test_sql.py

"""SQL io tests

The SQL tests are broken down in different classes:

- `PandasSQLTest`: base class with common methods for all test classes
- Tests for the public API (only tests with sqlite3)
    - `_TestSQLApi` base class
    - `TestSQLApi`: test the public API with sqlalchemy engine
    - `TestSQLiteFallbackApi`: test the public API with a sqlite DBAPI
      connection
- Tests for the different SQL flavors (flavor specific type conversions)
    - Tests for the sqlalchemy mode: `_TestSQLAlchemy` is the base class with
      common methods, `_TestSQLAlchemyConn` tests the API with a SQLAlchemy
      Connection object. The different tested flavors (sqlite3, MySQL,
      PostgreSQL) derive from the base class
    - Tests for the fallback mode (`TestSQLiteFallback`)

"""

from __future__ import print_function
import unittest
import sqlite3
import csv
import os
import sys

import nose
import warnings
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

from datetime import datetime, date, time

from pandas.types.common import (is_object_dtype, is_datetime64_dtype,
                                 is_datetime64tz_dtype)
from pandas import DataFrame, Series, Index, MultiIndex, isnull, concat
from pandas import date_range, to_datetime, to_timedelta, Timestamp
import pandas.compat as compat
from pandas.compat import StringIO, range, lrange, string_types
from pandas.core.datetools import format as date_format

import pandas.io.sql as sql
from pandas.io.sql import read_sql_table, read_sql_query
import pandas.util.testing as tm


try:
    import sqlalchemy
    import sqlalchemy.schema
    import sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes as sqltypes
    from sqlalchemy.ext import declarative
    from sqlalchemy.orm import session as sa_session
    SQLALCHEMY_INSTALLED = True
except ImportError:
    SQLALCHEMY_INSTALLED = False

SQL_STRINGS = {
    'create_iris': {
        'sqlite': """CREATE TABLE iris (
                "SepalLength" REAL,
                "SepalWidth" REAL,
                "PetalLength" REAL,
                "PetalWidth" REAL,
                "Name" TEXT
            )""",
        'mysql': """CREATE TABLE iris (
                `SepalLength` DOUBLE,
                `SepalWidth` DOUBLE,
                `PetalLength` DOUBLE,
                `PetalWidth` DOUBLE,
                `Name` VARCHAR(200)
            )""",
        'postgresql': """CREATE TABLE iris (
                "SepalLength" DOUBLE PRECISION,
                "SepalWidth" DOUBLE PRECISION,
                "PetalLength" DOUBLE PRECISION,
                "PetalWidth" DOUBLE PRECISION,
                "Name" VARCHAR(200)
            )"""
    },
    'insert_iris': {
        'sqlite': """INSERT INTO iris VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?, ?)""",
        'mysql': """INSERT INTO iris VALUES(%s, %s, %s, %s, "%s");""",
        'postgresql': """INSERT INTO iris VALUES(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s);"""
    },
    'create_test_types': {
        'sqlite': """CREATE TABLE types_test_data (
                    "TextCol" TEXT,
                    "DateCol" TEXT,
                    "IntDateCol" INTEGER,
                    "FloatCol" REAL,
                    "IntCol" INTEGER,
                    "BoolCol" INTEGER,
                    "IntColWithNull" INTEGER,
                    "BoolColWithNull" INTEGER
                )""",
        'mysql': """CREATE TABLE types_test_data (
                    `TextCol` TEXT,
                    `DateCol` DATETIME,
                    `IntDateCol` INTEGER,
                    `FloatCol` DOUBLE,
                    `IntCol` INTEGER,
                    `BoolCol` BOOLEAN,
                    `IntColWithNull` INTEGER,
                    `BoolColWithNull` BOOLEAN
                )""",
        'postgresql': """CREATE TABLE types_test_data (
                    "TextCol" TEXT,
                    "DateCol" TIMESTAMP,
                    "DateColWithTz" TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
                    "IntDateCol" INTEGER,
                    "FloatCol" DOUBLE PRECISION,
                    "IntCol" INTEGER,
                    "BoolCol" BOOLEAN,
                    "IntColWithNull" INTEGER,
                    "BoolColWithNull" BOOLEAN
                )"""
    },
    'insert_test_types': {
        'sqlite': {
            'query': """
                INSERT INTO types_test_data
                VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
                """,
            'fields': (
                'TextCol', 'DateCol', 'IntDateCol', 'FloatCol',
                'IntCol', 'BoolCol', 'IntColWithNull', 'BoolColWithNull'
            )
        },
        'mysql': {
            'query': """
                INSERT INTO types_test_data
                VALUES("%s", %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)
                """,
            'fields': (
                'TextCol', 'DateCol', 'IntDateCol', 'FloatCol',
                'IntCol', 'BoolCol', 'IntColWithNull', 'BoolColWithNull'
            )
        },
        'postgresql': {
            'query': """
                INSERT INTO types_test_data
                VALUES(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)
                """,
            'fields': (
                'TextCol', 'DateCol', 'DateColWithTz',
                'IntDateCol', 'FloatCol',
                'IntCol', 'BoolCol', 'IntColWithNull', 'BoolColWithNull'
            )
        },
    },
    'read_parameters': {
        'sqlite': "SELECT * FROM iris WHERE Name=? AND SepalLength=?",
        'mysql': 'SELECT * FROM iris WHERE `Name`="%s" AND `SepalLength`=%s',
        'postgresql': 'SELECT * FROM iris WHERE "Name"=%s AND "SepalLength"=%s'
    },
    'read_named_parameters': {
        'sqlite': """
                SELECT * FROM iris WHERE Name=:name AND SepalLength=:length
                """,
        'mysql': """
                SELECT * FROM iris WHERE
                `Name`="%(name)s" AND `SepalLength`=%(length)s
                """,
        'postgresql': """
                SELECT * FROM iris WHERE
                "Name"=%(name)s AND "SepalLength"=%(length)s
                """
    },
    'create_view': {
        'sqlite': """
                CREATE VIEW iris_view AS
                SELECT * FROM iris
                """
    }
}


class MixInBase(object):

    def tearDown(self):
        for tbl in self._get_all_tables():
            self.drop_table(tbl)
        self._close_conn()


class MySQLMixIn(MixInBase):

    def drop_table(self, table_name):
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %s" %
                    sql._get_valid_mysql_name(table_name))
        self.conn.commit()

    def _get_all_tables(self):
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute('SHOW TABLES')
        return [table[0] for table in cur.fetchall()]

    def _close_conn(self):
        from pymysql.err import Error
        try:
            self.conn.close()
        except Error:
            pass


class SQLiteMixIn(MixInBase):

    def drop_table(self, table_name):
        self.conn.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %s" %
                          sql._get_valid_sqlite_name(table_name))
        self.conn.commit()

    def _get_all_tables(self):
        c = self.conn.execute(
            "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table'")
        return [table[0] for table in c.fetchall()]

    def _close_conn(self):
        self.conn.close()


class SQLAlchemyMixIn(MixInBase):

    def drop_table(self, table_name):
        sql.SQLDatabase(self.conn).drop_table(table_name)

    def _get_all_tables(self):
        meta = sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData(bind=self.conn)
        meta.reflect()
        table_list = meta.tables.keys()
        return table_list

    def _close_conn(self):
        pass


class PandasSQLTest(unittest.TestCase):
    """
    Base class with common private methods for SQLAlchemy and fallback cases.

    """

    def _get_exec(self):
        if hasattr(self.conn, 'execute'):
            return self.conn
        else:
            return self.conn.cursor()

    def _load_iris_data(self):
        import io
        iris_csv_file = os.path.join(tm.get_data_path(), 'iris.csv')

        self.drop_table('iris')
        self._get_exec().execute(SQL_STRINGS['create_iris'][self.flavor])

        with io.open(iris_csv_file, mode='r', newline=None) as iris_csv:
            r = csv.reader(iris_csv)
            next(r)  # skip header row
            ins = SQL_STRINGS['insert_iris'][self.flavor]

            for row in r:
                self._get_exec().execute(ins, row)

    def _load_iris_view(self):
        self.drop_table('iris_view')
        self._get_exec().execute(SQL_STRINGS['create_view'][self.flavor])

    def _check_iris_loaded_frame(self, iris_frame):
        pytype = iris_frame.dtypes[0].type
        row = iris_frame.iloc[0]

        self.assertTrue(
            issubclass(pytype, np.floating), 'Loaded frame has incorrect type')
        tm.equalContents(row.values, [5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'Iris-setosa'])

    def _load_test1_data(self):
        columns = ['index', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
        data = [(
            '2000-01-03 00:00:00', 0.980268513777, 3.68573087906,
            -0.364216805298, -1.15973806169),
            ('2000-01-04 00:00:00', 1.04791624281, -
             0.0412318367011, -0.16181208307, 0.212549316967),
            ('2000-01-05 00:00:00', 0.498580885705,
             0.731167677815, -0.537677223318, 1.34627041952),
            ('2000-01-06 00:00:00', 1.12020151869, 1.56762092543,
             0.00364077397681, 0.67525259227)]

        self.test_frame1 = DataFrame(data, columns=columns)

    def _load_test2_data(self):
        df = DataFrame(dict(A=[4, 1, 3, 6],
                            B=['asd', 'gsq', 'ylt', 'jkl'],
                            C=[1.1, 3.1, 6.9, 5.3],
                            D=[False, True, True, False],
                            E=['1990-11-22', '1991-10-26',
                               '1993-11-26', '1995-12-12']))
        df['E'] = to_datetime(df['E'])

        self.test_frame2 = df

    def _load_test3_data(self):
        columns = ['index', 'A', 'B']
        data = [(
            '2000-01-03 00:00:00', 2 ** 31 - 1, -1.987670),
            ('2000-01-04 00:00:00', -29, -0.0412318367011),
            ('2000-01-05 00:00:00', 20000, 0.731167677815),
            ('2000-01-06 00:00:00', -290867, 1.56762092543)]

        self.test_frame3 = DataFrame(data, columns=columns)

    def _load_raw_sql(self):
        self.drop_table('types_test_data')
        self._get_exec().execute(SQL_STRINGS['create_test_types'][self.flavor])
        ins = SQL_STRINGS['insert_test_types'][self.flavor]

