, value",
    [
        (DataFrame, "level", "a"),
        (DataFrame, "as_index", False),
        (DataFrame, "sort", False),
        (DataFrame, "group_keys", False),
        (DataFrame, "observed", True),
        (DataFrame, "dropna", False),
        (Series, "level", "a"),
        (Series, "as_index", False),
        (Series, "sort", False),
        (Series, "group_keys", False),
        (Series, "observed", True),
        (Series, "dropna", False),
    ],
)
def test_subsetting_columns_keeps_attrs(klass, attr, value):
    # GH 9959 - When subsetting columns, don't drop attributes
    df = DataFrame({"a": [1], "b": [2], "c": [3]})
    if attr != "axis":
        df = df.set_index("a")

    expected = df.groupby("a", **{attr: value})
    result = expected[["b"]] if klass is DataFrame else expected["b"]
    assert getattr(result, attr) == getattr(expected, attr)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("func", ["sum", "any", "shift"])
def test_groupby_column_index_name_lost(func):
    # GH: 29764 groupby loses index sometimes
    expected = Index(["a"], name="idx")
    df = DataFrame([[1]], columns=expected)
    df_grouped = df.groupby([1])
    result = getattr(df_grouped, func)().columns
    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "infer_string",
    [
        False,
        pytest.param(True, marks=td.skip_if_no("pyarrow")),
    ],
)
def test_groupby_duplicate_columns(infer_string):
    # GH: 31735
    if infer_string:
        pytest.importorskip("pyarrow")
    df = DataFrame(
        {"A": ["f", "e", "g", "h"], "B": ["a", "b", "c", "d"], "C": [1, 2, 3, 4]}
    ).astype(object)
    df.columns = ["A", "B", "B"]
    with pd.option_context("future.infer_string", infer_string):
        result = df.groupby([0, 0, 0, 0]).min()
    expected = DataFrame(
        [["e", "a", 1]], index=np.array([0]), columns=["A", "B", "B"], dtype=object
    )
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_series_with_tuple_name():
    # GH 37755
    ser = Series([1, 2, 3, 4], index=[1, 1, 2, 2], name=("a", "a"))
    ser.index.name = ("b", "b")
    result = ser.groupby(level=0).last()
    expected = Series([2, 4], index=[1, 2], name=("a", "a"))
    expected.index.name = ("b", "b")
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "func, values", [("sum", [97.0, 98.0]), ("mean", [24.25, 24.5])]
)
def test_groupby_numerical_stability_sum_mean(func, values):
    # GH#38778
    data = [1e16, 1e16, 97, 98, -5e15, -5e15, -5e15, -5e15]
    df = DataFrame({"group": [1, 2] * 4, "a": data, "b": data})
    result = getattr(df.groupby("group"), func)()
    expected = DataFrame({"a": values, "b": values}, index=Index([1, 2], name="group"))
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_numerical_stability_cumsum():
    # GH#38934
    data = [1e16, 1e16, 97, 98, -5e15, -5e15, -5e15, -5e15]
    df = DataFrame({"group": [1, 2] * 4, "a": data, "b": data})
    result = df.groupby("group").cumsum()
    exp_data = (
        [1e16] * 2 + [1e16 + 96, 1e16 + 98] + [5e15 + 97, 5e15 + 98] + [97.0, 98.0]
    )
    expected = DataFrame({"a": exp_data, "b": exp_data})
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected, check_exact=True)


def test_groupby_cumsum_skipna_false():
    # GH#46216 don't propagate np.nan above the diagonal
    arr = np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal((5, 5))
    df = DataFrame(arr)
    for i in range(5):
        df.iloc[i, i] = np.nan

    df["A"] = 1
    gb = df.groupby("A")

    res = gb.cumsum(skipna=False)

    expected = df[[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]].cumsum(skipna=False)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(res, expected)


def test_groupby_cumsum_timedelta64():
    # GH#46216 don't ignore is_datetimelike in libgroupby.group_cumsum
    dti = date_range("2016-01-01", periods=5)
    ser = Series(dti) - dti[0]
    ser[2] = pd.NaT

    df = DataFrame({"A": 1, "B": ser})
    gb = df.groupby("A")

