datetimes.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from datetime import datetime, time
import warnings

import numpy as np
from pytz import utc

from pandas._libs import lib, tslib
from pandas._libs.tslibs import (
    NaT, Timestamp, ccalendar, conversion, fields, iNaT, normalize_date,
    resolution as libresolution, timezones)
import pandas.compat as compat
from pandas.errors import PerformanceWarning
from pandas.util._decorators import Appender

from pandas.core.dtypes.common import (
    _INT64_DTYPE, _NS_DTYPE, is_categorical_dtype, is_datetime64_dtype,
    is_datetime64_ns_dtype, is_datetime64tz_dtype, is_dtype_equal,
    is_extension_type, is_float_dtype, is_int64_dtype, is_object_dtype,
    is_period_dtype, is_string_dtype, is_timedelta64_dtype, pandas_dtype)
from pandas.core.dtypes.dtypes import DatetimeTZDtype
from pandas.core.dtypes.generic import ABCIndexClass, ABCSeries
from pandas.core.dtypes.missing import isna

from pandas.core import ops
from pandas.core.algorithms import checked_add_with_arr
from pandas.core.arrays import datetimelike as dtl
from pandas.core.arrays._ranges import generate_regular_range
import pandas.core.common as com

from pandas.tseries.frequencies import get_period_alias, to_offset
from pandas.tseries.offsets import Day, Tick

_midnight = time(0, 0)


def _to_m8(key, tz=None):
    """
    Timestamp-like => dt64
    """
    if not isinstance(key, Timestamp):
        # this also converts strings
        key = Timestamp(key)
        if key.tzinfo is not None and tz is not None:
            # Don't tz_localize(None) if key is already tz-aware
            key = key.tz_convert(tz)
        else:
            key = key.tz_localize(tz)

    return np.int64(conversion.pydt_to_i8(key)).view(_NS_DTYPE)


def _field_accessor(name, field, docstring=None):
    def f(self):
        values = self.asi8
        if self.tz is not None and not timezones.is_utc(self.tz):
            values = self._local_timestamps()

        if field in self._bool_ops:
            if field.endswith(('start', 'end')):
                freq = self.freq
                month_kw = 12
                if freq:
                    kwds = freq.kwds
                    month_kw = kwds.get('startingMonth', kwds.get('month', 12))

                result = fields.get_start_end_field(values, field,
                                                    self.freqstr, month_kw)
            else:
                result = fields.get_date_field(values, field)

            # these return a boolean by-definition
            return result

        if field in self._object_ops:
            result = fields.get_date_name_field(values, field)
            result = self._maybe_mask_results(result, fill_value=None)

        else:
            result = fields.get_date_field(values, field)
            result = self._maybe_mask_results(result, fill_value=None,
                                              convert='float64')

        return result

    f.__name__ = name
    f.__doc__ = "\n{}\n".format(docstring)
    return property(f)


def _dt_array_cmp(cls, op):
    """
    Wrap comparison operations to convert datetime-like to datetime64
    """
    opname = '__{name}__'.format(name=op.__name__)
    nat_result = True if opname == '__ne__' else False

    def wrapper(self, other):
        meth = getattr(dtl.DatetimeLikeArrayMixin, opname)

        other = lib.item_from_zerodim(other)

        if isinstance(other, (datetime, np.datetime64, compat.string_types)):
            if isinstance(other, (datetime, np.datetime64)):
                # GH#18435 strings get a pass from tzawareness compat
                self._assert_tzawareness_compat(other)

            try:
                other = _to_m8(other, tz=self.tz)
            except ValueError:
                # string that cannot be parsed to Timestamp
                return ops.invalid_comparison(self, other, op)

            result = op(self.asi8, other.view('i8'))
            if isna(other):
                result.fill(nat_result)
        elif lib.is_scalar(other) or np.ndim(other) == 0:
            return ops.invalid_comparison(self, other, op)
        elif len(other) != len(self):
            raise ValueError("Lengths must match")
        else:
            if isinstance(other, list):
                try:
                    other = type(self)._from_sequence(other)
                except ValueError:
                    other = np.array(other, dtype=np.object_)
            elif not isinstance(other, (np.ndarray, ABCIndexClass, ABCSeries,
                                        DatetimeArrayMixin)):
                # Following Timestamp convention, __eq__ is all-False
                # and __ne__ is all True, others raise TypeError.
                return ops.invalid_comparison(self, other, op)

            if is_object_dtype(other):
                result = op(self.astype('O'), np.array(other))
                o_mask = isna(other)
            elif not (is_datetime64_dtype(other) or
                      is_datetime64tz_dtype(other)):
                # e.g. is_timedelta64_dtype(other)
                return ops.invalid_comparison(self, other, op)
            else:
                self._assert_tzawareness_compat(other)
                if not hasattr(other, 'asi8'):
                    # ndarray, Series
                    other = type(self)(other)
                result = meth(self, other)
                o_mask = other._isnan

            result = com.values_from_object(result)

            # Make sure to pass an array to result[...]; indexing with
            # Series breaks with older version of numpy
            o_mask = np.array(o_mask)
            if o_mask.any():
                result[o_mask] = nat_result

        if self._hasnans:
            result[self._isnan] = nat_result

        return result

    return compat.set_function_name(wrapper, opname, cls)


class DatetimeArrayMixin(dtl.DatetimeLikeArrayMixin,
                         dtl.TimelikeOps,
                         dtl.DatelikeOps):
    """
    Assumes that subclass __new__/__init__ defines:
        tz
        _freq
        _data
    """
    _typ = "datetimearray"

    # define my properties & methods for delegation
    _bool_ops = ['is_month_start', 'is_month_end',
                 'is_quarter_start', 'is_quarter_end', 'is_year_start',
                 'is_year_end', 'is_leap_year']
    _object_ops = ['weekday_name', 'freq', 'tz']
    _field_ops = ['year', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second',
                  'weekofyear', 'week', 'weekday', 'dayofweek',
                  'dayofyear', 'quarter', 'days_in_month',
                  'daysinmonth', 'microsecond',
                  'nanosecond']
    _other_ops = ['date', 'time', 'timetz']
    _datetimelike_ops = _field_ops + _object_ops + _bool_ops + _other_ops
    _datetimelike_methods = ['to_period', 'tz_localize',
                             'tz_convert',
                             'normalize', 'strftime', 'round', 'floor',
                             'ceil', 'month_name', 'day_name']

    # dummy attribute so that datetime.__eq__(DatetimeArray) defers
    # by returning NotImplemented
    timetuple = None

    # Needed so that Timestamp.__richcmp__(DateTimeArray) operates pointwise
    ndim = 1

    # ensure that operations with numpy arrays defer to our implementation
    __array_priority__ = 1000

    # -----------------------------------------------------------------
    # Constructors

    _attributes = ["freq", "tz"]
    _tz = None
    _freq = None

    @classmethod
    def _simple_new(cls, values, freq=None, tz=None):
        """
        we require the we have a dtype compat for the values
        if we are passed a non-dtype compat, then coerce using the constructor
        """
        assert isinstance(values, np.ndarray), type(values)
        if values.dtype == 'i8':
            # for compat with datetime/timedelta/period shared methods,
            #  we can sometimes get here with int64 values.  These represent
            #  nanosecond UTC (or tz-naive) unix timestamps
            values = values.view('M8[ns]')

        assert values.dtype == 'M8[ns]', values.dtype

        result = object.__new__(cls)
        result._data = values
        result._freq = freq
        tz = timezones.maybe_get_tz(tz)
        result._tz = timezones.tz_standardize(tz)
        return result

    def __new__(cls, values, freq=None, tz=None, dtype=None, copy=False,
                dayfirst=False, yearfirst=False, ambiguous='raise'):
        return cls._from_sequence(
            values, freq=freq, tz=tz, dtype=dtype, copy=copy,
            dayfirst=dayfirst, yearfirst=yearfirst, ambiguous=ambiguous)