        data = [
            {
                'TextCol': 'first',
                'DateCol': '2000-01-03 00:00:00',
                'DateColWithTz': '2000-01-01 00:00:00-08:00',
                'IntDateCol': 535852800,
                'FloatCol': 10.10,
                'IntCol': 1,
                'BoolCol': False,
                'IntColWithNull': 1,
                'BoolColWithNull': False,
            },
            {
                'TextCol': 'first',
                'DateCol': '2000-01-04 00:00:00',
                'DateColWithTz': '2000-06-01 00:00:00-07:00',
                'IntDateCol': 1356998400,
                'FloatCol': 10.10,
                'IntCol': 1,
                'BoolCol': False,
                'IntColWithNull': None,
                'BoolColWithNull': None,
            },
        ]

        for d in data:
            self._get_exec().execute(
                ins['query'],
                [d[field] for field in ins['fields']]
            )

    def _count_rows(self, table_name):
        result = self._get_exec().execute(
            "SELECT count(*) AS count_1 FROM %s" % table_name).fetchone()
        return result[0]

    def _read_sql_iris(self):
        iris_frame = self.pandasSQL.read_query("SELECT * FROM iris")
        self._check_iris_loaded_frame(iris_frame)

    def _read_sql_iris_parameter(self):
        query = SQL_STRINGS['read_parameters'][self.flavor]
        params = ['Iris-setosa', 5.1]
        iris_frame = self.pandasSQL.read_query(query, params=params)
        self._check_iris_loaded_frame(iris_frame)

    def _read_sql_iris_named_parameter(self):
        query = SQL_STRINGS['read_named_parameters'][self.flavor]
        params = {'name': 'Iris-setosa', 'length': 5.1}
        iris_frame = self.pandasSQL.read_query(query, params=params)
        self._check_iris_loaded_frame(iris_frame)

    def _to_sql(self):
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1')
        self.assertTrue(self.pandasSQL.has_table(
            'test_frame1'), 'Table not written to DB')

        # Nuke table
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

    def _to_sql_empty(self):
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')
        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(self.test_frame1.iloc[:0], 'test_frame1')

    def _to_sql_fail(self):
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(
            self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', if_exists='fail')
        self.assertTrue(self.pandasSQL.has_table(
            'test_frame1'), 'Table not written to DB')

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.pandasSQL.to_sql,
                          self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', if_exists='fail')

        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

    def _to_sql_replace(self):
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(
            self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', if_exists='fail')
        # Add to table again
        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(
            self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', if_exists='replace')
        self.assertTrue(self.pandasSQL.has_table(
            'test_frame1'), 'Table not written to DB')

        num_entries = len(self.test_frame1)
        num_rows = self._count_rows('test_frame1')

        self.assertEqual(
            num_rows, num_entries, "not the same number of rows as entries")

        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

    def _to_sql_append(self):
        # Nuke table just in case
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(
            self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', if_exists='fail')

        # Add to table again
        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(
            self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', if_exists='append')
        self.assertTrue(self.pandasSQL.has_table(
            'test_frame1'), 'Table not written to DB')

        num_entries = 2 * len(self.test_frame1)
        num_rows = self._count_rows('test_frame1')

        self.assertEqual(
            num_rows, num_entries, "not the same number of rows as entries")

        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

    def _roundtrip(self):
        self.drop_table('test_frame_roundtrip')
        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame_roundtrip')
        result = self.pandasSQL.read_query(
            'SELECT * FROM test_frame_roundtrip')

        result.set_index('level_0', inplace=True)
        # result.index.astype(int)

        result.index.name = None

        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, self.test_frame1)

    def _execute_sql(self):
        # drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"  # should already be done
        iris_results = self.pandasSQL.execute("SELECT * FROM iris")
        row = iris_results.fetchone()
        tm.equalContents(row, [5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'Iris-setosa'])

    def _to_sql_save_index(self):
        df = DataFrame.from_records([(1, 2.1, 'line1'), (2, 1.5, 'line2')],
                                    columns=['A', 'B', 'C'], index=['A'])
        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(df, 'test_to_sql_saves_index')
        ix_cols = self._get_index_columns('test_to_sql_saves_index')
        self.assertEqual(ix_cols, [['A', ], ])

    def _transaction_test(self):
        self.pandasSQL.execute("CREATE TABLE test_trans (A INT, B TEXT)")

        ins_sql = "INSERT INTO test_trans (A,B) VALUES (1, 'blah')"

        # Make sure when transaction is rolled back, no rows get inserted
        try:
            with self.pandasSQL.run_transaction() as trans:
                trans.execute(ins_sql)
                raise Exception('error')
        except:
            # ignore raised exception
            pass
        res = self.pandasSQL.read_query('SELECT * FROM test_trans')
        self.assertEqual(len(res), 0)

        # Make sure when transaction is committed, rows do get inserted
        with self.pandasSQL.run_transaction() as trans:
            trans.execute(ins_sql)
        res2 = self.pandasSQL.read_query('SELECT * FROM test_trans')
        self.assertEqual(len(res2), 1)


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# -- Testing the public API

class _TestSQLApi(PandasSQLTest):

    """
    Base class to test the public API.

    From this two classes are derived to run these tests for both the
    sqlalchemy mode (`TestSQLApi`) and the fallback mode
    (`TestSQLiteFallbackApi`).  These tests are run with sqlite3. Specific
    tests for the different sql flavours are included in `_TestSQLAlchemy`.

    Notes:
    flavor can always be passed even in SQLAlchemy mode,
    should be correctly ignored.

    we don't use drop_table because that isn't part of the public api

    """
    flavor = 'sqlite'
    mode = None

    def setUp(self):
        self.conn = self.connect()
        self._load_iris_data()
        self._load_iris_view()
        self._load_test1_data()
        self._load_test2_data()
        self._load_test3_data()
        self._load_raw_sql()

    def test_read_sql_iris(self):
        iris_frame = sql.read_sql_query(
            "SELECT * FROM iris", self.conn)
        self._check_iris_loaded_frame(iris_frame)

    def test_read_sql_view(self):
        iris_frame = sql.read_sql_query(
            "SELECT * FROM iris_view", self.conn)
        self._check_iris_loaded_frame(iris_frame)

    def test_to_sql(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', self.conn)
        self.assertTrue(
            sql.has_table('test_frame1', self.conn),
            'Table not written to DB')

    def test_to_sql_fail(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame2',
                   self.conn, if_exists='fail')
        self.assertTrue(
            sql.has_table('test_frame2', self.conn),
            'Table not written to DB')

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, sql.to_sql, self.test_frame1,
                          'test_frame2', self.conn, if_exists='fail')

    def test_to_sql_replace(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame3',
                   self.conn, if_exists='fail')
        # Add to table again
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame3',
                   self.conn, if_exists='replace')
        self.assertTrue(
            sql.has_table('test_frame3', self.conn),
            'Table not written to DB')

        num_entries = len(self.test_frame1)
        num_rows = self._count_rows('test_frame3')

        self.assertEqual(
            num_rows, num_entries, "not the same number of rows as entries")

    def test_to_sql_append(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame4',
                   self.conn, if_exists='fail')

        # Add to table again
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame4',
                   self.conn, if_exists='append')
        self.assertTrue(
            sql.has_table('test_frame4', self.conn),
            'Table not written to DB')

        num_entries = 2 * len(self.test_frame1)
        num_rows = self._count_rows('test_frame4')

        self.assertEqual(
            num_rows, num_entries, "not the same number of rows as entries")

    def test_to_sql_type_mapping(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame3, 'test_frame5', self.conn, index=False)
        result = sql.read_sql("SELECT * FROM test_frame5", self.conn)

        tm.assert_frame_equal(self.test_frame3, result)

    def test_to_sql_series(self):
        s = Series(np.arange(5, dtype='int64'), name='series')
        sql.to_sql(s, "test_series", self.conn, index=False)
        s2 = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM test_series", self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(s.to_frame(), s2)

    def test_to_sql_panel(self):
        panel = tm.makePanel()
        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, sql.to_sql, panel,
                          'test_panel', self.conn)

    def test_roundtrip(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame_roundtrip',
                   con=self.conn)
        result = sql.read_sql_query(
            'SELECT * FROM test_frame_roundtrip',
            con=self.conn)

        # HACK!
        result.index = self.test_frame1.index
        result.set_index('level_0', inplace=True)
        result.index.astype(int)
        result.index.name = None
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, self.test_frame1)

    def test_roundtrip_chunksize(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame_roundtrip', con=self.conn,
                   index=False, chunksize=2)
        result = sql.read_sql_query(
            'SELECT * FROM test_frame_roundtrip',
            con=self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, self.test_frame1)

    def test_execute_sql(self):
        # drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"  # should already be done
        iris_results = sql.execute("SELECT * FROM iris", con=self.conn)
        row = iris_results.fetchone()
        tm.equalContents(row, [5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'Iris-setosa'])

    def test_date_parsing(self):
        # Test date parsing in read_sq
        # No Parsing
        df = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM types_test_data", self.conn)
        self.assertFalse(
            issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
            "DateCol loaded with incorrect type")

        df = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates=['DateCol'])
        self.assertTrue(
            issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
            "DateCol loaded with incorrect type")

        df = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates={'DateCol': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'})
        self.assertTrue(
            issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
            "DateCol loaded with incorrect type")

        df = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates=['IntDateCol'])

        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.IntDateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
                        "IntDateCol loaded with incorrect type")

        df = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates={'IntDateCol': 's'})

        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.IntDateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
                        "IntDateCol loaded with incorrect type")

    def test_date_and_index(self):
        # Test case where same column appears in parse_date and index_col

        df = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM types_test_data", self.conn,
                                index_col='DateCol',
                                parse_dates=['DateCol', 'IntDateCol'])

        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.index.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
                        "DateCol loaded with incorrect type")

        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.IntDateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
                        "IntDateCol loaded with incorrect type")

    def test_timedelta(self):