    res = gb.cumsum(numeric_only=False, skipna=True)
    exp = DataFrame({"B": [ser[0], ser[1], pd.NaT, ser[4], ser[4] * 2]})
    tm.assert_frame_equal(res, exp)

    res = gb.cumsum(numeric_only=False, skipna=False)
    exp = DataFrame({"B": [ser[0], ser[1], pd.NaT, pd.NaT, pd.NaT]})
    tm.assert_frame_equal(res, exp)


def test_groupby_mean_duplicate_index(rand_series_with_duplicate_datetimeindex):
    dups = rand_series_with_duplicate_datetimeindex
    result = dups.groupby(level=0).mean()
    expected = dups.groupby(dups.index).mean()
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_all_nan_groups_drop():
    # GH 15036
    s = Series([1, 2, 3], [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan])
    result = s.groupby(s.index).sum()
    expected = Series([], index=Index([], dtype=np.float64), dtype=np.int64)
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("numeric_only", [True, False])
def test_groupby_empty_multi_column(as_index, numeric_only):
    # GH 15106 & GH 41998
    df = DataFrame(data=[], columns=["A", "B", "C"])
    gb = df.groupby(["A", "B"], as_index=as_index)
    result = gb.sum(numeric_only=numeric_only)
    if as_index:
        index = MultiIndex([[], []], [[], []], names=["A", "B"])
        columns = ["C"] if not numeric_only else []
    else:
        index = RangeIndex(0)
        columns = ["A", "B", "C"] if not numeric_only else ["A", "B"]
    expected = DataFrame([], columns=columns, index=index)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_aggregation_non_numeric_dtype():
    # GH #43108
    df = DataFrame(
        [["M", [1]], ["M", [1]], ["W", [10]], ["W", [20]]], columns=["MW", "v"]
    )

    expected = DataFrame(
        {
            "v": [[1, 1], [10, 20]],
        },
        index=Index(["M", "W"], dtype="object", name="MW"),
    )

    gb = df.groupby(by=["MW"])
    result = gb.sum()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_aggregation_multi_non_numeric_dtype():
    # GH #42395
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "x": [1, 0, 1, 1, 0],
            "y": [Timedelta(i, "days") for i in range(1, 6)],
            "z": [Timedelta(i * 10, "days") for i in range(1, 6)],
        }
    )

    expected = DataFrame(
        {
            "y": [Timedelta(i, "days") for i in range(7, 9)],
            "z": [Timedelta(i * 10, "days") for i in range(7, 9)],
        },
        index=Index([0, 1], dtype="int64", name="x"),
    )

    gb = df.groupby(by=["x"])
    result = gb.sum()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_aggregation_numeric_with_non_numeric_dtype():
    # GH #43108
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "x": [1, 0, 1, 1, 0],
            "y": [Timedelta(i, "days") for i in range(1, 6)],
            "z": list(range(1, 6)),
        }
    )

    expected = DataFrame(
        {"y": [Timedelta(7, "days"), Timedelta(8, "days")], "z": [7, 8]},
        index=Index([0, 1], dtype="int64", name="x"),
    )

    gb = df.groupby(by=["x"])
    result = gb.sum()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_filtered_df_std():
    # GH 16174
    dicts = [
        {"filter_col": False, "groupby_col": True, "bool_col": True, "float_col": 10.5},
        {"filter_col": True, "groupby_col": True, "bool_col": True, "float_col": 20.5},
        {"filter_col": True, "groupby_col": True, "bool_col": True, "float_col": 30.5},
    ]
    df = DataFrame(dicts)

    df_filter = df[df["filter_col"] == True]  # noqa: E712
    dfgb = df_filter.groupby("groupby_col")
    result = dfgb.std()
    expected = DataFrame(
        [[0.0, 0.0, 7.071068]],
        columns=["filter_col", "bool_col", "float_col"],
        index=Index([True], name="groupby_col"),
    )
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_datetime_categorical_multikey_groupby_indices():
    # GH 26859
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "a": Series(list("abc")),
            "b": Series(
                to_datetime(["2018-01-01", "2018-02-01", "2018-03-01"]),
                dtype="category",
            ),
            "c": Categorical.from_codes([-1, 0, 1], categories=[0, 1]),
        }
    )
    result = df.groupby(["a", "b"], observed=False).indices
    expected = {
        ("a", Timestamp("2018-01-01 00:00:00")): np.array([0]),
        ("b", Timestamp("2018-02-01 00:00:00")): np.array([1]),
        ("c", Timestamp("2018-03-01 00:00:00")): np.array([2]),
    }
    assert result == expected