    @classmethod
    def _from_sequence(cls, data, dtype=None, copy=False,
                       tz=None, freq=None,
                       dayfirst=False, yearfirst=False, ambiguous='raise'):

        freq, freq_infer = dtl.maybe_infer_freq(freq)

        subarr, tz, inferred_freq = sequence_to_dt64ns(
            data, dtype=dtype, copy=copy, tz=tz,
            dayfirst=dayfirst, yearfirst=yearfirst, ambiguous=ambiguous)

        freq, freq_infer = dtl.validate_inferred_freq(freq, inferred_freq,
                                                      freq_infer)

        result = cls._simple_new(subarr, freq=freq, tz=tz)

        if inferred_freq is None and freq is not None:
            # this condition precludes `freq_infer`
            cls._validate_frequency(result, freq, ambiguous=ambiguous)

        elif freq_infer:
            result.freq = to_offset(result.inferred_freq)

        return result

    @classmethod
    def _generate_range(cls, start, end, periods, freq, tz=None,
                        normalize=False, ambiguous='raise',
                        nonexistent='raise', closed=None):

        periods = dtl.validate_periods(periods)
        if freq is None and any(x is None for x in [periods, start, end]):
            raise ValueError('Must provide freq argument if no data is '
                             'supplied')

        if com.count_not_none(start, end, periods, freq) != 3:
            raise ValueError('Of the four parameters: start, end, periods, '
                             'and freq, exactly three must be specified')
        freq = to_offset(freq)

        if start is not None:
            start = Timestamp(start)

        if end is not None:
            end = Timestamp(end)

        if start is None and end is None:
            if closed is not None:
                raise ValueError("Closed has to be None if not both of start"
                                 "and end are defined")
        if start is NaT or end is NaT:
            raise ValueError("Neither `start` nor `end` can be NaT")

        left_closed, right_closed = dtl.validate_endpoints(closed)

        start, end, _normalized = _maybe_normalize_endpoints(start, end,
                                                             normalize)

        tz = _infer_tz_from_endpoints(start, end, tz)

        if tz is not None:
            # Localize the start and end arguments
            start = _maybe_localize_point(
                start, getattr(start, 'tz', None), start, freq, tz
            )
            end = _maybe_localize_point(
                end, getattr(end, 'tz', None), end, freq, tz
            )
        if freq is not None:
            # We break Day arithmetic (fixed 24 hour) here and opt for
            # Day to mean calendar day (23/24/25 hour). Therefore, strip
            # tz info from start and day to avoid DST arithmetic
            if isinstance(freq, Day):
                if start is not None:
                    start = start.tz_localize(None)
                if end is not None:
                    end = end.tz_localize(None)
            # TODO: consider re-implementing _cached_range; GH#17914
            values, _tz = generate_regular_range(start, end, periods, freq)
            index = cls._simple_new(values, freq=freq, tz=_tz)

            if tz is not None and index.tz is None:
                arr = conversion.tz_localize_to_utc(
                    index.asi8,
                    tz, ambiguous=ambiguous, nonexistent=nonexistent)

                index = cls(arr)

                # index is localized datetime64 array -> have to convert
                # start/end as well to compare
                if start is not None:
                    start = start.tz_localize(tz).asm8
                if end is not None:
                    end = end.tz_localize(tz).asm8
        else:
            # Create a linearly spaced date_range in local time
            # Nanosecond-granularity timestamps aren't always correctly
            # representable with doubles, so we limit the range that we
            # pass to np.linspace as much as possible
            arr = np.linspace(
                0, end.value - start.value,
                periods, dtype='int64') + start.value
            index = cls._simple_new(
                arr.astype('M8[ns]', copy=False), freq=None, tz=tz
            )

        if not left_closed and len(index) and index[0] == start:
            index = index[1:]
        if not right_closed and len(index) and index[-1] == end:
            index = index[:-1]

        return cls._simple_new(index.asi8, freq=freq, tz=tz)

    # -----------------------------------------------------------------
    # Descriptive Properties

    @property
    def _box_func(self):
        return lambda x: Timestamp(x, freq=self.freq, tz=self.tz)

    @property
    def dtype(self):
        # type: () -> Union[np.dtype, DatetimeTZDtype]
        """
        The dtype for the DatetimeArray.

        Returns
        -------
        numpy.dtype or DatetimeTZDtype
            If the values are tz-naive, then ``np.dtype('datetime64[ns]')``
            is returned.

            If the values are tz-aware, then the ``DatetimeTZDtype``
            is returned.
        """
        if self.tz is None:
            return _NS_DTYPE
        return DatetimeTZDtype('ns', self.tz)

    @property
    def tz(self):
        """
        Return timezone, if any.

        Returns
        -------
        datetime.tzinfo, pytz.tzinfo.BaseTZInfo, dateutil.tz.tz.tzfile, or None
             Returns None when the array is tz-naive.
        """
        # GH 18595
        return self._tz

    @tz.setter
    def tz(self, value):
        # GH 3746: Prevent localizing or converting the index by setting tz
        raise AttributeError("Cannot directly set timezone. Use tz_localize() "
                             "or tz_convert() as appropriate")

    @property
    def tzinfo(self):
        """
        Alias for tz attribute
        """
        return self.tz

    @property  # NB: override with cache_readonly in immutable subclasses
    def _timezone(self):
        """
        Comparable timezone both for pytz / dateutil
        """
        return timezones.get_timezone(self.tzinfo)

    @property
    def offset(self):
        """
        get/set the frequency of the instance
        """
        msg = ('{cls}.offset has been deprecated and will be removed '
               'in a future version; use {cls}.freq instead.'
               .format(cls=type(self).__name__))
        warnings.warn(msg, FutureWarning, stacklevel=2)
        return self.freq

    @offset.setter
    def offset(self, value):
        """
        get/set the frequency of the instance
        """
        msg = ('{cls}.offset has been deprecated and will be removed '
               'in a future version; use {cls}.freq instead.'
               .format(cls=type(self).__name__))
        warnings.warn(msg, FutureWarning, stacklevel=2)
        self.freq = value

    @property  # NB: override with cache_readonly in immutable subclasses
    def is_normalized(self):
        """
        Returns True if all of the dates are at midnight ("no time")
        """
        return conversion.is_date_array_normalized(self.asi8, self.tz)

    @property  # NB: override with cache_readonly in immutable subclasses
    def _resolution(self):
        return libresolution.resolution(self.asi8, self.tz)

    # ----------------------------------------------------------------
    # Array-Like / EA-Interface Methods

    def __array__(self, dtype=None):
        if is_object_dtype(dtype):
            return np.array(list(self), dtype=object)
        elif is_int64_dtype(dtype):
            return self.asi8

        # TODO: warn that conversion may be lossy?
        return self._data.view(np.ndarray)  # follow Index.__array__

    def __iter__(self):
        """
        Return an iterator over the boxed values

        Yields
        -------
        tstamp : Timestamp
        """