        # see #6921
        df = to_timedelta(
            Series(['00:00:01', '00:00:03'], name='foo')).to_frame()
        with tm.assert_produces_warning(UserWarning):
            df.to_sql('test_timedelta', self.conn)
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_timedelta', self.conn)
        tm.assert_series_equal(result['foo'], df['foo'].astype('int64'))

    def test_complex(self):
        df = DataFrame({'a': [1 + 1j, 2j]})
        # Complex data type should raise error
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, df.to_sql, 'test_complex', self.conn)

    def test_to_sql_index_label(self):
        temp_frame = DataFrame({'col1': range(4)})

        # no index name, defaults to 'index'
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn)
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        self.assertEqual(frame.columns[0], 'index')

        # specifying index_label
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace', index_label='other_label')
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        self.assertEqual(frame.columns[0], 'other_label',
                         "Specified index_label not written to database")

        # using the index name
        temp_frame.index.name = 'index_name'
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace')
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        self.assertEqual(frame.columns[0], 'index_name',
                         "Index name not written to database")

        # has index name, but specifying index_label
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace', index_label='other_label')
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        self.assertEqual(frame.columns[0], 'other_label',
                         "Specified index_label not written to database")

    def test_to_sql_index_label_multiindex(self):
        temp_frame = DataFrame({'col1': range(4)},
                               index=MultiIndex.from_product(
                                   [('A0', 'A1'), ('B0', 'B1')]))

        # no index name, defaults to 'level_0' and 'level_1'
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn)
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        self.assertEqual(frame.columns[0], 'level_0')
        self.assertEqual(frame.columns[1], 'level_1')

        # specifying index_label
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace', index_label=['A', 'B'])
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        self.assertEqual(frame.columns[:2].tolist(), ['A', 'B'],
                         "Specified index_labels not written to database")

        # using the index name
        temp_frame.index.names = ['A', 'B']
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace')
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        self.assertEqual(frame.columns[:2].tolist(), ['A', 'B'],
                         "Index names not written to database")

        # has index name, but specifying index_label
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace', index_label=['C', 'D'])
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        self.assertEqual(frame.columns[:2].tolist(), ['C', 'D'],
                         "Specified index_labels not written to database")

        # wrong length of index_label
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, sql.to_sql, temp_frame,
                          'test_index_label', self.conn, if_exists='replace',
                          index_label='C')

    def test_multiindex_roundtrip(self):
        df = DataFrame.from_records([(1, 2.1, 'line1'), (2, 1.5, 'line2')],
                                    columns=['A', 'B', 'C'], index=['A', 'B'])

        df.to_sql('test_multiindex_roundtrip', self.conn)
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_multiindex_roundtrip',
                                    self.conn, index_col=['A', 'B'])
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, result, check_index_type=True)

    def test_integer_col_names(self):
        df = DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]], columns=[0, 1])
        sql.to_sql(df, "test_frame_integer_col_names", self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace')

    def test_get_schema(self):
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(self.test_frame1, 'test', con=self.conn)
        self.assertTrue('CREATE' in create_sql)

    def test_get_schema_dtypes(self):
        float_frame = DataFrame({'a': [1.1, 1.2], 'b': [2.1, 2.2]})
        dtype = sqlalchemy.Integer if self.mode == 'sqlalchemy' else 'INTEGER'
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(float_frame, 'test',
                                    con=self.conn, dtype={'b': dtype})
        self.assertTrue('CREATE' in create_sql)
        self.assertTrue('INTEGER' in create_sql)

    def test_get_schema_keys(self):
        frame = DataFrame({'Col1': [1.1, 1.2], 'Col2': [2.1, 2.2]})
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test', con=self.conn, keys='Col1')
        constraint_sentence = 'CONSTRAINT test_pk PRIMARY KEY ("Col1")'
        self.assertTrue(constraint_sentence in create_sql)

        # multiple columns as key (GH10385)
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(self.test_frame1, 'test',
                                    con=self.conn, keys=['A', 'B'])
        constraint_sentence = 'CONSTRAINT test_pk PRIMARY KEY ("A", "B")'
        self.assertTrue(constraint_sentence in create_sql)

    def test_chunksize_read(self):
        df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(22, 5), columns=list('abcde'))
        df.to_sql('test_chunksize', self.conn, index=False)

        # reading the query in one time
        res1 = sql.read_sql_query("select * from test_chunksize", self.conn)

        # reading the query in chunks with read_sql_query
        res2 = DataFrame()
        i = 0
        sizes = [5, 5, 5, 5, 2]

        for chunk in sql.read_sql_query("select * from test_chunksize",
                                        self.conn, chunksize=5):
            res2 = concat([res2, chunk], ignore_index=True)
            self.assertEqual(len(chunk), sizes[i])
            i += 1

        tm.assert_frame_equal(res1, res2)

        # reading the query in chunks with read_sql_query
        if self.mode == 'sqlalchemy':
            res3 = DataFrame()
            i = 0
            sizes = [5, 5, 5, 5, 2]

            for chunk in sql.read_sql_table("test_chunksize", self.conn,
                                            chunksize=5):
                res3 = concat([res3, chunk], ignore_index=True)
                self.assertEqual(len(chunk), sizes[i])
                i += 1

            tm.assert_frame_equal(res1, res3)

    def test_categorical(self):
        # GH8624
        # test that categorical gets written correctly as dense column
        df = DataFrame(
            {'person_id': [1, 2, 3],
             'person_name': ['John P. Doe', 'Jane Dove', 'John P. Doe']})
        df2 = df.copy()
        df2['person_name'] = df2['person_name'].astype('category')

        df2.to_sql('test_categorical', self.conn, index=False)
        res = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_categorical', self.conn)

        tm.assert_frame_equal(res, df)

    def test_unicode_column_name(self):
        # GH 11431
        df = DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]], columns=[u'\xe9', u'b'])
        df.to_sql('test_unicode', self.conn, index=False)


class TestSQLApi(SQLAlchemyMixIn, _TestSQLApi):
    """
    Test the public API as it would be used directly

    Tests for `read_sql_table` are included here, as this is specific for the
    sqlalchemy mode.

    """
    flavor = 'sqlite'
    mode = 'sqlalchemy'

    def connect(self):
        if SQLALCHEMY_INSTALLED:
            return sqlalchemy.create_engine('sqlite:///:memory:')
        else:
            raise nose.SkipTest('SQLAlchemy not installed')

    def test_read_table_columns(self):
        # test columns argument in read_table
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame', self.conn)

        cols = ['A', 'B']
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_frame', self.conn, columns=cols)
        self.assertEqual(result.columns.tolist(), cols,
                         "Columns not correctly selected")

    def test_read_table_index_col(self):
        # test columns argument in read_table
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame', self.conn)

        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_frame', self.conn, index_col="index")
        self.assertEqual(result.index.names, ["index"],
                         "index_col not correctly set")

        result = sql.read_sql_table(
            'test_frame', self.conn, index_col=["A", "B"])
        self.assertEqual(result.index.names, ["A", "B"],
                         "index_col not correctly set")

        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_frame', self.conn,
                                    index_col=["A", "B"],
                                    columns=["C", "D"])
        self.assertEqual(result.index.names, ["A", "B"],
                         "index_col not correctly set")
        self.assertEqual(result.columns.tolist(), ["C", "D"],
                         "columns not set correctly whith index_col")

    def test_read_sql_delegate(self):
        iris_frame1 = sql.read_sql_query(
            "SELECT * FROM iris", self.conn)
        iris_frame2 = sql.read_sql(
            "SELECT * FROM iris", self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(iris_frame1, iris_frame2)

        iris_frame1 = sql.read_sql_table('iris', self.conn)
        iris_frame2 = sql.read_sql('iris', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(iris_frame1, iris_frame2)

    def test_not_reflect_all_tables(self):
        # create invalid table
        qry = """CREATE TABLE invalid (x INTEGER, y UNKNOWN);"""
        self.conn.execute(qry)
        qry = """CREATE TABLE other_table (x INTEGER, y INTEGER);"""
        self.conn.execute(qry)

        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
            # Cause all warnings to always be triggered.
            warnings.simplefilter("always")
            # Trigger a warning.
            sql.read_sql_table('other_table', self.conn)
            sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM other_table', self.conn)
            # Verify some things
            self.assertEqual(len(w), 0, "Warning triggered for other table")

    def test_warning_case_insensitive_table_name(self):
        # see GH7815.
        # We can't test that this warning is triggered, a the database
        # configuration would have to be altered. But here we test that
        # the warning is certainly NOT triggered in a normal case.
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
            # Cause all warnings to always be triggered.
            warnings.simplefilter("always")
            # This should not trigger a Warning
            self.test_frame1.to_sql('CaseSensitive', self.conn)
            # Verify some things
            self.assertEqual(
                len(w), 0, "Warning triggered for writing a table")

    def _get_index_columns(self, tbl_name):
        from sqlalchemy.engine import reflection
        insp = reflection.Inspector.from_engine(self.conn)
        ixs = insp.get_indexes('test_index_saved')
        ixs = [i['column_names'] for i in ixs]
        return ixs

    def test_sqlalchemy_type_mapping(self):

        # Test Timestamp objects (no datetime64 because of timezone) (GH9085)
        df = DataFrame({'time': to_datetime(['201412120154', '201412110254'],
                                            utc=True)})
        db = sql.SQLDatabase(self.conn)
        table = sql.SQLTable("test_type", db, frame=df)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(
            table.table.c['time'].type, sqltypes.DateTime))

    def test_to_sql_read_sql_with_database_uri(self):