def test_rolling_wrong_param_min_period():
    # GH34037
    name_l = ["Alice"] * 5 + ["Bob"] * 5
    val_l = [np.nan, np.nan, 1, 2, 3] + [np.nan, 1, 2, 3, 4]
    test_df = DataFrame([name_l, val_l]).T
    test_df.columns = ["name", "val"]

    result_error_msg = (
        r"^[a-zA-Z._]*\(\) got an unexpected keyword argument 'min_period'$"
    )
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=result_error_msg):
        test_df.groupby("name")["val"].rolling(window=2, min_period=1).sum()


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "dtype",
    [
        object,
        pytest.param("string[pyarrow_numpy]", marks=td.skip_if_no("pyarrow")),
    ],
)
def test_by_column_values_with_same_starting_value(dtype):
    # GH29635
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "Name": ["Thomas", "Thomas", "Thomas John"],
            "Credit": [1200, 1300, 900],
            "Mood": Series(["sad", "happy", "happy"], dtype=dtype),
        }
    )
    aggregate_details = {"Mood": Series.mode, "Credit": "sum"}

    result = df.groupby(["Name"]).agg(aggregate_details)
    expected_result = DataFrame(
        {
            "Mood": [["happy", "sad"], "happy"],
            "Credit": [2500, 900],
            "Name": ["Thomas", "Thomas John"],
        }
    ).set_index("Name")

    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected_result)


def test_groupby_none_in_first_mi_level():
    # GH#47348
    arr = [[None, 1, 0, 1], [2, 3, 2, 3]]
    ser = Series(1, index=MultiIndex.from_arrays(arr, names=["a", "b"]))
    result = ser.groupby(level=[0, 1]).sum()
    expected = Series(
        [1, 2], MultiIndex.from_tuples([(0.0, 2), (1.0, 3)], names=["a", "b"])
    )
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_none_column_name():
    # GH#47348
    df = DataFrame({None: [1, 1, 2, 2], "b": [1, 1, 2, 3], "c": [4, 5, 6, 7]})
    result = df.groupby(by=[None]).sum()
    expected = DataFrame({"b": [2, 5], "c": [9, 13]}, index=Index([1, 2], name=None))
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("selection", [None, "a", ["a"]])
def test_single_element_list_grouping(selection):
    # GH#42795, GH#53500
    df = DataFrame({"a": [1, 2], "b": [np.nan, 5], "c": [np.nan, 2]}, index=["x", "y"])
    grouped = df.groupby(["a"]) if selection is None else df.groupby(["a"])[selection]
    result = [key for key, _ in grouped]

    expected = [(1,), (2,)]
    assert result == expected


def test_groupby_string_dtype():
    # GH 40148
    df = DataFrame({"str_col": ["a", "b", "c", "a"], "num_col": [1, 2, 3, 2]})
    df["str_col"] = df["str_col"].astype("string")
    expected = DataFrame(
        {
            "str_col": [
                "a",
                "b",
                "c",
            ],
            "num_col": [1.5, 2.0, 3.0],
        }
    )
    expected["str_col"] = expected["str_col"].astype("string")
    grouped = df.groupby("str_col", as_index=False)
    result = grouped.mean()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "level_arg, multiindex", [([0], False), ((0,), False), ([0], True), ((0,), True)]
)
def test_single_element_listlike_level_grouping(level_arg, multiindex):
    # GH 51583
    df = DataFrame({"a": [1, 2], "b": [3, 4], "c": [5, 6]}, index=["x", "y"])
    if multiindex:
        df = df.set_index(["a", "b"])
    result = [key for key, _ in df.groupby(level=level_arg)]
    expected = [(1,), (2,)] if multiindex else [("x",), ("y",)]
    assert result == expected