        # convert in chunks of 10k for efficiency
        data = self.asi8
        length = len(self)
        chunksize = 10000
        chunks = int(length / chunksize) + 1
        for i in range(chunks):
            start_i = i * chunksize
            end_i = min((i + 1) * chunksize, length)
            converted = tslib.ints_to_pydatetime(data[start_i:end_i],
                                                 tz=self.tz, freq=self.freq,
                                                 box="timestamp")
            for v in converted:
                yield v

    def astype(self, dtype, copy=True):
        # We handle
        #   --> datetime
        #   --> period
        # DatetimeLikeArrayMixin Super handles the rest.
        dtype = pandas_dtype(dtype)

        if (is_datetime64_ns_dtype(dtype) and
                not is_dtype_equal(dtype, self.dtype)):
            # GH#18951: datetime64_ns dtype but not equal means different tz
            new_tz = getattr(dtype, 'tz', None)
            if getattr(self.dtype, 'tz', None) is None:
                return self.tz_localize(new_tz)
            result = self.tz_convert(new_tz)
            if new_tz is None:
                # Do we want .astype('datetime64[ns]') to be an ndarray.
                # The astype in Block._astype expects this to return an
                # ndarray, but we could maybe work around it there.
                result = result._data
            return result
        elif is_datetime64tz_dtype(self.dtype) and is_dtype_equal(self.dtype,
                                                                  dtype):
            if copy:
                return self.copy()
            return self
        elif is_period_dtype(dtype):
            return self.to_period(freq=dtype.freq)
        return dtl.DatetimeLikeArrayMixin.astype(self, dtype, copy)

    # ----------------------------------------------------------------
    # ExtensionArray Interface

    @property
    def _ndarray_values(self):
        return self._data

    @Appender(dtl.DatetimeLikeArrayMixin._validate_fill_value.__doc__)
    def _validate_fill_value(self, fill_value):
        if isna(fill_value):
            fill_value = iNaT
        elif isinstance(fill_value, (datetime, np.datetime64)):
            self._assert_tzawareness_compat(fill_value)
            fill_value = Timestamp(fill_value).value
        else:
            raise ValueError("'fill_value' should be a Timestamp. "
                             "Got '{got}'.".format(got=fill_value))
        return fill_value

    # -----------------------------------------------------------------
    # Rendering Methods

    def _format_native_types(self, na_rep='NaT', date_format=None, **kwargs):
        from pandas.io.formats.format import _get_format_datetime64_from_values
        fmt = _get_format_datetime64_from_values(self, date_format)

        return tslib.format_array_from_datetime(self.asi8,
                                                tz=self.tz,
                                                format=fmt,
                                                na_rep=na_rep)

    # -----------------------------------------------------------------
    # Comparison Methods

    _create_comparison_method = classmethod(_dt_array_cmp)

    def _has_same_tz(self, other):
        zzone = self._timezone

        # vzone sholdn't be None if value is non-datetime like
        if isinstance(other, np.datetime64):
            # convert to Timestamp as np.datetime64 doesn't have tz attr
            other = Timestamp(other)
        vzone = timezones.get_timezone(getattr(other, 'tzinfo', '__no_tz__'))
        return zzone == vzone

    def _assert_tzawareness_compat(self, other):
        # adapted from _Timestamp._assert_tzawareness_compat
        other_tz = getattr(other, 'tzinfo', None)
        if is_datetime64tz_dtype(other):
            # Get tzinfo from Series dtype
            other_tz = other.dtype.tz
        if other is NaT:
            # pd.NaT quacks both aware and naive
            pass
        elif self.tz is None:
            if other_tz is not None:
                raise TypeError('Cannot compare tz-naive and tz-aware '
                                'datetime-like objects.')
        elif other_tz is None:
            raise TypeError('Cannot compare tz-naive and tz-aware '
                            'datetime-like objects')

    # -----------------------------------------------------------------
    # Arithmetic Methods

    def _sub_datetime_arraylike(self, other):
        """subtract DatetimeArray/Index or ndarray[datetime64]"""
        if len(self) != len(other):
            raise ValueError("cannot add indices of unequal length")

        if isinstance(other, np.ndarray):
            assert is_datetime64_dtype(other)
            other = type(self)(other)

        if not self._has_same_tz(other):
            # require tz compat
            raise TypeError("{cls} subtraction must have the same "
                            "timezones or no timezones"
                            .format(cls=type(self).__name__))

        self_i8 = self.asi8
        other_i8 = other.asi8
        new_values = checked_add_with_arr(self_i8, -other_i8,
                                          arr_mask=self._isnan)
        if self._hasnans or other._hasnans:
            mask = (self._isnan) | (other._isnan)
            new_values[mask] = iNaT
        return new_values.view('timedelta64[ns]')

    def _add_offset(self, offset):
        assert not isinstance(offset, Tick)
        try:
            if self.tz is not None:
                values = self.tz_localize(None)
            else:
                values = self
            result = offset.apply_index(values)
            if self.tz is not None:
                result = result.tz_localize(self.tz)

        except NotImplementedError:
            warnings.warn("Non-vectorized DateOffset being applied to Series "
                          "or DatetimeIndex", PerformanceWarning)
            result = self.astype('O') + offset

        return type(self)._from_sequence(result, freq='infer')

    def _sub_datetimelike_scalar(self, other):
        # subtract a datetime from myself, yielding a ndarray[timedelta64[ns]]
        assert isinstance(other, (datetime, np.datetime64))
        assert other is not NaT
        other = Timestamp(other)
        if other is NaT:
            return self - NaT

        if not self._has_same_tz(other):
            # require tz compat
            raise TypeError("Timestamp subtraction must have the same "
                            "timezones or no timezones")

        i8 = self.asi8
        result = checked_add_with_arr(i8, -other.value,
                                      arr_mask=self._isnan)
        result = self._maybe_mask_results(result)
        return result.view('timedelta64[ns]')

    def _add_delta(self, delta):
        """
        Add a timedelta-like, Tick, or TimedeltaIndex-like object
        to self, yielding a new DatetimeArray

        Parameters
        ----------
        other : {timedelta, np.timedelta64, Tick,
                 TimedeltaIndex, ndarray[timedelta64]}

        Returns
        -------
        result : DatetimeArray
        """
        new_values = super(DatetimeArrayMixin, self)._add_delta(delta)
        return type(self)._from_sequence(new_values, tz=self.tz, freq='infer')

    # -----------------------------------------------------------------
    # Timezone Conversion and Localization Methods

    def _local_timestamps(self):
        """
        Convert to an i8 (unix-like nanosecond timestamp) representation
        while keeping the local timezone and not using UTC.
        This is used to calculate time-of-day information as if the timestamps
        were timezone-naive.
        """
        return conversion.tz_convert(self.asi8, utc, self.tz)

    def tz_convert(self, tz):
        """
        Convert tz-aware Datetime Array/Index from one time zone to another.

        Parameters
        ----------
        tz : string, pytz.timezone, dateutil.tz.tzfile or None
            Time zone for time. Corresponding timestamps would be converted
            to this time zone of the Datetime Array/Index. A `tz` of None will
            convert to UTC and remove the timezone information.

        Returns
        -------
        normalized : same type as self

        Raises
        ------
        TypeError
            If Datetime Array/Index is tz-naive.

        See Also
        --------
        DatetimeIndex.tz : A timezone that has a variable offset from UTC.
        DatetimeIndex.tz_localize : Localize tz-naive DatetimeIndex to a
            given time zone, or remove timezone from a tz-aware DatetimeIndex.