        # Test read_sql and .to_sql method with a database URI (GH10654)
        test_frame1 = self.test_frame1
        # db_uri = 'sqlite:///:memory:' # raises
        # sqlalchemy.exc.OperationalError: (sqlite3.OperationalError) near
        # "iris": syntax error [SQL: 'iris']
        with tm.ensure_clean() as name:
            db_uri = 'sqlite:///' + name
            table = 'iris'
            test_frame1.to_sql(table, db_uri, if_exists='replace', index=False)
            test_frame2 = sql.read_sql(table, db_uri)
            test_frame3 = sql.read_sql_table(table, db_uri)
            query = 'SELECT * FROM iris'
            test_frame4 = sql.read_sql_query(query, db_uri)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(test_frame1, test_frame2)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(test_frame1, test_frame3)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(test_frame1, test_frame4)

    def _make_iris_table_metadata(self):
        sa = sqlalchemy
        metadata = sa.MetaData()
        iris = sa.Table('iris', metadata,
                        sa.Column('SepalLength', sa.REAL),
                        sa.Column('SepalWidth', sa.REAL),
                        sa.Column('PetalLength', sa.REAL),
                        sa.Column('PetalWidth', sa.REAL),
                        sa.Column('Name', sa.TEXT)
                        )

        return iris

    def test_query_by_text_obj(self):
        # WIP : GH10846
        name_text = sqlalchemy.text('select * from iris where name=:name')
        iris_df = sql.read_sql(name_text, self.conn, params={
                               'name': 'Iris-versicolor'})
        all_names = set(iris_df['Name'])
        self.assertEqual(all_names, set(['Iris-versicolor']))

    def test_query_by_select_obj(self):
        # WIP : GH10846
        iris = self._make_iris_table_metadata()

        name_select = sqlalchemy.select([iris]).where(
            iris.c.Name == sqlalchemy.bindparam('name'))
        iris_df = sql.read_sql(name_select, self.conn,
                               params={'name': 'Iris-setosa'})
        all_names = set(iris_df['Name'])
        self.assertEqual(all_names, set(['Iris-setosa']))


class _EngineToConnMixin(object):
    """
    A mixin that causes setup_connect to create a conn rather than an engine.
    """

    def setUp(self):
        super(_EngineToConnMixin, self).setUp()
        engine = self.conn
        conn = engine.connect()
        self.__tx = conn.begin()
        self.pandasSQL = sql.SQLDatabase(conn)
        self.__engine = engine
        self.conn = conn

    def tearDown(self):
        self.__tx.rollback()
        self.conn.close()
        self.conn = self.__engine
        self.pandasSQL = sql.SQLDatabase(self.__engine)
        super(_EngineToConnMixin, self).tearDown()


class TestSQLApiConn(_EngineToConnMixin, TestSQLApi):
    pass


class TestSQLiteFallbackApi(SQLiteMixIn, _TestSQLApi):
    """
    Test the public sqlite connection fallback API

    """
    flavor = 'sqlite'
    mode = 'fallback'

    def connect(self, database=":memory:"):
        return sqlite3.connect(database)

    def test_sql_open_close(self):
        # Test if the IO in the database still work if the connection closed
        # between the writing and reading (as in many real situations).

        with tm.ensure_clean() as name:

            conn = self.connect(name)
            sql.to_sql(self.test_frame3, "test_frame3_legacy",
                       conn, index=False)
            conn.close()

            conn = self.connect(name)
            result = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM test_frame3_legacy;",
                                        conn)
            conn.close()

        tm.assert_frame_equal(self.test_frame3, result)

    def test_read_sql_delegate(self):
        iris_frame1 = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM iris", self.conn)
        iris_frame2 = sql.read_sql("SELECT * FROM iris", self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(iris_frame1, iris_frame2)

        self.assertRaises(sql.DatabaseError, sql.read_sql, 'iris', self.conn)

    def test_safe_names_warning(self):
        # GH 6798
        df = DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]], columns=['a', 'b '])  # has a space
        # warns on create table with spaces in names
        with tm.assert_produces_warning():
            sql.to_sql(df, "test_frame3_legacy", self.conn, index=False)

    def test_get_schema2(self):
        # without providing a connection object (available for backwards comp)
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(self.test_frame1, 'test')
        self.assertTrue('CREATE' in create_sql)

    def _get_sqlite_column_type(self, schema, column):

        for col in schema.split('\n'):
            if col.split()[0].strip('""') == column:
                return col.split()[1]
        raise ValueError('Column %s not found' % (column))

    def test_sqlite_type_mapping(self):

        # Test Timestamp objects (no datetime64 because of timezone) (GH9085)
        df = DataFrame({'time': to_datetime(['201412120154', '201412110254'],
                                            utc=True)})
        db = sql.SQLiteDatabase(self.conn)
        table = sql.SQLiteTable("test_type", db, frame=df)
        schema = table.sql_schema()
        self.assertEqual(self._get_sqlite_column_type(schema, 'time'),
                         "TIMESTAMP")


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# -- Database flavor specific tests


class _TestSQLAlchemy(SQLAlchemyMixIn, PandasSQLTest):
    """
    Base class for testing the sqlalchemy backend.

    Subclasses for specific database types are created below. Tests that
    deviate for each flavor are overwritten there.

    """
    flavor = None

    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        cls.setup_import()
        cls.setup_driver()

        # test connection
        try:
            conn = cls.connect()
            conn.connect()
        except sqlalchemy.exc.OperationalError:
            msg = "{0} - can't connect to {1} server".format(cls, cls.flavor)
            raise nose.SkipTest(msg)

    def setUp(self):
        self.setup_connect()

        self._load_iris_data()
        self._load_raw_sql()
        self._load_test1_data()

    @classmethod
    def setup_import(cls):
        # Skip this test if SQLAlchemy not available
        if not SQLALCHEMY_INSTALLED:
            raise nose.SkipTest('SQLAlchemy not installed')

    @classmethod
    def setup_driver(cls):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @classmethod
    def connect(cls):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def setup_connect(self):
        try:
            self.conn = self.connect()
            self.pandasSQL = sql.SQLDatabase(self.conn)
            # to test if connection can be made:
            self.conn.connect()
        except sqlalchemy.exc.OperationalError:
            raise nose.SkipTest(
                "Can't connect to {0} server".format(self.flavor))

    def test_aread_sql(self):
        self._read_sql_iris()

    def test_read_sql_parameter(self):
        self._read_sql_iris_parameter()

    def test_read_sql_named_parameter(self):
        self._read_sql_iris_named_parameter()

    def test_to_sql(self):
        self._to_sql()

    def test_to_sql_empty(self):
        self._to_sql_empty()

    def test_to_sql_fail(self):
        self._to_sql_fail()

    def test_to_sql_replace(self):
        self._to_sql_replace()

    def test_to_sql_append(self):
        self._to_sql_append()

    def test_create_table(self):
        temp_conn = self.connect()
        temp_frame = DataFrame(
            {'one': [1., 2., 3., 4.], 'two': [4., 3., 2., 1.]})

        pandasSQL = sql.SQLDatabase(temp_conn)
        pandasSQL.to_sql(temp_frame, 'temp_frame')

        self.assertTrue(
            temp_conn.has_table('temp_frame'), 'Table not written to DB')

    def test_drop_table(self):
        temp_conn = self.connect()

        temp_frame = DataFrame(
            {'one': [1., 2., 3., 4.], 'two': [4., 3., 2., 1.]})

        pandasSQL = sql.SQLDatabase(temp_conn)
        pandasSQL.to_sql(temp_frame, 'temp_frame')

        self.assertTrue(
            temp_conn.has_table('temp_frame'), 'Table not written to DB')

        pandasSQL.drop_table('temp_frame')

        self.assertFalse(
            temp_conn.has_table('temp_frame'), 'Table not deleted from DB')

    def test_roundtrip(self):
        self._roundtrip()

    def test_execute_sql(self):
        self._execute_sql()

    def test_read_table(self):
        iris_frame = sql.read_sql_table("iris", con=self.conn)
        self._check_iris_loaded_frame(iris_frame)

    def test_read_table_columns(self):
        iris_frame = sql.read_sql_table(
            "iris", con=self.conn, columns=['SepalLength', 'SepalLength'])
        tm.equalContents(
            iris_frame.columns.values, ['SepalLength', 'SepalLength'])

    def test_read_table_absent(self):
        self.assertRaises(
            ValueError, sql.read_sql_table, "this_doesnt_exist", con=self.conn)

    def test_default_type_conversion(self):
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)

        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.FloatCol.dtype.type, np.floating),
                        "FloatCol loaded with incorrect type")
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.IntCol.dtype.type, np.integer),
                        "IntCol loaded with incorrect type")
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.BoolCol.dtype.type, np.bool_),
                        "BoolCol loaded with incorrect type")

        # Int column with NA values stays as float
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.IntColWithNull.dtype.type, np.floating),
                        "IntColWithNull loaded with incorrect type")
        # Bool column with NA values becomes object
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.BoolColWithNull.dtype.type, np.object),
                        "BoolColWithNull loaded with incorrect type")

    def test_bigint(self):
        # int64 should be converted to BigInteger, GH7433
        df = DataFrame(data={'i64': [2**62]})
        df.to_sql('test_bigint', self.conn, index=False)
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_bigint', self.conn)

        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, result)

    def test_default_date_load(self):
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)

        # IMPORTANT - sqlite has no native date type, so shouldn't parse, but
        # MySQL SHOULD be converted.
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
                        "DateCol loaded with incorrect type")

    def test_datetime_with_timezone(self):
        # edge case that converts postgresql datetime with time zone types
        # to datetime64[ns,psycopg2.tz.FixedOffsetTimezone..], which is ok
        # but should be more natural, so coerce to datetime64[ns] for now

        def check(col):
            # check that a column is either datetime64[ns]
            # or datetime64[ns, UTC]
            if is_datetime64_dtype(col.dtype):

                # "2000-01-01 00:00:00-08:00" should convert to
                # "2000-01-01 08:00:00"
                self.assertEqual(col[0], Timestamp('2000-01-01 08:00:00'))

                # "2000-06-01 00:00:00-07:00" should convert to
                # "2000-06-01 07:00:00"
                self.assertEqual(col[1], Timestamp('2000-06-01 07:00:00'))

            elif is_datetime64tz_dtype(col.dtype):
                self.assertTrue(str(col.dt.tz) == 'UTC')

                # "2000-01-01 00:00:00-08:00" should convert to
                # "2000-01-01 08:00:00"
                self.assertEqual(col[0], Timestamp(
                    '2000-01-01 08:00:00', tz='UTC'))

                # "2000-06-01 00:00:00-07:00" should convert to
                # "2000-06-01 07:00:00"
                self.assertEqual(col[1], Timestamp(
                    '2000-06-01 07:00:00', tz='UTC'))

            else:
                raise AssertionError("DateCol loaded with incorrect type "
                                     "-> {0}".format(col.dtype))

        # GH11216
        df = pd.read_sql_query("select * from types_test_data", self.conn)
        if not hasattr(df, 'DateColWithTz'):
            raise nose.SkipTest("no column with datetime with time zone")

