v0.21.0.txt

.. _whatsnew_0210:

v0.21.0 (???)
-------------

This is a major release from 0.20.x and includes a number of API changes, deprecations, new features,
enhancements, and performance improvements along with a large number of bug fixes. We recommend that all
users upgrade to this version.

Highlights include:

- Integration with `Apache Parquet <https://parquet.apache.org/>`__, including a new top-level :func:`read_parquet` and :func:`DataFrame.to_parquet` method, see :ref:`here <io.parquet>`.
- New user-facing :class:`pandas.api.types.CategoricalDtype` for specifying
  categoricals independent of the data, see :ref:`here <whatsnew_0210.enhancements.categorical_dtype>`.

Check the :ref:`API Changes <whatsnew_0210.api_breaking>` and :ref:`deprecations <whatsnew_0210.deprecations>` before updating.

.. contents:: What's new in v0.21.0
    :local:
    :backlinks: none

.. _whatsnew_0210.enhancements:

New features
~~~~~~~~~~~~

- Support for `PEP 519 -- Adding a file system path protocol
  <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0519/>`_ on most readers and writers (:issue:`13823`)
- Added ``__fspath__`` method to :class:`~pandas.HDFStore`, :class:`~pandas.ExcelFile`,
  and :class:`~pandas.ExcelWriter` to work properly with the file system path protocol (:issue:`13823`)
- Added ``skipna`` parameter to :func:`~pandas.api.types.infer_dtype` to
  support type inference in the presence of missing values (:issue:`17059`).
- :class:`~pandas.Resampler.nearest` is added to support nearest-neighbor upsampling (:issue:`17496`).

.. _whatsnew_0210.enhancements.infer_objects:

``infer_objects`` type conversion
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The :meth:`DataFrame.infer_objects` and :meth:`Series.infer_objects`
methods have been added to perform dtype inference on object columns, replacing
some of the functionality of the deprecated ``convert_objects``
method. See the documentation :ref:`here <basics.object_conversion>`
for more details. (:issue:`11221`)

This method only performs soft conversions on object columns, converting Python objects
to native types, but not any coercive conversions.  For example:

.. ipython:: python

   df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3],
                      'B': np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='object'),
                      'C': ['1', '2', '3']})
   df.dtypes
   df.infer_objects().dtypes

Note that column ``'C'`` was not converted - only scalar numeric types
will be inferred to a new type.  Other types of conversion should be accomplished
using the :func:`to_numeric` function (or :func:`to_datetime`, :func:`to_timedelta`).

.. ipython:: python

   df = df.infer_objects()
   df['C'] = pd.to_numeric(df['C'], errors='coerce')
   df.dtypes

.. _whatsnew_0210.enhancements.attribute_access:

Improved warnings when attempting to create columns
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

New users are often flummoxed by the relationship between column operations and attribute
access on ``DataFrame`` instances (:issue:`7175`). One specific instance
of this confusion is attempting to create a new column by setting into an attribute:

.. code-block:: ipython

  In[1]: df = pd.DataFrame({'one': [1., 2., 3.]})
  In[2]: df.two = [4, 5, 6]

This does not raise any obvious exceptions, but also does not create a new column:

.. code-block:: ipython

  In[3]: df
  Out[3]:
      one
  0  1.0
  1  2.0
  2  3.0

Setting a list-like data structure into a new attribute now raise a ``UserWarning`` about the potential for unexpected behavior. See :ref:`Attribute Access <indexing.attribute_access>`.

``drop`` now also accepts index/columns keywords
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The :meth:`~DataFrame.drop` method has gained ``index``/``columns`` keywords as an
alternative to specify the ``axis`` and to make it similar in usage to ``reindex``
(:issue:`12392`).

For example:

.. ipython:: python

    df = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(8).reshape(2,4),
                      columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])
    df
    df.drop(['B', 'C'], axis=1)
    # the following is now equivalent
    df.drop(columns=['B', 'C'])

.. _whatsnew_0210.enhancements.categorical_dtype:

``CategoricalDtype`` for specifying categoricals
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

:class:`pandas.api.types.CategoricalDtype` has been added to the public API and