        Examples
        --------
        With the `tz` parameter, we can change the DatetimeIndex
        to other time zones:

        >>> dti = pd.DatetimeIndex(start='2014-08-01 09:00',
        ...                        freq='H', periods=3, tz='Europe/Berlin')

        >>> dti
        DatetimeIndex(['2014-08-01 09:00:00+02:00',
                       '2014-08-01 10:00:00+02:00',
                       '2014-08-01 11:00:00+02:00'],
                      dtype='datetime64[ns, Europe/Berlin]', freq='H')

        >>> dti.tz_convert('US/Central')
        DatetimeIndex(['2014-08-01 02:00:00-05:00',
                       '2014-08-01 03:00:00-05:00',
                       '2014-08-01 04:00:00-05:00'],
                      dtype='datetime64[ns, US/Central]', freq='H')

        With the ``tz=None``, we can remove the timezone (after converting
        to UTC if necessary):

        >>> dti = pd.DatetimeIndex(start='2014-08-01 09:00',freq='H',
        ...                        periods=3, tz='Europe/Berlin')

        >>> dti
        DatetimeIndex(['2014-08-01 09:00:00+02:00',
                       '2014-08-01 10:00:00+02:00',
                       '2014-08-01 11:00:00+02:00'],
                        dtype='datetime64[ns, Europe/Berlin]', freq='H')

        >>> dti.tz_convert(None)
        DatetimeIndex(['2014-08-01 07:00:00',
                       '2014-08-01 08:00:00',
                       '2014-08-01 09:00:00'],
                        dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='H')
        """
        tz = timezones.maybe_get_tz(tz)

        if self.tz is None:
            # tz naive, use tz_localize
            raise TypeError('Cannot convert tz-naive timestamps, use '
                            'tz_localize to localize')

        # No conversion since timestamps are all UTC to begin with
        return self._simple_new(self.asi8, tz=tz, freq=self.freq)

    def tz_localize(self, tz, ambiguous='raise', nonexistent='raise',
                    errors=None):
        """
        Localize tz-naive Datetime Array/Index to tz-aware
        Datetime Array/Index.

        This method takes a time zone (tz) naive Datetime Array/Index object
        and makes this time zone aware. It does not move the time to another
        time zone.
        Time zone localization helps to switch from time zone aware to time
        zone unaware objects.

        Parameters
        ----------
        tz : string, pytz.timezone, dateutil.tz.tzfile or None
            Time zone to convert timestamps to. Passing ``None`` will
            remove the time zone information preserving local time.
        ambiguous : 'infer', 'NaT', bool array, default 'raise'
            When clocks moved backward due to DST, ambiguous times may arise.
            For example in Central European Time (UTC+01), when going from
            03:00 DST to 02:00 non-DST, 02:30:00 local time occurs both at
            00:30:00 UTC and at 01:30:00 UTC. In such a situation, the
            `ambiguous` parameter dictates how ambiguous times should be
            handled.

            - 'infer' will attempt to infer fall dst-transition hours based on
              order
            - bool-ndarray where True signifies a DST time, False signifies a
              non-DST time (note that this flag is only applicable for
              ambiguous times)
            - 'NaT' will return NaT where there are ambiguous times
            - 'raise' will raise an AmbiguousTimeError if there are ambiguous
              times

        nonexistent : 'shift', 'NaT' default 'raise'
            A nonexistent time does not exist in a particular timezone
            where clocks moved forward due to DST.

            - 'shift' will shift the nonexistent times forward to the closest
              existing time
            - 'NaT' will return NaT where there are nonexistent times
            - 'raise' will raise an NonExistentTimeError if there are
              nonexistent times

            .. versionadded:: 0.24.0

        errors : {'raise', 'coerce'}, default None

            - 'raise' will raise a NonExistentTimeError if a timestamp is not
              valid in the specified time zone (e.g. due to a transition from
              or to DST time). Use ``nonexistent='raise'`` instead.
            - 'coerce' will return NaT if the timestamp can not be converted
              to the specified time zone. Use ``nonexistent='NaT'`` instead.

            .. deprecated:: 0.24.0

        Returns
        -------
        result : same type as self
            Array/Index converted to the specified time zone.

        Raises
        ------
        TypeError
            If the Datetime Array/Index is tz-aware and tz is not None.

        See Also
        --------
        DatetimeIndex.tz_convert : Convert tz-aware DatetimeIndex from
            one time zone to another.

        Examples
        --------
        >>> tz_naive = pd.date_range('2018-03-01 09:00', periods=3)
        >>> tz_naive
        DatetimeIndex(['2018-03-01 09:00:00', '2018-03-02 09:00:00',
                       '2018-03-03 09:00:00'],
                      dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

        Localize DatetimeIndex in US/Eastern time zone:

        >>> tz_aware = tz_naive.tz_localize(tz='US/Eastern')
        >>> tz_aware
        DatetimeIndex(['2018-03-01 09:00:00-05:00',
                       '2018-03-02 09:00:00-05:00',
                       '2018-03-03 09:00:00-05:00'],
                      dtype='datetime64[ns, US/Eastern]', freq='D')

        With the ``tz=None``, we can remove the time zone information
        while keeping the local time (not converted to UTC):

        >>> tz_aware.tz_localize(None)
        DatetimeIndex(['2018-03-01 09:00:00', '2018-03-02 09:00:00',
                       '2018-03-03 09:00:00'],
                      dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

        Be careful with DST changes. When there is sequential data, pandas can
        infer the DST time:
        >>> s = pd.to_datetime(pd.Series([
        ... '2018-10-28 01:30:00',
        ... '2018-10-28 02:00:00',
        ... '2018-10-28 02:30:00',
        ... '2018-10-28 02:00:00',
        ... '2018-10-28 02:30:00',
        ... '2018-10-28 03:00:00',
        ... '2018-10-28 03:30:00']))
        >>> s.dt.tz_localize('CET', ambiguous='infer')
        2018-10-28 01:30:00+02:00    0
        2018-10-28 02:00:00+02:00    1
        2018-10-28 02:30:00+02:00    2
        2018-10-28 02:00:00+01:00    3
        2018-10-28 02:30:00+01:00    4
        2018-10-28 03:00:00+01:00    5
        2018-10-28 03:30:00+01:00    6
        dtype: int64

        In some cases, inferring the DST is impossible. In such cases, you can
        pass an ndarray to the ambiguous parameter to set the DST explicitly

        >>> s = pd.to_datetime(pd.Series([
        ... '2018-10-28 01:20:00',
        ... '2018-10-28 02:36:00',
        ... '2018-10-28 03:46:00']))
        >>> s.dt.tz_localize('CET', ambiguous=np.array([True, True, False]))
        0   2018-10-28 01:20:00+02:00
        1   2018-10-28 02:36:00+02:00
        2   2018-10-28 03:46:00+01:00
        dtype: datetime64[ns, CET]
        """
        if errors is not None:
            warnings.warn("The errors argument is deprecated and will be "
                          "removed in a future release. Use "
                          "nonexistent='NaT' or nonexistent='raise' "
                          "instead.", FutureWarning)
            if errors == 'coerce':
                nonexistent = 'NaT'
            elif errors == 'raise':
                nonexistent = 'raise'
            else:
                raise ValueError("The errors argument must be either 'coerce' "
                                 "or 'raise'.")

        if nonexistent not in ('raise', 'NaT', 'shift'):
            raise ValueError("The nonexistent argument must be one of 'raise',"
                             " 'NaT' or 'shift'")

        if self.tz is not None:
            if tz is None:
                new_dates = conversion.tz_convert(self.asi8, timezones.UTC,
                                                  self.tz)
            else:
                raise TypeError("Already tz-aware, use tz_convert to convert.")
        else:
            tz = timezones.maybe_get_tz(tz)
            # Convert to UTC

            new_dates = conversion.tz_localize_to_utc(
                self.asi8, tz, ambiguous=ambiguous, nonexistent=nonexistent,
            )
        new_dates = new_dates.view(_NS_DTYPE)
        return self._simple_new(new_dates, tz=tz, freq=self.freq)

    # ----------------------------------------------------------------
    # Conversion Methods - Vectorized analogues of Timestamp methods

    def to_pydatetime(self):
        """
        Return Datetime Array/Index as object ndarray of datetime.datetime
        objects

        Returns
        -------
        datetimes : ndarray
        """
        return tslib.ints_to_pydatetime(self.asi8, tz=self.tz)

    def normalize(self):
        """
        Convert times to midnight.