        # this is parsed on Travis (linux), but not on macosx for some reason
        # even with the same versions of psycopg2 & sqlalchemy, possibly a
        # Postgrsql server version difference
        col = df.DateColWithTz
        self.assertTrue(is_object_dtype(col.dtype) or
                        is_datetime64_dtype(col.dtype) or
                        is_datetime64tz_dtype(col.dtype),
                        "DateCol loaded with incorrect type -> {0}"
                        .format(col.dtype))

        df = pd.read_sql_query("select * from types_test_data",
                               self.conn, parse_dates=['DateColWithTz'])
        if not hasattr(df, 'DateColWithTz'):
            raise nose.SkipTest("no column with datetime with time zone")
        check(df.DateColWithTz)

        df = pd.concat(list(pd.read_sql_query("select * from types_test_data",
                                              self.conn, chunksize=1)),
                       ignore_index=True)
        col = df.DateColWithTz
        self.assertTrue(is_datetime64tz_dtype(col.dtype),
                        "DateCol loaded with incorrect type -> {0}"
                        .format(col.dtype))
        self.assertTrue(str(col.dt.tz) == 'UTC')
        expected = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)
        tm.assert_series_equal(df.DateColWithTz,
                               expected.DateColWithTz
                               .astype('datetime64[ns, UTC]'))

        # xref #7139
        # this might or might not be converted depending on the postgres driver
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)
        check(df.DateColWithTz)

    def test_date_parsing(self):
        # No Parsing
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)

        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates=['DateCol'])
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
                        "DateCol loaded with incorrect type")

        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates={'DateCol': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'})
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
                        "DateCol loaded with incorrect type")

        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn, parse_dates={
            'DateCol': {'format': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'}})
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
                        "IntDateCol loaded with incorrect type")

        df = sql.read_sql_table(
            "types_test_data", self.conn, parse_dates=['IntDateCol'])
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.IntDateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
                        "IntDateCol loaded with incorrect type")

        df = sql.read_sql_table(
            "types_test_data", self.conn, parse_dates={'IntDateCol': 's'})
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.IntDateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
                        "IntDateCol loaded with incorrect type")

        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates={'IntDateCol': {'unit': 's'}})
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.IntDateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
                        "IntDateCol loaded with incorrect type")

    def test_datetime(self):
        df = DataFrame({'A': date_range('2013-01-01 09:00:00', periods=3),
                        'B': np.arange(3.0)})
        df.to_sql('test_datetime', self.conn)

        # with read_table -> type information from schema used
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_datetime', self.conn)
        result = result.drop('index', axis=1)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

        # with read_sql -> no type information -> sqlite has no native
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_datetime', self.conn)
        result = result.drop('index', axis=1)
        if self.flavor == 'sqlite':
            self.assertTrue(isinstance(result.loc[0, 'A'], string_types))
            result['A'] = to_datetime(result['A'])
            tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)
        else:
            tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

    def test_datetime_NaT(self):
        df = DataFrame({'A': date_range('2013-01-01 09:00:00', periods=3),
                        'B': np.arange(3.0)})
        df.loc[1, 'A'] = np.nan
        df.to_sql('test_datetime', self.conn, index=False)

        # with read_table -> type information from schema used
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_datetime', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

        # with read_sql -> no type information -> sqlite has no native
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_datetime', self.conn)
        if self.flavor == 'sqlite':
            self.assertTrue(isinstance(result.loc[0, 'A'], string_types))
            result['A'] = to_datetime(result['A'], errors='coerce')
            tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)
        else:
            tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

    def test_datetime_date(self):
        # test support for datetime.date
        df = DataFrame([date(2014, 1, 1), date(2014, 1, 2)], columns=["a"])
        df.to_sql('test_date', self.conn, index=False)
        res = read_sql_table('test_date', self.conn)
        # comes back as datetime64
        tm.assert_series_equal(res['a'], to_datetime(df['a']))

    def test_datetime_time(self):
        # test support for datetime.time
        df = DataFrame([time(9, 0, 0), time(9, 1, 30)], columns=["a"])
        df.to_sql('test_time', self.conn, index=False)
        res = read_sql_table('test_time', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(res, df)

        # GH8341
        # first, use the fallback to have the sqlite adapter put in place
        sqlite_conn = TestSQLiteFallback.connect()
        sql.to_sql(df, "test_time2", sqlite_conn, index=False)
        res = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM test_time2", sqlite_conn)
        ref = df.applymap(lambda _: _.strftime("%H:%M:%S.%f"))
        tm.assert_frame_equal(ref, res)  # check if adapter is in place
        # then test if sqlalchemy is unaffected by the sqlite adapter
        sql.to_sql(df, "test_time3", self.conn, index=False)
        if self.flavor == 'sqlite':
            res = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM test_time3", self.conn)
            ref = df.applymap(lambda _: _.strftime("%H:%M:%S.%f"))
            tm.assert_frame_equal(ref, res)
        res = sql.read_sql_table("test_time3", self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res)

    def test_mixed_dtype_insert(self):
        # see GH6509
        s1 = Series(2**25 + 1, dtype=np.int32)
        s2 = Series(0.0, dtype=np.float32)
        df = DataFrame({'s1': s1, 's2': s2})

        # write and read again
        df.to_sql("test_read_write", self.conn, index=False)
        df2 = sql.read_sql_table("test_read_write", self.conn)

        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, df2, check_dtype=False, check_exact=True)

    def test_nan_numeric(self):
        # NaNs in numeric float column
        df = DataFrame({'A': [0, 1, 2], 'B': [0.2, np.nan, 5.6]})
        df.to_sql('test_nan', self.conn, index=False)

        # with read_table
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_nan', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

        # with read_sql
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_nan', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

    def test_nan_fullcolumn(self):
        # full NaN column (numeric float column)
        df = DataFrame({'A': [0, 1, 2], 'B': [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan]})
        df.to_sql('test_nan', self.conn, index=False)

        # with read_table
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_nan', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

        # with read_sql -> not type info from table -> stays None
        df['B'] = df['B'].astype('object')
        df['B'] = None
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_nan', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

    def test_nan_string(self):
        # NaNs in string column
        df = DataFrame({'A': [0, 1, 2], 'B': ['a', 'b', np.nan]})
        df.to_sql('test_nan', self.conn, index=False)

        # NaNs are coming back as None
        df.loc[2, 'B'] = None

        # with read_table
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_nan', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

        # with read_sql
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_nan', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

    def _get_index_columns(self, tbl_name):
        from sqlalchemy.engine import reflection
        insp = reflection.Inspector.from_engine(self.conn)
        ixs = insp.get_indexes(tbl_name)
        ixs = [i['column_names'] for i in ixs]
        return ixs

    def test_to_sql_save_index(self):
        self._to_sql_save_index()

    def test_transactions(self):
        self._transaction_test()

    def test_get_schema_create_table(self):
        # Use a dataframe without a bool column, since MySQL converts bool to
        # TINYINT (which read_sql_table returns as an int and causes a dtype
        # mismatch)

        self._load_test3_data()
        tbl = 'test_get_schema_create_table'
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(self.test_frame3, tbl, con=self.conn)
        blank_test_df = self.test_frame3.iloc[:0]

        self.drop_table(tbl)
        self.conn.execute(create_sql)
        returned_df = sql.read_sql_table(tbl, self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(returned_df, blank_test_df,
                              check_index_type=False)
        self.drop_table(tbl)

    def test_dtype(self):
        cols = ['A', 'B']
        data = [(0.8, True),
                (0.9, None)]
        df = DataFrame(data, columns=cols)
        df.to_sql('dtype_test', self.conn)
        df.to_sql('dtype_test2', self.conn, dtype={'B': sqlalchemy.TEXT})
        meta = sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData(bind=self.conn)
        meta.reflect()
        sqltype = meta.tables['dtype_test2'].columns['B'].type
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(sqltype, sqlalchemy.TEXT))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, df.to_sql,
                          'error', self.conn, dtype={'B': str})

        # GH9083
        df.to_sql('dtype_test3', self.conn, dtype={'B': sqlalchemy.String(10)})
        meta.reflect()
        sqltype = meta.tables['dtype_test3'].columns['B'].type
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(sqltype, sqlalchemy.String))
        self.assertEqual(sqltype.length, 10)

    def test_notnull_dtype(self):
        cols = {'Bool': Series([True, None]),
                'Date': Series([datetime(2012, 5, 1), None]),
                'Int': Series([1, None], dtype='object'),
                'Float': Series([1.1, None])
                }
        df = DataFrame(cols)

        tbl = 'notnull_dtype_test'
        df.to_sql(tbl, self.conn)
        returned_df = sql.read_sql_table(tbl, self.conn)  # noqa
        meta = sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData(bind=self.conn)
        meta.reflect()
        if self.flavor == 'mysql':
            my_type = sqltypes.Integer
        else:
            my_type = sqltypes.Boolean

        col_dict = meta.tables[tbl].columns

        self.assertTrue(isinstance(col_dict['Bool'].type, my_type))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(col_dict['Date'].type, sqltypes.DateTime))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(col_dict['Int'].type, sqltypes.Integer))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(col_dict['Float'].type, sqltypes.Float))

    def test_double_precision(self):
        V = 1.23456789101112131415

        df = DataFrame({'f32': Series([V, ], dtype='float32'),
                        'f64': Series([V, ], dtype='float64'),
                        'f64_as_f32': Series([V, ], dtype='float64'),
                        'i32': Series([5, ], dtype='int32'),
                        'i64': Series([5, ], dtype='int64'),
                        })

        df.to_sql('test_dtypes', self.conn, index=False, if_exists='replace',
                  dtype={'f64_as_f32': sqlalchemy.Float(precision=23)})
        res = sql.read_sql_table('test_dtypes', self.conn)

        # check precision of float64
        self.assertEqual(np.round(df['f64'].iloc[0], 14),
                         np.round(res['f64'].iloc[0], 14))