@pytest.mark.parametrize("func", ["sum", "cumsum", "cumprod", "prod"])
def test_groupby_avoid_casting_to_float(func):
    # GH#37493
    val = 922337203685477580
    df = DataFrame({"a": 1, "b": [val]})
    result = getattr(df.groupby("a"), func)() - val
    expected = DataFrame({"b": [0]}, index=Index([1], name="a"))
    if func in ["cumsum", "cumprod"]:
        expected = expected.reset_index(drop=True)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("func, val", [("sum", 3), ("prod", 2)])
def test_groupby_sum_support_mask(any_numeric_ea_dtype, func, val):
    # GH#37493
    df = DataFrame({"a": 1, "b": [1, 2, pd.NA]}, dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype)
    result = getattr(df.groupby("a"), func)()
    expected = DataFrame(
        {"b": [val]},
        index=Index([1], name="a", dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype),
        dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype,
    )
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("val, dtype", [(111, "int"), (222, "uint")])
def test_groupby_overflow(val, dtype):
    # GH#37493
    df = DataFrame({"a": 1, "b": [val, val]}, dtype=f"{dtype}8")
    result = df.groupby("a").sum()
    expected = DataFrame(
        {"b": [val * 2]},
        index=Index([1], name="a", dtype=f"{dtype}8"),
        dtype=f"{dtype}64",
    )
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    result = df.groupby("a").cumsum()
    expected = DataFrame({"b": [val, val * 2]}, dtype=f"{dtype}64")
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    result = df.groupby("a").prod()
    expected = DataFrame(
        {"b": [val * val]},
        index=Index([1], name="a", dtype=f"{dtype}8"),
        dtype=f"{dtype}64",
    )
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("skipna, val", [(True, 3), (False, pd.NA)])
def test_groupby_cumsum_mask(any_numeric_ea_dtype, skipna, val):
    # GH#37493
    df = DataFrame({"a": 1, "b": [1, pd.NA, 2]}, dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype)
    result = df.groupby("a").cumsum(skipna=skipna)
    expected = DataFrame(
        {"b": [1, pd.NA, val]},
        dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype,
    )
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "val_in, index, val_out",
    [
        (
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0],
            ["foo", "foo", "bar", "baz", "blah"],
            [3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 3.0],
        ),
        (
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0],
            ["foo", "foo", "bar", "baz", "blah", "blah"],
            [3.0, 4.0, 11.0, 3.0],
        ),
    ],
)
def test_groupby_index_name_in_index_content(val_in, index, val_out):
    # GH 48567
    series = Series(data=val_in, name="values", index=Index(index, name="blah"))
    result = series.groupby("blah").sum()
    expected = Series(
        data=val_out,
        name="values",
        index=Index(["bar", "baz", "blah", "foo"], name="blah"),
    )
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)

    result = series.to_frame().groupby("blah").sum()
    expected = expected.to_frame()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("n", [1, 10, 32, 100, 1000])
def test_sum_of_booleans(n):
    # GH 50347
    df = DataFrame({"groupby_col": 1, "bool": [True] * n})
    df["bool"] = df["bool"].eq(True)
    result = df.groupby("groupby_col").sum()
    expected = DataFrame({"bool": [n]}, index=Index([1], name="groupby_col"))
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
    "ignore:invalid value encountered in remainder:RuntimeWarning"
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("method", ["head", "tail", "nth", "first", "last"])
def test_groupby_method_drop_na(method):
    # GH 21755
    df = DataFrame({"A": ["a", np.nan, "b", np.nan, "c"], "B": range(5)})

    if method == "nth":
        result = getattr(df.groupby("A"), method)(n=0)
    else:
        result = getattr(df.groupby("A"), method)()

    if method in ["first", "last"]:
        expected = DataFrame({"B": [0, 2, 4]}).set_index(
            Series(["a", "b", "c"], name="A")
        )
    else:
        expected = DataFrame({"A": ["a", "b", "c"], "B": [0, 2, 4]}, index=[0, 2, 4])
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_reduce_period():
    # GH#51040
    pi = pd.period_range("2016-01-01", periods=100, freq="D")
    grps = list(range(10)) * 10
    ser = pi.to_series()
    gb = ser.groupby(grps)