        The time component of the date-time is converted to midnight i.e.
        00:00:00. This is useful in cases, when the time does not matter.
        Length is unaltered. The timezones are unaffected.

        This method is available on Series with datetime values under
        the ``.dt`` accessor, and directly on Datetime Array/Index.

        Returns
        -------
        DatetimeArray, DatetimeIndex or Series
            The same type as the original data. Series will have the same
            name and index. DatetimeIndex will have the same name.

        See Also
        --------
        floor : Floor the datetimes to the specified freq.
        ceil : Ceil the datetimes to the specified freq.
        round : Round the datetimes to the specified freq.

        Examples
        --------
        >>> idx = pd.DatetimeIndex(start='2014-08-01 10:00', freq='H',
        ...                        periods=3, tz='Asia/Calcutta')
        >>> idx
        DatetimeIndex(['2014-08-01 10:00:00+05:30',
                       '2014-08-01 11:00:00+05:30',
                       '2014-08-01 12:00:00+05:30'],
                        dtype='datetime64[ns, Asia/Calcutta]', freq='H')
        >>> idx.normalize()
        DatetimeIndex(['2014-08-01 00:00:00+05:30',
                       '2014-08-01 00:00:00+05:30',
                       '2014-08-01 00:00:00+05:30'],
                       dtype='datetime64[ns, Asia/Calcutta]', freq=None)
        """
        if self.tz is None or timezones.is_utc(self.tz):
            not_null = ~self.isna()
            DAY_NS = ccalendar.DAY_SECONDS * 1000000000
            new_values = self.asi8.copy()
            adjustment = (new_values[not_null] % DAY_NS)
            new_values[not_null] = new_values[not_null] - adjustment
        else:
            new_values = conversion.normalize_i8_timestamps(self.asi8, self.tz)
        return type(self)._from_sequence(new_values,
                                         freq='infer').tz_localize(self.tz)

    def to_period(self, freq=None):
        """
        Cast to PeriodArray/Index at a particular frequency.

        Converts DatetimeArray/Index to PeriodArray/Index.

        Parameters
        ----------
        freq : string or Offset, optional
            One of pandas' :ref:`offset strings <timeseries.offset_aliases>`
            or an Offset object. Will be inferred by default.

        Returns
        -------
        PeriodArray/Index

        Raises
        ------
        ValueError
            When converting a DatetimeArray/Index with non-regular values,
            so that a frequency cannot be inferred.

        See Also
        --------
        PeriodIndex: Immutable ndarray holding ordinal values.
        DatetimeIndex.to_pydatetime: Return DatetimeIndex as object.

        Examples
        --------
        >>> df = pd.DataFrame({"y": [1,2,3]},
        ...                   index=pd.to_datetime(["2000-03-31 00:00:00",
        ...                                         "2000-05-31 00:00:00",
        ...                                         "2000-08-31 00:00:00"]))
        >>> df.index.to_period("M")
        PeriodIndex(['2000-03', '2000-05', '2000-08'],
                    dtype='period[M]', freq='M')

        Infer the daily frequency

        >>> idx = pd.date_range("2017-01-01", periods=2)
        >>> idx.to_period()
        PeriodIndex(['2017-01-01', '2017-01-02'],
                    dtype='period[D]', freq='D')
        """
        from pandas.core.arrays import PeriodArray

        if self.tz is not None:
            warnings.warn("Converting to PeriodArray/Index representation "
                          "will drop timezone information.", UserWarning)

        if freq is None:
            freq = self.freqstr or self.inferred_freq

            if freq is None:
                raise ValueError("You must pass a freq argument as "
                                 "current index has none.")

            freq = get_period_alias(freq)

        return PeriodArray._from_datetime64(self._data, freq, tz=self.tz)

    def to_perioddelta(self, freq):
        """
        Calculate TimedeltaArray of difference between index
        values and index converted to PeriodArray at specified
        freq. Used for vectorized offsets

        Parameters
        ----------
        freq : Period frequency

        Returns
        -------
        TimedeltaArray/Index
        """
        # TODO: consider privatizing (discussion in GH#23113)
        from pandas.core.arrays.timedeltas import TimedeltaArrayMixin
        i8delta = self.asi8 - self.to_period(freq).to_timestamp().asi8
        m8delta = i8delta.view('m8[ns]')
        return TimedeltaArrayMixin(m8delta)

    # -----------------------------------------------------------------
    # Properties - Vectorized Timestamp Properties/Methods

    def month_name(self, locale=None):
        """
        Return the month names of the DateTimeIndex with specified locale.

        .. versionadded:: 0.23.0

        Parameters
        ----------
        locale : str, optional
            Locale determining the language in which to return the month name.
            Default is English locale.

        Returns
        -------
        Index
            Index of month names.

        Examples
        --------
        >>> idx = pd.DatetimeIndex(start='2018-01', freq='M', periods=3)
        >>> idx
        DatetimeIndex(['2018-01-31', '2018-02-28', '2018-03-31'],
                      dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='M')
        >>> idx.month_name()
        Index(['January', 'February', 'March'], dtype='object')
        """
        if self.tz is not None and not timezones.is_utc(self.tz):
            values = self._local_timestamps()
        else:
            values = self.asi8

        result = fields.get_date_name_field(values, 'month_name',
                                            locale=locale)
        result = self._maybe_mask_results(result, fill_value=None)
        return result

    def day_name(self, locale=None):
        """
        Return the day names of the DateTimeIndex with specified locale.

        .. versionadded:: 0.23.0

        Parameters
        ----------
        locale : str, optional
            Locale determining the language in which to return the day name.
            Default is English locale.

        Returns
        -------
        Index
            Index of day names.

        Examples
        --------
        >>> idx = pd.DatetimeIndex(start='2018-01-01', freq='D', periods=3)
        >>> idx
        DatetimeIndex(['2018-01-01', '2018-01-02', '2018-01-03'],
                      dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')
        >>> idx.day_name()
        Index(['Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday'], dtype='object')
        """
        if self.tz is not None and not timezones.is_utc(self.tz):
            values = self._local_timestamps()
        else:
            values = self.asi8

        result = fields.get_date_name_field(values, 'day_name',
                                            locale=locale)
        result = self._maybe_mask_results(result, fill_value=None)
        return result

    @property
    def time(self):
        """
        Returns numpy array of datetime.time. The time part of the Timestamps.
        """
        # If the Timestamps have a timezone that is not UTC,
        # convert them into their i8 representation while
        # keeping their timezone and not using UTC
        if self.tz is not None and not timezones.is_utc(self.tz):
            timestamps = self._local_timestamps()
        else:
            timestamps = self.asi8

        return tslib.ints_to_pydatetime(timestamps, box="time")

    @property
    def timetz(self):
        """
        Returns numpy array of datetime.time also containing timezone
        information. The time part of the Timestamps.
        """
        return tslib.ints_to_pydatetime(self.asi8, self.tz, box="time")

    @property
    def date(self):
        """
        Returns numpy array of python datetime.date objects (namely, the date
        part of Timestamps without timezone information).
        """
        # If the Timestamps have a timezone that is not UTC,
        # convert them into their i8 representation while
        # keeping their timezone and not using UTC
        if self.tz is not None and not timezones.is_utc(self.tz):
            timestamps = self._local_timestamps()
        else:
            timestamps = self.asi8

        return tslib.ints_to_pydatetime(timestamps, box="date")

    year = _field_accessor('year', 'Y', "The year of the datetime.")
    month = _field_accessor('month', 'M',
                            "The month as January=1, December=12. ")
    day = _field_accessor('day', 'D', "The days of the datetime.")
    hour = _field_accessor('hour', 'h', "The hours of the datetime.")
    minute = _field_accessor('minute', 'm', "The minutes of the datetime.")
    second = _field_accessor('second', 's', "The seconds of the datetime.")
    microsecond = _field_accessor('microsecond', 'us',
                                  "The microseconds of the datetime.")
    nanosecond = _field_accessor('nanosecond', 'ns',
                                 "The nanoseconds of the datetime.")
    weekofyear = _field_accessor('weekofyear', 'woy',
                                 "The week ordinal of the year.")
    week = weekofyear
    _dayofweek_doc = """
    The day of the week with Monday=0, Sunday=6.