        # check sql types
        meta = sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData(bind=self.conn)
        meta.reflect()
        col_dict = meta.tables['test_dtypes'].columns
        self.assertEqual(str(col_dict['f32'].type),
                         str(col_dict['f64_as_f32'].type))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(col_dict['f32'].type, sqltypes.Float))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(col_dict['f64'].type, sqltypes.Float))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(col_dict['i32'].type, sqltypes.Integer))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(col_dict['i64'].type, sqltypes.BigInteger))

    def test_connectable_issue_example(self):
        # This tests the example raised in issue
        # https://github.com/pydata/pandas/issues/10104

        def foo(connection):
            query = 'SELECT test_foo_data FROM test_foo_data'
            return sql.read_sql_query(query, con=connection)

        def bar(connection, data):
            data.to_sql(name='test_foo_data',
                        con=connection, if_exists='append')

        def main(connectable):
            with connectable.connect() as conn:
                with conn.begin():
                    foo_data = conn.run_callable(foo)
                    conn.run_callable(bar, foo_data)

        DataFrame({'test_foo_data': [0, 1, 2]}).to_sql(
            'test_foo_data', self.conn)
        main(self.conn)

    def test_temporary_table(self):
        test_data = u'Hello, World!'
        expected = DataFrame({'spam': [test_data]})
        Base = declarative.declarative_base()

        class Temporary(Base):
            __tablename__ = 'temp_test'
            __table_args__ = {'prefixes': ['TEMPORARY']}
            id = sqlalchemy.Column(sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True)
            spam = sqlalchemy.Column(sqlalchemy.Unicode(30), nullable=False)

        Session = sa_session.sessionmaker(bind=self.conn)
        session = Session()
        with session.transaction:
            conn = session.connection()
            Temporary.__table__.create(conn)
            session.add(Temporary(spam=test_data))
            session.flush()
            df = sql.read_sql_query(
                sql=sqlalchemy.select([Temporary.spam]),
                con=conn,
            )

        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, expected)


class _TestSQLAlchemyConn(_EngineToConnMixin, _TestSQLAlchemy):

    def test_transactions(self):
        raise nose.SkipTest(
            "Nested transactions rollbacks don't work with Pandas")


class _TestSQLiteAlchemy(object):
    """
    Test the sqlalchemy backend against an in-memory sqlite database.

    """
    flavor = 'sqlite'

    @classmethod
    def connect(cls):
        return sqlalchemy.create_engine('sqlite:///:memory:')

    @classmethod
    def setup_driver(cls):
        # sqlite3 is built-in
        cls.driver = None

    def test_default_type_conversion(self):
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)

        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.FloatCol.dtype.type, np.floating),
                        "FloatCol loaded with incorrect type")
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.IntCol.dtype.type, np.integer),
                        "IntCol loaded with incorrect type")
        # sqlite has no boolean type, so integer type is returned
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.BoolCol.dtype.type, np.integer),
                        "BoolCol loaded with incorrect type")

        # Int column with NA values stays as float
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.IntColWithNull.dtype.type, np.floating),
                        "IntColWithNull loaded with incorrect type")
        # Non-native Bool column with NA values stays as float
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.BoolColWithNull.dtype.type, np.floating),
                        "BoolColWithNull loaded with incorrect type")

    def test_default_date_load(self):
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)

        # IMPORTANT - sqlite has no native date type, so shouldn't parse, but
        self.assertFalse(issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64),
                         "DateCol loaded with incorrect type")

    def test_bigint_warning(self):
        # test no warning for BIGINT (to support int64) is raised (GH7433)
        df = DataFrame({'a': [1, 2]}, dtype='int64')
        df.to_sql('test_bigintwarning', self.conn, index=False)

        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
            warnings.simplefilter("always")
            sql.read_sql_table('test_bigintwarning', self.conn)
            self.assertEqual(len(w), 0, "Warning triggered for other table")


class _TestMySQLAlchemy(object):
    """
    Test the sqlalchemy backend against an MySQL database.

    """
    flavor = 'mysql'

    @classmethod
    def connect(cls):
        url = 'mysql+{driver}://root@localhost/pandas_nosetest'
        return sqlalchemy.create_engine(url.format(driver=cls.driver))

    @classmethod
    def setup_driver(cls):
        try:
            import pymysql  # noqa
            cls.driver = 'pymysql'
        except ImportError:
            raise nose.SkipTest('pymysql not installed')

    def test_default_type_conversion(self):
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)

        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.FloatCol.dtype.type, np.floating),
                        "FloatCol loaded with incorrect type")
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.IntCol.dtype.type, np.integer),
                        "IntCol loaded with incorrect type")
        # MySQL has no real BOOL type (it's an alias for TINYINT)
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.BoolCol.dtype.type, np.integer),
                        "BoolCol loaded with incorrect type")

        # Int column with NA values stays as float
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.IntColWithNull.dtype.type, np.floating),
                        "IntColWithNull loaded with incorrect type")
        # Bool column with NA = int column with NA values => becomes float
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(df.BoolColWithNull.dtype.type, np.floating),
                        "BoolColWithNull loaded with incorrect type")

    def test_read_procedure(self):
        # see GH7324. Although it is more an api test, it is added to the
        # mysql tests as sqlite does not have stored procedures
        df = DataFrame({'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': [0.1, 0.2, 0.3]})
        df.to_sql('test_procedure', self.conn, index=False)

        proc = """DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS get_testdb;

        CREATE PROCEDURE get_testdb ()

        BEGIN
            SELECT * FROM test_procedure;
        END"""

        connection = self.conn.connect()
        trans = connection.begin()
        try:
            r1 = connection.execute(proc)  # noqa
            trans.commit()
        except:
            trans.rollback()
            raise

        res1 = sql.read_sql_query("CALL get_testdb();", self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res1)

        # test delegation to read_sql_query
        res2 = sql.read_sql("CALL get_testdb();", self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res2)


class _TestPostgreSQLAlchemy(object):
    """
    Test the sqlalchemy backend against an PostgreSQL database.

    """
    flavor = 'postgresql'

    @classmethod
    def connect(cls):
        url = 'postgresql+{driver}://postgres@localhost/pandas_nosetest'
        return sqlalchemy.create_engine(url.format(driver=cls.driver))

    @classmethod
    def setup_driver(cls):
        try:
            import psycopg2  # noqa
            cls.driver = 'psycopg2'
        except ImportError:
            raise nose.SkipTest('psycopg2 not installed')

    def test_schema_support(self):
        # only test this for postgresql (schema's not supported in
        # mysql/sqlite)
        df = DataFrame({'col1': [1, 2], 'col2': [
                       0.1, 0.2], 'col3': ['a', 'n']})

        # create a schema
        self.conn.execute("DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS other CASCADE;")
        self.conn.execute("CREATE SCHEMA other;")

        # write dataframe to different schema's
        df.to_sql('test_schema_public', self.conn, index=False)
        df.to_sql('test_schema_public_explicit', self.conn, index=False,
                  schema='public')
        df.to_sql('test_schema_other', self.conn, index=False, schema='other')

        # read dataframes back in
        res1 = sql.read_sql_table('test_schema_public', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res1)
        res2 = sql.read_sql_table('test_schema_public_explicit', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res2)
        res3 = sql.read_sql_table('test_schema_public_explicit', self.conn,
                                  schema='public')
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res3)
        res4 = sql.read_sql_table('test_schema_other', self.conn,
                                  schema='other')
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res4)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, sql.read_sql_table, 'test_schema_other',
                          self.conn, schema='public')

        # different if_exists options

        # create a schema
        self.conn.execute("DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS other CASCADE;")
        self.conn.execute("CREATE SCHEMA other;")

        # write dataframe with different if_exists options
        df.to_sql('test_schema_other', self.conn, schema='other', index=False)
        df.to_sql('test_schema_other', self.conn, schema='other', index=False,
                  if_exists='replace')
        df.to_sql('test_schema_other', self.conn, schema='other', index=False,
                  if_exists='append')
        res = sql.read_sql_table(
            'test_schema_other', self.conn, schema='other')
        tm.assert_frame_equal(concat([df, df], ignore_index=True), res)

        # specifying schema in user-provided meta

        # The schema won't be applied on another Connection
        # because of transactional schemas
        if isinstance(self.conn, sqlalchemy.engine.Engine):
            engine2 = self.connect()
            meta = sqlalchemy.MetaData(engine2, schema='other')
            pdsql = sql.SQLDatabase(engine2, meta=meta)
            pdsql.to_sql(df, 'test_schema_other2', index=False)
            pdsql.to_sql(df, 'test_schema_other2',
                         index=False, if_exists='replace')
            pdsql.to_sql(df, 'test_schema_other2',
                         index=False, if_exists='append')
            res1 = sql.read_sql_table(
                'test_schema_other2', self.conn, schema='other')
            res2 = pdsql.read_table('test_schema_other2')
            tm.assert_frame_equal(res1, res2)


class TestMySQLAlchemy(_TestMySQLAlchemy, _TestSQLAlchemy):
    pass


class TestMySQLAlchemyConn(_TestMySQLAlchemy, _TestSQLAlchemyConn):
    pass


class TestPostgreSQLAlchemy(_TestPostgreSQLAlchemy, _TestSQLAlchemy):
    pass


class TestPostgreSQLAlchemyConn(_TestPostgreSQLAlchemy, _TestSQLAlchemyConn):
    pass


class TestSQLiteAlchemy(_TestSQLiteAlchemy, _TestSQLAlchemy):
    pass


class TestSQLiteAlchemyConn(_TestSQLiteAlchemy, _TestSQLAlchemyConn):
    pass


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# -- Test Sqlite / MySQL fallback

class TestSQLiteFallback(SQLiteMixIn, PandasSQLTest):
    """
    Test the fallback mode against an in-memory sqlite database.