    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Period type does not support sum operations"):
        gb.sum()
    with pytest.raises(
        TypeError, match="Period type does not support cumsum operations"
    ):
        gb.cumsum()
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Period type does not support prod operations"):
        gb.prod()
    with pytest.raises(
        TypeError, match="Period type does not support cumprod operations"
    ):
        gb.cumprod()

    res = gb.max()
    expected = ser[-10:]
    expected.index = Index(range(10), dtype=int)
    tm.assert_series_equal(res, expected)

    res = gb.min()
    expected = ser[:10]
    expected.index = Index(range(10), dtype=int)
    tm.assert_series_equal(res, expected)


def test_obj_with_exclusions_duplicate_columns():
    # GH#50806
    df = DataFrame([[0, 1, 2, 3]])
    df.columns = [0, 1, 2, 0]
    gb = df.groupby(df[1])
    result = gb._obj_with_exclusions
    expected = df.take([0, 2, 3], axis=1)
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("numeric_only", [True, False])
def test_groupby_numeric_only_std_no_result(numeric_only):
    # GH 51080
    dicts_non_numeric = [{"a": "foo", "b": "bar"}, {"a": "car", "b": "dar"}]
    df = DataFrame(dicts_non_numeric)
    dfgb = df.groupby("a", as_index=False, sort=False)

    if numeric_only:
        result = dfgb.std(numeric_only=True)
        expected_df = DataFrame(["foo", "car"], columns=["a"])
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected_df)
    else:
        with pytest.raises(
            ValueError, match="could not convert string to float: 'bar'"
        ):
            dfgb.std(numeric_only=numeric_only)


def test_grouping_with_categorical_interval_columns():
    # GH#34164
    df = DataFrame({"x": [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, -0.4, 0.5], "w": ["a", "b", "a", "c", "a"]})
    qq = pd.qcut(df["x"], q=np.linspace(0, 1, 5))
    result = df.groupby([qq, "w"], observed=False)["x"].agg("mean")
    categorical_index_level_1 = Categorical(
        [
            Interval(-0.401, 0.1, closed="right"),
            Interval(0.1, 0.2, closed="right"),
            Interval(0.2, 0.3, closed="right"),
            Interval(0.3, 0.5, closed="right"),
        ],
        ordered=True,
    )
    index_level_2 = ["a", "b", "c"]
    mi = MultiIndex.from_product(
        [categorical_index_level_1, index_level_2], names=["x", "w"]
    )
    expected = Series(
        np.array(
            [
                0.1,
                np.nan,
                -0.4,
                np.nan,
                0.2,
                np.nan,
                0.3,
                np.nan,
                np.nan,
                0.5,
                np.nan,
                np.nan,
            ]
        ),
        index=mi,
        name="x",
    )
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("bug_var", [1, "a"])
def test_groupby_sum_on_nan_should_return_nan(bug_var):
    # GH 24196
    df = DataFrame({"A": [bug_var, bug_var, bug_var, np.nan]})
    dfgb = df.groupby(lambda x: x)
    result = dfgb.sum(min_count=1)

    expected_df = DataFrame([bug_var, bug_var, bug_var, None], columns=["A"])
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected_df)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "method",
    [
        "count",
        "corr",
        "cummax",
        "cummin",
        "cumprod",
        "describe",
        "rank",
        "quantile",
        "diff",
        "shift",
        "all",
        "any",
        "idxmin",
        "idxmax",
        "ffill",
        "bfill",
        "pct_change",
    ],
)
def test_groupby_selection_with_methods(df, method):
    # some methods which require DatetimeIndex
    rng = date_range("2014", periods=len(df))
    df.index = rng

    g = df.groupby(["A"])[["C"]]
    g_exp = df[["C"]].groupby(df["A"])
    # TODO check groupby with > 1 col ?

    res = getattr(g, method)()
    exp = getattr(g_exp, method)()

    # should always be frames!
    tm.assert_frame_equal(res, exp)


def test_groupby_selection_other_methods(df):
    # some methods which require DatetimeIndex
    rng = date_range("2014", periods=len(df))
    df.columns.name = "foo"
    df.index = rng

    g = df.groupby(["A"])[["C"]]
    g_exp = df[["C"]].groupby(df["A"])