    Return the day of the week. It is assumed the week starts on
    Monday, which is denoted by 0 and ends on Sunday which is denoted
    by 6. This method is available on both Series with datetime
    values (using the `dt` accessor) or DatetimeIndex.

    Returns
    -------
    Series or Index
        Containing integers indicating the day number.

    See Also
    --------
    Series.dt.dayofweek : Alias.
    Series.dt.weekday : Alias.
    Series.dt.day_name : Returns the name of the day of the week.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> s = pd.date_range('2016-12-31', '2017-01-08', freq='D').to_series()
    >>> s.dt.dayofweek
    2016-12-31    5
    2017-01-01    6
    2017-01-02    0
    2017-01-03    1
    2017-01-04    2
    2017-01-05    3
    2017-01-06    4
    2017-01-07    5
    2017-01-08    6
    Freq: D, dtype: int64
    """
    dayofweek = _field_accessor('dayofweek', 'dow', _dayofweek_doc)
    weekday = dayofweek

    weekday_name = _field_accessor(
        'weekday_name',
        'weekday_name',
        "The name of day in a week (ex: Friday)\n\n.. deprecated:: 0.23.0")

    dayofyear = _field_accessor('dayofyear', 'doy',
                                "The ordinal day of the year.")
    quarter = _field_accessor('quarter', 'q', "The quarter of the date.")
    days_in_month = _field_accessor(
        'days_in_month',
        'dim',
        "The number of days in the month.")
    daysinmonth = days_in_month
    _is_month_doc = """
        Indicates whether the date is the {first_or_last} day of the month.

        Returns
        -------
        Series or array
            For Series, returns a Series with boolean values.
            For DatetimeIndex, returns a boolean array.

        See Also
        --------
        is_month_start : Return a boolean indicating whether the date
            is the first day of the month.
        is_month_end : Return a boolean indicating whether the date
            is the last day of the month.

        Examples
        --------
        This method is available on Series with datetime values under
        the ``.dt`` accessor, and directly on DatetimeIndex.

        >>> s = pd.Series(pd.date_range("2018-02-27", periods=3))
        >>> s
        0   2018-02-27
        1   2018-02-28
        2   2018-03-01
        dtype: datetime64[ns]
        >>> s.dt.is_month_start
        0    False
        1    False
        2    True
        dtype: bool
        >>> s.dt.is_month_end
        0    False
        1    True
        2    False
        dtype: bool

        >>> idx = pd.date_range("2018-02-27", periods=3)
        >>> idx.is_month_start
        array([False, False, True])
        >>> idx.is_month_end
        array([False, True, False])
    """
    is_month_start = _field_accessor(
        'is_month_start',
        'is_month_start',
        _is_month_doc.format(first_or_last='first'))

    is_month_end = _field_accessor(
        'is_month_end',
        'is_month_end',
        _is_month_doc.format(first_or_last='last'))

    is_quarter_start = _field_accessor(
        'is_quarter_start',
        'is_quarter_start',
        """
        Indicator for whether the date is the first day of a quarter.

        Returns
        -------
        is_quarter_start : Series or DatetimeIndex
            The same type as the original data with boolean values. Series will
            have the same name and index. DatetimeIndex will have the same
            name.

        See Also
        --------
        quarter : Return the quarter of the date.
        is_quarter_end : Similar property for indicating the quarter start.

        Examples
        --------
        This method is available on Series with datetime values under
        the ``.dt`` accessor, and directly on DatetimeIndex.

        >>> df = pd.DataFrame({'dates': pd.date_range("2017-03-30",
        ...                   periods=4)})
        >>> df.assign(quarter=df.dates.dt.quarter,
        ...           is_quarter_start=df.dates.dt.is_quarter_start)
               dates  quarter  is_quarter_start
        0 2017-03-30        1             False
        1 2017-03-31        1             False
        2 2017-04-01        2              True
        3 2017-04-02        2             False

        >>> idx = pd.date_range('2017-03-30', periods=4)
        >>> idx
        DatetimeIndex(['2017-03-30', '2017-03-31', '2017-04-01', '2017-04-02'],
                      dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

        >>> idx.is_quarter_start
        array([False, False,  True, False])
        """)
    is_quarter_end = _field_accessor(
        'is_quarter_end',
        'is_quarter_end',
        """
        Indicator for whether the date is the last day of a quarter.

        Returns
        -------
        is_quarter_end : Series or DatetimeIndex
            The same type as the original data with boolean values. Series will
            have the same name and index. DatetimeIndex will have the same
            name.

        See Also
        --------
        quarter : Return the quarter of the date.
        is_quarter_start : Similar property indicating the quarter start.

        Examples
        --------
        This method is available on Series with datetime values under
        the ``.dt`` accessor, and directly on DatetimeIndex.

        >>> df = pd.DataFrame({'dates': pd.date_range("2017-03-30",
        ...                    periods=4)})
        >>> df.assign(quarter=df.dates.dt.quarter,
        ...           is_quarter_end=df.dates.dt.is_quarter_end)
               dates  quarter    is_quarter_end
        0 2017-03-30        1             False
        1 2017-03-31        1              True
        2 2017-04-01        2             False
        3 2017-04-02        2             False

        >>> idx = pd.date_range('2017-03-30', periods=4)
        >>> idx
        DatetimeIndex(['2017-03-30', '2017-03-31', '2017-04-01', '2017-04-02'],
                      dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

        >>> idx.is_quarter_end
        array([False,  True, False, False])
        """)
    is_year_start = _field_accessor(
        'is_year_start',
        'is_year_start',
        """
        Indicate whether the date is the first day of a year.

        Returns
        -------
        Series or DatetimeIndex
            The same type as the original data with boolean values. Series will
            have the same name and index. DatetimeIndex will have the same
            name.

        See Also
        --------
        is_year_end : Similar property indicating the last day of the year.

        Examples
        --------
        This method is available on Series with datetime values under
        the ``.dt`` accessor, and directly on DatetimeIndex.

        >>> dates = pd.Series(pd.date_range("2017-12-30", periods=3))
        >>> dates
        0   2017-12-30
        1   2017-12-31
        2   2018-01-01
        dtype: datetime64[ns]

        >>> dates.dt.is_year_start
        0    False
        1    False
        2    True
        dtype: bool

        >>> idx = pd.date_range("2017-12-30", periods=3)
        >>> idx
        DatetimeIndex(['2017-12-30', '2017-12-31', '2018-01-01'],
                      dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

        >>> idx.is_year_start
        array([False, False,  True])
        """)
    is_year_end = _field_accessor(
        'is_year_end',
        'is_year_end',
        """
        Indicate whether the date is the last day of the year.