    """
    flavor = 'sqlite'

    @classmethod
    def connect(cls):
        return sqlite3.connect(':memory:')

    def setUp(self):
        self.conn = self.connect()
        self.pandasSQL = sql.SQLiteDatabase(self.conn)

        self._load_iris_data()

        self._load_test1_data()

    def test_read_sql(self):
        self._read_sql_iris()

    def test_read_sql_parameter(self):
        self._read_sql_iris_parameter()

    def test_read_sql_named_parameter(self):
        self._read_sql_iris_named_parameter()

    def test_to_sql(self):
        self._to_sql()

    def test_to_sql_empty(self):
        self._to_sql_empty()

    def test_to_sql_fail(self):
        self._to_sql_fail()

    def test_to_sql_replace(self):
        self._to_sql_replace()

    def test_to_sql_append(self):
        self._to_sql_append()

    def test_create_and_drop_table(self):
        temp_frame = DataFrame(
            {'one': [1., 2., 3., 4.], 'two': [4., 3., 2., 1.]})

        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(temp_frame, 'drop_test_frame')

        self.assertTrue(self.pandasSQL.has_table('drop_test_frame'),
                        'Table not written to DB')

        self.pandasSQL.drop_table('drop_test_frame')

        self.assertFalse(self.pandasSQL.has_table('drop_test_frame'),
                         'Table not deleted from DB')

    def test_roundtrip(self):
        self._roundtrip()

    def test_execute_sql(self):
        self._execute_sql()

    def test_datetime_date(self):
        # test support for datetime.date
        df = DataFrame([date(2014, 1, 1), date(2014, 1, 2)], columns=["a"])
        df.to_sql('test_date', self.conn, index=False)
        res = read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_date', self.conn)
        if self.flavor == 'sqlite':
            # comes back as strings
            tm.assert_frame_equal(res, df.astype(str))
        elif self.flavor == 'mysql':
            tm.assert_frame_equal(res, df)

    def test_datetime_time(self):
        # test support for datetime.time, GH #8341
        df = DataFrame([time(9, 0, 0), time(9, 1, 30)], columns=["a"])
        df.to_sql('test_time', self.conn, index=False)
        res = read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_time', self.conn)
        if self.flavor == 'sqlite':
            # comes back as strings
            expected = df.applymap(lambda _: _.strftime("%H:%M:%S.%f"))
            tm.assert_frame_equal(res, expected)

    def _get_index_columns(self, tbl_name):
        ixs = sql.read_sql_query(
            "SELECT * FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'index' " +
            "AND tbl_name = '%s'" % tbl_name, self.conn)
        ix_cols = []
        for ix_name in ixs.name:
            ix_info = sql.read_sql_query(
                "PRAGMA index_info(%s)" % ix_name, self.conn)
            ix_cols.append(ix_info.name.tolist())
        return ix_cols

    def test_to_sql_save_index(self):
        self._to_sql_save_index()

    def test_transactions(self):
        self._transaction_test()

    def _get_sqlite_column_type(self, table, column):
        recs = self.conn.execute('PRAGMA table_info(%s)' % table)
        for cid, name, ctype, not_null, default, pk in recs:
            if name == column:
                return ctype
        raise ValueError('Table %s, column %s not found' % (table, column))

    def test_dtype(self):
        if self.flavor == 'mysql':
            raise nose.SkipTest('Not applicable to MySQL legacy')
        cols = ['A', 'B']
        data = [(0.8, True),
                (0.9, None)]
        df = DataFrame(data, columns=cols)
        df.to_sql('dtype_test', self.conn)
        df.to_sql('dtype_test2', self.conn, dtype={'B': 'STRING'})

        # sqlite stores Boolean values as INTEGER
        self.assertEqual(self._get_sqlite_column_type(
            'dtype_test', 'B'), 'INTEGER')

        self.assertEqual(self._get_sqlite_column_type(
            'dtype_test2', 'B'), 'STRING')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, df.to_sql,
                          'error', self.conn, dtype={'B': bool})

    def test_notnull_dtype(self):
        if self.flavor == 'mysql':
            raise nose.SkipTest('Not applicable to MySQL legacy')

        cols = {'Bool': Series([True, None]),
                'Date': Series([datetime(2012, 5, 1), None]),
                'Int': Series([1, None], dtype='object'),
                'Float': Series([1.1, None])
                }
        df = DataFrame(cols)

        tbl = 'notnull_dtype_test'
        df.to_sql(tbl, self.conn)

        self.assertEqual(self._get_sqlite_column_type(tbl, 'Bool'), 'INTEGER')
        self.assertEqual(self._get_sqlite_column_type(
            tbl, 'Date'), 'TIMESTAMP')
        self.assertEqual(self._get_sqlite_column_type(tbl, 'Int'), 'INTEGER')
        self.assertEqual(self._get_sqlite_column_type(tbl, 'Float'), 'REAL')

    def test_illegal_names(self):
        # For sqlite, these should work fine
        df = DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]], columns=['a', 'b'])

        # Raise error on blank
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, df.to_sql, "", self.conn)

        for ndx, weird_name in enumerate(
                ['test_weird_name]', 'test_weird_name[',
                 'test_weird_name`', 'test_weird_name"', 'test_weird_name\'',
                 '_b.test_weird_name_01-30', '"_b.test_weird_name_01-30"',
                 '99beginswithnumber', '12345', u'\xe9']):
            df.to_sql(weird_name, self.conn)
            sql.table_exists(weird_name, self.conn)

            df2 = DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]], columns=['a', weird_name])
            c_tbl = 'test_weird_col_name%d' % ndx
            df2.to_sql(c_tbl, self.conn)
            sql.table_exists(c_tbl, self.conn)


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# -- Old tests from 0.13.1 (before refactor using sqlalchemy)


_formatters = {
    datetime: lambda dt: "'%s'" % date_format(dt),
    str: lambda x: "'%s'" % x,
    np.str_: lambda x: "'%s'" % x,
    compat.text_type: lambda x: "'%s'" % x,
    compat.binary_type: lambda x: "'%s'" % x,
    float: lambda x: "%.8f" % x,
    int: lambda x: "%s" % x,
    type(None): lambda x: "NULL",
    np.float64: lambda x: "%.10f" % x,
    bool: lambda x: "'%s'" % x,
}


def format_query(sql, *args):
    """

    """
    processed_args = []
    for arg in args:
        if isinstance(arg, float) and isnull(arg):
            arg = None

        formatter = _formatters[type(arg)]
        processed_args.append(formatter(arg))

    return sql % tuple(processed_args)


def tquery(query, con=None, cur=None):
    """Replace removed sql.tquery function"""
    res = sql.execute(query, con=con, cur=cur).fetchall()
    if res is None:
        return None
    else:
        return list(res)


def _skip_if_no_pymysql():
    try:
        import pymysql  # noqa
    except ImportError:
        raise nose.SkipTest('pymysql not installed, skipping')


class TestXSQLite(SQLiteMixIn, tm.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')

    def test_basic(self):
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        self._check_roundtrip(frame)

    def test_write_row_by_row(self):

        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        frame.ix[0, 0] = np.nan
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test')
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(create_sql)

        cur = self.conn.cursor()

        ins = "INSERT INTO test VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s)"
        for idx, row in frame.iterrows():
            fmt_sql = format_query(ins, *row)
            tquery(fmt_sql, cur=cur)

        self.conn.commit()

        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test", con=self.conn)
        result.index = frame.index
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, frame)

    def test_execute(self):
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test')
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(create_sql)
        ins = "INSERT INTO test VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)"

        row = frame.ix[0]
        sql.execute(ins, self.conn, params=tuple(row))
        self.conn.commit()

        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test", self.conn)
        result.index = frame.index[:1]
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, frame[:1])

    def test_schema(self):
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test')
        lines = create_sql.splitlines()
        for l in lines:
            tokens = l.split(' ')
            if len(tokens) == 2 and tokens[0] == 'A':
                self.assertTrue(tokens[1] == 'DATETIME')

        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test', keys=['A', 'B'])
        lines = create_sql.splitlines()
        self.assertTrue('PRIMARY KEY ("A", "B")' in create_sql)
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(create_sql)

    def test_execute_fail(self):
        create_sql = """
        CREATE TABLE test
        (
        a TEXT,
        b TEXT,
        c REAL,
        PRIMARY KEY (a, b)
        );
        """
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(create_sql)

        sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "bar", 1.234)', self.conn)
        sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "baz", 2.567)', self.conn)

        try:
            sys.stdout = StringIO()
            self.assertRaises(Exception, sql.execute,
                              'INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "bar", 7)',
                              self.conn)
        finally:
            sys.stdout = sys.__stdout__

    def test_execute_closed_connection(self):
        create_sql = """
        CREATE TABLE test
        (
        a TEXT,
        b TEXT,
        c REAL,
        PRIMARY KEY (a, b)
        );
        """
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(create_sql)

        sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "bar", 1.234)', self.conn)
        self.conn.close()
        try:
            sys.stdout = StringIO()
            self.assertRaises(Exception, tquery, "select * from test",
                              con=self.conn)
        finally:
            sys.stdout = sys.__stdout__

        # Initialize connection again (needed for tearDown)
        self.setUp()

    def test_na_roundtrip(self):
        pass

    def _check_roundtrip(self, frame):
        sql.to_sql(frame, name='test_table', con=self.conn, index=False)
        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test_table", self.conn)

        # HACK! Change this once indexes are handled properly.
        result.index = frame.index

        expected = frame
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        frame['txt'] = ['a'] * len(frame)
        frame2 = frame.copy()
        frame2['Idx'] = Index(lrange(len(frame2))) + 10
        sql.to_sql(frame2, name='test_table2', con=self.conn, index=False)
        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test_table2", self.conn,
                              index_col='Idx')
        expected = frame.copy()
        expected.index = Index(lrange(len(frame2))) + 10
        expected.index.name = 'Idx'
        tm.assert_frame_equal(expected, result)

    def test_keyword_as_column_names(self):
        df = DataFrame({'From': np.ones(5)})
        sql.to_sql(df, con=self.conn, name='testkeywords', index=False)

    def test_onecolumn_of_integer(self):
        # GH 3628
        # a column_of_integers dataframe should transfer well to sql

        mono_df = DataFrame([1, 2], columns=['c0'])
        sql.to_sql(mono_df, con=self.conn, name='mono_df', index=False)
        # computing the sum via sql
        con_x = self.conn
        the_sum = sum([my_c0[0]
                       for my_c0 in con_x.execute("select * from mono_df")])
        # it should not fail, and gives 3 ( Issue #3628 )
        self.assertEqual(the_sum, 3)

        result = sql.read_sql("select * from mono_df", con_x)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, mono_df)

    def test_if_exists(self):
        df_if_exists_1 = DataFrame({'col1': [1, 2], 'col2': ['A', 'B']})
        df_if_exists_2 = DataFrame(
            {'col1': [3, 4, 5], 'col2': ['C', 'D', 'E']})
        table_name = 'table_if_exists'
        sql_select = "SELECT * FROM %s" % table_name

        def clean_up(test_table_to_drop):
            """
            Drops tables created from individual tests
            so no dependencies arise from sequential tests
            """
            self.drop_table(test_table_to_drop)