    # methods which aren't just .foo()
    tm.assert_frame_equal(g.apply(lambda x: x.sum()), g_exp.apply(lambda x: x.sum()))

    tm.assert_frame_equal(g.resample("D").mean(), g_exp.resample("D").mean())
    tm.assert_frame_equal(g.resample("D").ohlc(), g_exp.resample("D").ohlc())

    tm.assert_frame_equal(
        g.filter(lambda x: len(x) == 3), g_exp.filter(lambda x: len(x) == 3)
    )


def test_groupby_with_Time_Grouper(unit):
    idx2 = to_datetime(
        [
            "2016-08-31 22:08:12.000",
            "2016-08-31 22:09:12.200",
            "2016-08-31 22:20:12.400",
        ]
    ).as_unit(unit)

    test_data = DataFrame(
        {"quant": [1.0, 1.0, 3.0], "quant2": [1.0, 1.0, 3.0], "time2": idx2}
    )

    time2 = date_range("2016-08-31 22:08:00", periods=13, freq="1min", unit=unit)
    expected_output = DataFrame(
        {
            "time2": time2,
            "quant": [1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
            "quant2": [1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
        }
    )

    gb = test_data.groupby(Grouper(key="time2", freq="1min"))
    result = gb.count().reset_index()

    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected_output)


def test_groupby_series_with_datetimeindex_month_name():
    # GH 48509
    s = Series([0, 1, 0], index=date_range("2022-01-01", periods=3), name="jan")
    result = s.groupby(s).count()
    expected = Series([2, 1], name="jan")
    expected.index.name = "jan"
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("test_series", [True, False])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "kwarg, value, name, warn",
    [
        ("by", "a", 1, None),
        ("by", ["a"], (1,), None),
        ("level", 0, 1, None),
        ("level", [0], (1,), None),
    ],
)
def test_get_group_len_1_list_likes(test_series, kwarg, value, name, warn):
    # GH#25971
    obj = DataFrame({"b": [3, 4, 5]}, index=Index([1, 1, 2], name="a"))
    if test_series:
        obj = obj["b"]
    gb = obj.groupby(**{kwarg: value})
    result = gb.get_group(name)
    if test_series:
        expected = Series([3, 4], index=Index([1, 1], name="a"), name="b")
    else:
        expected = DataFrame({"b": [3, 4]}, index=Index([1, 1], name="a"))
    tm.assert_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_ngroup_with_nan():
    # GH#50100
    df = DataFrame({"a": Categorical([np.nan]), "b": [1]})
    result = df.groupby(["a", "b"], dropna=False, observed=False).ngroup()
    expected = Series([0])
    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_ffill_with_duplicated_index():
    # GH#43412
    df = DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3, 4, np.nan, np.nan]}, index=[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2])

    result = df.groupby(level=0).ffill()
    expected = DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3]}, index=[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2])
    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected, check_dtype=False)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("test_series", [True, False])
def test_decimal_na_sort(test_series):
    # GH#54847
    # We catch both TypeError and decimal.InvalidOperation exceptions in safe_sort.
    # If this next assert raises, we can just catch TypeError
    assert not isinstance(decimal.InvalidOperation, TypeError)
    df = DataFrame(
        {
            "key": [Decimal(1), Decimal(1), None, None],
            "value": [Decimal(2), Decimal(3), Decimal(4), Decimal(5)],
        }
    )
    gb = df.groupby("key", dropna=False)
    if test_series:
        gb = gb["value"]
    result = gb._grouper.result_index
    expected = Index([Decimal(1), None], name="key")
    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)


def test_groupby_dropna_with_nunique_unique():
    # GH#42016
    df = [[1, 1, 1, "A"], [1, None, 1, "A"], [1, None, 2, "A"], [1, None, 3, "A"]]
    df_dropna = DataFrame(df, columns=["a", "b", "c", "partner"])
    result = df_dropna.groupby(["a", "b", "c"], dropna=False).agg(
        {"partner": ["nunique", "unique"]}
    )

    index = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
        [(1, 1.0, 1), (1, np.nan, 1), (1, np.nan, 2), (1, np.nan, 3)],
        names=["a", "b", "c"],
    )
    columns = MultiIndex.from_tuples([("partner", "nunique"), ("partner", "unique")])
    expected = DataFrame(
        [(1, ["A"]), (1, ["A"]), (1, ["A"]), (1, ["A"])], index=index, columns=columns
    )

    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)