        Returns
        -------
        Series or DatetimeIndex
            The same type as the original data with boolean values. Series will
            have the same name and index. DatetimeIndex will have the same
            name.

        See Also
        --------
        is_year_start : Similar property indicating the start of the year.

        Examples
        --------
        This method is available on Series with datetime values under
        the ``.dt`` accessor, and directly on DatetimeIndex.

        >>> dates = pd.Series(pd.date_range("2017-12-30", periods=3))
        >>> dates
        0   2017-12-30
        1   2017-12-31
        2   2018-01-01
        dtype: datetime64[ns]

        >>> dates.dt.is_year_end
        0    False
        1     True
        2    False
        dtype: bool

        >>> idx = pd.date_range("2017-12-30", periods=3)
        >>> idx
        DatetimeIndex(['2017-12-30', '2017-12-31', '2018-01-01'],
                      dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

        >>> idx.is_year_end
        array([False,  True, False])
        """)
    is_leap_year = _field_accessor(
        'is_leap_year',
        'is_leap_year',
        """
        Boolean indicator if the date belongs to a leap year.

        A leap year is a year, which has 366 days (instead of 365) including
        29th of February as an intercalary day.
        Leap years are years which are multiples of four with the exception
        of years divisible by 100 but not by 400.

        Returns
        -------
        Series or ndarray
             Booleans indicating if dates belong to a leap year.

        Examples
        --------
        This method is available on Series with datetime values under
        the ``.dt`` accessor, and directly on DatetimeIndex.

        >>> idx = pd.date_range("2012-01-01", "2015-01-01", freq="Y")
        >>> idx
        DatetimeIndex(['2012-12-31', '2013-12-31', '2014-12-31'],
                      dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='A-DEC')
        >>> idx.is_leap_year
        array([ True, False, False], dtype=bool)

        >>> dates = pd.Series(idx)
        >>> dates_series
        0   2012-12-31
        1   2013-12-31
        2   2014-12-31
        dtype: datetime64[ns]
        >>> dates_series.dt.is_leap_year
        0     True
        1    False
        2    False
        dtype: bool
        """)

    def to_julian_date(self):
        """
        Convert Datetime Array to float64 ndarray of Julian Dates.
        0 Julian date is noon January 1, 4713 BC.
        http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day
        """

        # http://mysite.verizon.net/aesir_research/date/jdalg2.htm
        year = np.asarray(self.year)
        month = np.asarray(self.month)
        day = np.asarray(self.day)
        testarr = month < 3
        year[testarr] -= 1
        month[testarr] += 12
        return (day +
                np.fix((153 * month - 457) / 5) +
                365 * year +
                np.floor(year / 4) -
                np.floor(year / 100) +
                np.floor(year / 400) +
                1721118.5 +
                (self.hour +
                 self.minute / 60.0 +
                 self.second / 3600.0 +
                 self.microsecond / 3600.0 / 1e+6 +
                 self.nanosecond / 3600.0 / 1e+9
                 ) / 24.0)


DatetimeArrayMixin._add_comparison_ops()


# -------------------------------------------------------------------
# Constructor Helpers

def sequence_to_dt64ns(data, dtype=None, copy=False,
                       tz=None,
                       dayfirst=False, yearfirst=False, ambiguous='raise'):
    """
    Parameters
    ----------
    data : list-like
    dtype : dtype, str, or None, default None
    copy : bool, default False
    tz : tzinfo, str, or None, default None
    dayfirst : bool, default False
    yearfirst : bool, default False
    ambiguous : str, bool, or arraylike, default 'raise'
        See pandas._libs.tslibs.conversion.tz_localize_to_utc

    Returns
    -------
    result : numpy.ndarray
        The sequence converted to a numpy array with dtype ``datetime64[ns]``.
    tz : tzinfo or None
        Either the user-provided tzinfo or one inferred from the data.
    inferred_freq : Tick or None
        The inferred frequency of the sequence.

    Raises
    ------
    TypeError : PeriodDType data is passed
    """

    inferred_freq = None

    if not hasattr(data, "dtype"):
        # e.g. list, tuple
        if np.ndim(data) == 0:
            # i.e. generator
            data = list(data)
        data = np.asarray(data)
        copy = False
    elif isinstance(data, ABCSeries):
        data = data._values

    if hasattr(data, "freq"):
        # i.e. DatetimeArray/Index
        inferred_freq = data.freq

    # if dtype has an embedded tz, capture it
    tz = validate_tz_from_dtype(dtype, tz)

    # By this point we are assured to have either a numpy array or Index
    data, copy = maybe_convert_dtype(data, copy)

    if is_object_dtype(data) or is_string_dtype(data):
        # TODO: We do not have tests specific to string-dtypes,
        #  also complex or categorical or other extension
        copy = False
        if lib.infer_dtype(data) == 'integer':
            data = data.astype(np.int64)
        else:
            # data comes back here as either i8 to denote UTC timestamps
            #  or M8[ns] to denote wall times
            data, inferred_tz = objects_to_datetime64ns(
                data, dayfirst=dayfirst, yearfirst=yearfirst)
            tz = maybe_infer_tz(tz, inferred_tz)

    if is_datetime64tz_dtype(data):
        tz = maybe_infer_tz(tz, data.tz)
        result = data._data

    elif is_datetime64_dtype(data):
        # tz-naive DatetimeArray/Index or ndarray[datetime64]
        data = getattr(data, "_data", data)
        if data.dtype != _NS_DTYPE:
            data = conversion.ensure_datetime64ns(data)

        if tz is not None:
            # Convert tz-naive to UTC
            tz = timezones.maybe_get_tz(tz)
            data = conversion.tz_localize_to_utc(data.view('i8'), tz,
                                                 ambiguous=ambiguous)
            data = data.view(_NS_DTYPE)

        assert data.dtype == _NS_DTYPE, data.dtype
        result = data

    else:
        # must be integer dtype otherwise
        # assume this data are epoch timestamps
        if data.dtype != _INT64_DTYPE:
            data = data.astype(np.int64, copy=False)
        result = data.view(_NS_DTYPE)

    if copy:
        # TODO: should this be deepcopy?
        result = result.copy()

    assert isinstance(result, np.ndarray), type(result)
    assert result.dtype == 'M8[ns]', result.dtype

    # We have to call this again after possibly inferring a tz above
    validate_tz_from_dtype(dtype, tz)

    return result, tz, inferred_freq


def objects_to_datetime64ns(data, dayfirst, yearfirst,
                            utc=False, errors="raise",
                            require_iso8601=False, allow_object=False):
    """
    Convert data to array of timestamps.

    Parameters
    ----------
    data : np.ndarray[object]
    dayfirst : bool
    yearfirst : bool
    utc : bool, default False
        Whether to convert timezone-aware timestamps to UTC
    errors : {'raise', 'ignore', 'coerce'}
    allow_object : bool
        Whether to return an object-dtype ndarray instead of raising if the
        data contains more than one timezone.