        # test if invalid value for if_exists raises appropriate error
        self.assertRaises(ValueError,
                          sql.to_sql,
                          frame=df_if_exists_1,
                          con=self.conn,
                          name=table_name,
                          if_exists='notvalidvalue')
        clean_up(table_name)

        # test if_exists='fail'
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_1, con=self.conn,
                   name=table_name, if_exists='fail')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError,
                          sql.to_sql,
                          frame=df_if_exists_1,
                          con=self.conn,
                          name=table_name,
                          if_exists='fail')

        # test if_exists='replace'
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_1, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='replace', index=False)
        self.assertEqual(tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn),
                         [(1, 'A'), (2, 'B')])
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_2, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='replace', index=False)
        self.assertEqual(tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn),
                         [(3, 'C'), (4, 'D'), (5, 'E')])
        clean_up(table_name)

        # test if_exists='append'
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_1, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='fail', index=False)
        self.assertEqual(tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn),
                         [(1, 'A'), (2, 'B')])
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_2, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='append', index=False)
        self.assertEqual(tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn),
                         [(1, 'A'), (2, 'B'), (3, 'C'), (4, 'D'), (5, 'E')])
        clean_up(table_name)


class TestSQLFlavorDeprecation(tm.TestCase):
    """
    gh-13611: test that the 'flavor' parameter
    is appropriately deprecated by checking the
    functions that directly raise the warning
    """

    con = 1234  # don't need real connection for this
    funcs = ['SQLiteDatabase', 'pandasSQL_builder']

    def test_unsupported_flavor(self):
        msg = 'is not supported'

        for func in self.funcs:
            tm.assertRaisesRegexp(ValueError, msg, getattr(sql, func),
                                  self.con, flavor='mysql')

    def test_deprecated_flavor(self):
        for func in self.funcs:
            with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning,
                                            check_stacklevel=False):
                getattr(sql, func)(self.con, flavor='sqlite')


@unittest.skip("gh-13611: there is no support for MySQL "
               "if SQLAlchemy is not installed")
class TestXMySQL(MySQLMixIn, tm.TestCase):

    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        _skip_if_no_pymysql()

        # test connection
        import pymysql
        try:
            # Try Travis defaults.
            # No real user should allow root access with a blank password.
            pymysql.connect(host='localhost', user='root', passwd='',
                            db='pandas_nosetest')
        except:
            pass
        else:
            return
        try:
            pymysql.connect(read_default_group='pandas')
        except pymysql.ProgrammingError:
            raise nose.SkipTest(
                "Create a group of connection parameters under the heading "
                "[pandas] in your system's mysql default file, "
                "typically located at ~/.my.cnf or /etc/.my.cnf. ")
        except pymysql.Error:
            raise nose.SkipTest(
                "Cannot connect to database. "
                "Create a group of connection parameters under the heading "
                "[pandas] in your system's mysql default file, "
                "typically located at ~/.my.cnf or /etc/.my.cnf. ")

    def setUp(self):
        _skip_if_no_pymysql()
        import pymysql
        try:
            # Try Travis defaults.
            # No real user should allow root access with a blank password.
            self.conn = pymysql.connect(host='localhost', user='root',
                                        passwd='', db='pandas_nosetest')
        except:
            pass
        else:
            return
        try:
            self.conn = pymysql.connect(read_default_group='pandas')
        except pymysql.ProgrammingError:
            raise nose.SkipTest(
                "Create a group of connection parameters under the heading "
                "[pandas] in your system's mysql default file, "
                "typically located at ~/.my.cnf or /etc/.my.cnf. ")
        except pymysql.Error:
            raise nose.SkipTest(
                "Cannot connect to database. "
                "Create a group of connection parameters under the heading "
                "[pandas] in your system's mysql default file, "
                "typically located at ~/.my.cnf or /etc/.my.cnf. ")

    def test_basic(self):
        _skip_if_no_pymysql()
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        self._check_roundtrip(frame)

    def test_write_row_by_row(self):

        _skip_if_no_pymysql()
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        frame.ix[0, 0] = np.nan
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test')
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(drop_sql)
        cur.execute(create_sql)
        ins = "INSERT INTO test VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s)"
        for idx, row in frame.iterrows():
            fmt_sql = format_query(ins, *row)
            tquery(fmt_sql, cur=cur)

        self.conn.commit()

        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test", con=self.conn)
        result.index = frame.index
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, frame)

    def test_chunksize_read_type(self):
        _skip_if_no_pymysql()
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        frame.index.name = "index"
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(drop_sql)
        sql.to_sql(frame, name='test', con=self.conn)
        query = "select * from test"
        chunksize = 5
        chunk_gen = pd.read_sql_query(sql=query, con=self.conn,
                                      chunksize=chunksize, index_col="index")
        chunk_df = next(chunk_gen)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(frame[:chunksize], chunk_df)

    def test_execute(self):
        _skip_if_no_pymysql()
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test')
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "Unknown table.*")
            cur.execute(drop_sql)
        cur.execute(create_sql)
        ins = "INSERT INTO test VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s)"

        row = frame.ix[0].values.tolist()
        sql.execute(ins, self.conn, params=tuple(row))
        self.conn.commit()

        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test", self.conn)
        result.index = frame.index[:1]
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, frame[:1])

    def test_schema(self):
        _skip_if_no_pymysql()
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test')
        lines = create_sql.splitlines()
        for l in lines:
            tokens = l.split(' ')
            if len(tokens) == 2 and tokens[0] == 'A':
                self.assertTrue(tokens[1] == 'DATETIME')

        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test', keys=['A', 'B'])
        lines = create_sql.splitlines()
        self.assertTrue('PRIMARY KEY (`A`, `B`)' in create_sql)
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(drop_sql)
        cur.execute(create_sql)

    def test_execute_fail(self):
        _skip_if_no_pymysql()
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"
        create_sql = """
        CREATE TABLE test
        (
        a TEXT,
        b TEXT,
        c REAL,
        PRIMARY KEY (a(5), b(5))
        );
        """
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(drop_sql)
        cur.execute(create_sql)

        sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "bar", 1.234)', self.conn)
        sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "baz", 2.567)', self.conn)

        try:
            sys.stdout = StringIO()
            self.assertRaises(Exception, sql.execute,
                              'INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "bar", 7)',
                              self.conn)
        finally:
            sys.stdout = sys.__stdout__

    def test_execute_closed_connection(self):
        _skip_if_no_pymysql()
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"
        create_sql = """
        CREATE TABLE test
        (
        a TEXT,
        b TEXT,
        c REAL,
        PRIMARY KEY (a(5), b(5))
        );
        """
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(drop_sql)
        cur.execute(create_sql)

        sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "bar", 1.234)', self.conn)
        self.conn.close()
        try:
            sys.stdout = StringIO()
            self.assertRaises(Exception, tquery, "select * from test",
                              con=self.conn)
        finally:
            sys.stdout = sys.__stdout__

        # Initialize connection again (needed for tearDown)
        self.setUp()

    def test_na_roundtrip(self):
        _skip_if_no_pymysql()
        pass

    def _check_roundtrip(self, frame):
        _skip_if_no_pymysql()
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test_table"
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "Unknown table.*")
            cur.execute(drop_sql)
        sql.to_sql(frame, name='test_table', con=self.conn, index=False)
        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test_table", self.conn)

        # HACK! Change this once indexes are handled properly.
        result.index = frame.index
        result.index.name = frame.index.name

        expected = frame
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        frame['txt'] = ['a'] * len(frame)
        frame2 = frame.copy()
        index = Index(lrange(len(frame2))) + 10
        frame2['Idx'] = index
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test_table2"
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "Unknown table.*")
            cur.execute(drop_sql)
        sql.to_sql(frame2, name='test_table2',
                   con=self.conn, index=False)
        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test_table2", self.conn,
                              index_col='Idx')
        expected = frame.copy()

        # HACK! Change this once indexes are handled properly.
        expected.index = index
        expected.index.names = result.index.names
        tm.assert_frame_equal(expected, result)

    def test_keyword_as_column_names(self):
        _skip_if_no_pymysql()
        df = DataFrame({'From': np.ones(5)})
        sql.to_sql(df, con=self.conn, name='testkeywords',
                   if_exists='replace', index=False)

    def test_if_exists(self):
        _skip_if_no_pymysql()
        df_if_exists_1 = DataFrame({'col1': [1, 2], 'col2': ['A', 'B']})
        df_if_exists_2 = DataFrame(
            {'col1': [3, 4, 5], 'col2': ['C', 'D', 'E']})
        table_name = 'table_if_exists'
        sql_select = "SELECT * FROM %s" % table_name

        def clean_up(test_table_to_drop):
            """
            Drops tables created from individual tests
            so no dependencies arise from sequential tests
            """
            self.drop_table(test_table_to_drop)

        # test if invalid value for if_exists raises appropriate error
        self.assertRaises(ValueError,
                          sql.to_sql,
                          frame=df_if_exists_1,
                          con=self.conn,
                          name=table_name,
                          if_exists='notvalidvalue')
        clean_up(table_name)

        # test if_exists='fail'
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_1, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='fail', index=False)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError,
                          sql.to_sql,
                          frame=df_if_exists_1,
                          con=self.conn,
                          name=table_name,
                          if_exists='fail')

        # test if_exists='replace'
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_1, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='replace', index=False)
        self.assertEqual(tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn),
                         [(1, 'A'), (2, 'B')])
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_2, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='replace', index=False)
        self.assertEqual(tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn),
                         [(3, 'C'), (4, 'D'), (5, 'E')])
        clean_up(table_name)

        # test if_exists='append'
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_1, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='fail', index=False)
        self.assertEqual(tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn),
                         [(1, 'A'), (2, 'B')])
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_2, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='append', index=False)
        self.assertEqual(tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn),
                         [(1, 'A'), (2, 'B'), (3, 'C'), (4, 'D'), (5, 'E')])
        clean_up(table_name)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    nose.runmodule(argv=[__file__, '-vvs', '-x', '--pdb', '--pdb-failure'],
                   exit=False)