    Returns
    -------
    result : ndarray
        np.int64 dtype if returned values represent UTC timestamps
        np.datetime64[ns] if returned values represent wall times
        object if mixed timezones
    inferred_tz : tzinfo or None

    Raises
    ------
    ValueError : if data cannot be converted to datetimes
    """
    assert errors in ["raise", "ignore", "coerce"]

    # if str-dtype, convert
    data = np.array(data, copy=False, dtype=np.object_)

    try:
        result, tz_parsed = tslib.array_to_datetime(
            data,
            errors=errors,
            utc=utc,
            dayfirst=dayfirst,
            yearfirst=yearfirst,
            require_iso8601=require_iso8601
        )
    except ValueError as e:
        try:
            values, tz_parsed = conversion.datetime_to_datetime64(data)
            # If tzaware, these values represent unix timestamps, so we
            #  return them as i8 to distinguish from wall times
            return values.view('i8'), tz_parsed
        except (ValueError, TypeError):
            raise e

    if tz_parsed is not None:
        # We can take a shortcut since the datetime64 numpy array
        #  is in UTC
        # Return i8 values to denote unix timestamps
        return result.view('i8'), tz_parsed
    elif is_datetime64_dtype(result):
        # returning M8[ns] denotes wall-times; since tz is None
        #  the distinction is a thin one
        return result, tz_parsed
    elif is_object_dtype(result):
        # GH#23675 when called via `pd.to_datetime`, returning an object-dtype
        #  array is allowed.  When called via `pd.DatetimeIndex`, we can
        #  only accept datetime64 dtype, so raise TypeError if object-dtype
        #  is returned, as that indicates the values can be recognized as
        #  datetimes but they have conflicting timezones/awareness
        if allow_object:
            return result, tz_parsed
        raise TypeError(result)
    else:  # pragma: no cover
        # GH#23675 this TypeError should never be hit, whereas the TypeError
        #  in the object-dtype branch above is reachable.
        raise TypeError(result)


def maybe_convert_dtype(data, copy):
    """
    Convert data based on dtype conventions, issuing deprecation warnings
    or errors where appropriate.

    Parameters
    ----------
    data : np.ndarray or pd.Index
    copy : bool

    Returns
    -------
    data : np.ndarray or pd.Index
    copy : bool

    Raises
    ------
    TypeError : PeriodDType data is passed
    """
    if is_float_dtype(data):
        # Note: we must cast to datetime64[ns] here in order to treat these
        #  as wall-times instead of UTC timestamps.
        data = data.astype(_NS_DTYPE)
        copy = False
        # TODO: deprecate this behavior to instead treat symmetrically
        #  with integer dtypes.  See discussion in GH#23675

    elif is_timedelta64_dtype(data):
        warnings.warn("Passing timedelta64-dtype data is deprecated, will "
                      "raise a TypeError in a future version",
                      FutureWarning, stacklevel=5)
        data = data.view(_NS_DTYPE)

    elif is_period_dtype(data):
        # Note: without explicitly raising here, PeriondIndex
        #  test_setops.test_join_does_not_recur fails
        raise TypeError("Passing PeriodDtype data is invalid.  "
                        "Use `data.to_timestamp()` instead")

    elif is_categorical_dtype(data):
        # GH#18664 preserve tz in going DTI->Categorical->DTI
        # TODO: cases where we need to do another pass through this func,
        #  e.g. the categories are timedelta64s
        data = data.categories.take(data.codes, fill_value=NaT)
        copy = False

    elif is_extension_type(data) and not is_datetime64tz_dtype(data):
        # Includes categorical
        # TODO: We have no tests for these
        data = np.array(data, dtype=np.object_)
        copy = False

    return data, copy


# -------------------------------------------------------------------
# Validation and Inference

def maybe_infer_tz(tz, inferred_tz):
    """
    If a timezone is inferred from data, check that it is compatible with
    the user-provided timezone, if any.

    Parameters
    ----------
    tz : tzinfo or None
    inferred_tz : tzinfo or None

    Returns
    -------
    tz : tzinfo or None

    Raises
    ------
    TypeError : if both timezones are present but do not match
    """
    if tz is None:
        tz = inferred_tz
    elif inferred_tz is None:
        pass
    elif not timezones.tz_compare(tz, inferred_tz):
        raise TypeError('data is already tz-aware {inferred_tz}, unable to '
                        'set specified tz: {tz}'
                        .format(inferred_tz=inferred_tz, tz=tz))
    return tz


def validate_tz_from_dtype(dtype, tz):
    """
    If the given dtype is a DatetimeTZDtype, extract the implied
    tzinfo object from it and check that it does not conflict with the given
    tz.

    Parameters
    ----------
    dtype : dtype, str
    tz : None, tzinfo

    Returns
    -------
    tz : consensus tzinfo

    Raises
    ------
    ValueError : on tzinfo mismatch
    """
    if dtype is not None:
        if isinstance(dtype, compat.string_types):
            try:
                dtype = DatetimeTZDtype.construct_from_string(dtype)
            except TypeError:
                # Things like `datetime64[ns]`, which is OK for the
                # constructors, but also nonsense, which should be validated
                # but not by us. We *do* allow non-existent tz errors to
                # go through
                pass
        dtz = getattr(dtype, 'tz', None)
        if dtz is not None:
            if tz is not None and not timezones.tz_compare(tz, dtz):
                raise ValueError("cannot supply both a tz and a dtype"
                                 " with a tz")
            tz = dtz

        if tz is not None and is_datetime64_dtype(dtype):
            # We also need to check for the case where the user passed a
            #  tz-naive dtype (i.e. datetime64[ns])
            if tz is not None and not timezones.tz_compare(tz, dtz):
                raise ValueError("cannot supply both a tz and a "
                                 "timezone-naive dtype (i.e. datetime64[ns]")

    return tz


def _infer_tz_from_endpoints(start, end, tz):
    """
    If a timezone is not explicitly given via `tz`, see if one can
    be inferred from the `start` and `end` endpoints.  If more than one
    of these inputs provides a timezone, require that they all agree.

    Parameters
    ----------
    start : Timestamp
    end : Timestamp
    tz : tzinfo or None

    Returns
    -------
    tz : tzinfo or None

    Raises
    ------
    TypeError : if start and end timezones do not agree
    """
    try:
        inferred_tz = timezones.infer_tzinfo(start, end)
    except Exception:
        raise TypeError('Start and end cannot both be tz-aware with '
                        'different timezones')

    inferred_tz = timezones.maybe_get_tz(inferred_tz)
    tz = timezones.maybe_get_tz(tz)

    if tz is not None and inferred_tz is not None:
        if not timezones.tz_compare(inferred_tz, tz):
            raise AssertionError("Inferred time zone not equal to passed "
                                 "time zone")

    elif inferred_tz is not None:
        tz = inferred_tz

    return tz


def _maybe_normalize_endpoints(start, end, normalize):
    _normalized = True

    if start is not None:
        if normalize:
            start = normalize_date(start)
            _normalized = True
        else:
            _normalized = _normalized and start.time() == _midnight

    if end is not None:
        if normalize:
            end = normalize_date(end)
            _normalized = True
        else:
            _normalized = _normalized and end.time() == _midnight

    return start, end, _normalized


def _maybe_localize_point(ts, is_none, is_not_none, freq, tz):
    """
    Localize a start or end Timestamp to the timezone of the corresponding
    start or end Timestamp

    Parameters
    ----------
    ts : start or end Timestamp to potentially localize
    is_none : argument that should be None
    is_not_none : argument that should not be None
    freq : Tick, DateOffset, or None
    tz : str, timezone object or None

    Returns
    -------
    ts : Timestamp
    """
    # Make sure start and end are timezone localized if:
    # 1) freq = a Timedelta-like frequency (Tick)
    # 2) freq = None i.e. generating a linspaced range
    if isinstance(freq, Tick) or freq is None:
        localize_args = {'tz': tz, 'ambiguous': False}
    else:
        localize_args = {'tz': None}
    if is_none is None and is_not_none is not None:
        ts = ts.tz_localize(**localize_args)
    return ts