expanded to include the ``categories`` and ``ordered`` attributes. A
``CategoricalDtype`` can be used to specify the set of categories and
orderedness of an array, independent of the data themselves. This can be useful,
e.g., when converting string data to a ``Categorical`` (:issue:`14711`,
:issue:`15078`, :issue:`16015`, :issue:`17643`):

.. ipython:: python

   from pandas.api.types import CategoricalDtype

   s = pd.Series(['a', 'b', 'c', 'a'])  # strings
   dtype = CategoricalDtype(categories=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], ordered=True)
   s.astype(dtype)

One place that deserves special mention is in :meth:`read_csv`. Previously, with
``dtype={'col': 'category'}``, the returned values and categories would always
be strings.

.. ipython:: python
   :suppress:

   from pandas.compat import StringIO

.. ipython:: python

   data = 'A,B\na,1\nb,2\nc,3'
   pd.read_csv(StringIO(data), dtype={'B': 'category'}).B.cat.categories

Notice the "object" dtype.

With a ``CategoricalDtype`` of all numerics, datetimes, or
timedeltas, we can automatically convert to the correct type

.. ipython:: python

   dtype = {'B': CategoricalDtype([1, 2, 3])}
   pd.read_csv(StringIO(data), dtype=dtype).B.cat.categories

The values have been correctly interpreted as integers.

The ``.dtype`` property of a ``Categorical``, ``CategoricalIndex`` or a
``Series`` with categorical type will now return an instance of
``CategoricalDtype``. For the most part, this is backwards compatible, though
the string repr has changed. If you were previously using ``str(s.dtype) ==
'category'`` to detect categorical data, switch to
:func:`pandas.api.types.is_categorical_dtype`, which is compatible with the old
and new ``CategoricalDtype``.

See the :ref:`CategoricalDtype docs <categorical.categoricaldtype>` for more.

.. _whatsnew_0210.enhancements.other:

Other Enhancements
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The ``validate`` argument for :func:`merge` function now checks whether a merge is one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many. If a merge is found to not be an example of specified merge type, an exception of type ``MergeError`` will be raised. For more, see :ref:`here <merging.validation>` (:issue:`16270`)
- Added support for `PEP 518 <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0518/>`_ to the build system (:issue:`16745`)
- :func:`Series.to_dict` and :func:`DataFrame.to_dict` now support an ``into`` keyword which allows you to specify the ``collections.Mapping`` subclass that you would like returned.  The default is ``dict``, which is backwards compatible. (:issue:`16122`)
- :func:`RangeIndex.append` now returns a ``RangeIndex`` object when possible (:issue:`16212`)
- :func:`Series.rename_axis` and :func:`DataFrame.rename_axis` with ``inplace=True`` now return ``None`` while renaming the axis inplace. (:issue:`15704`)
- :func:`Series.set_axis` and :func:`DataFrame.set_axis` now support the ``inplace`` parameter. (:issue:`14636`)
- :func:`Series.to_pickle` and :func:`DataFrame.to_pickle` have gained a ``protocol`` parameter (:issue:`16252`). By default, this parameter is set to `HIGHEST_PROTOCOL <https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html#data-stream-format>`__
- :func:`api.types.infer_dtype` now infers decimals. (:issue:`15690`)
- :func:`read_feather` has gained the ``nthreads`` parameter for multi-threaded operations (:issue:`16359`)
- :func:`DataFrame.clip()` and :func:`Series.clip()` have gained an ``inplace`` argument. (:issue:`15388`)
- :func:`crosstab` has gained a ``margins_name`` parameter to define the name of the row / column that will contain the totals when ``margins=True``. (:issue:`15972`)
- :func:`DataFrame.select_dtypes` now accepts scalar values for include/exclude as well as list-like. (:issue:`16855`)
- :func:`date_range` now accepts 'YS' in addition to 'AS' as an alias for start of year (:issue:`9313`)
- :func:`date_range` now accepts 'Y' in addition to 'A' as an alias for end of year (:issue:`9313`)
- Integration with `Apache Parquet <https://parquet.apache.org/>`__, including a new top-level :func:`read_parquet` and :func:`DataFrame.to_parquet` method, see :ref:`here <io.parquet>`. (:issue:`15838`, :issue:`17438`)
- :func:`DataFrame.add_prefix` and :func:`DataFrame.add_suffix` now accept strings containing the '%' character. (:issue:`17151`)
- Read/write methods that infer compression (:func:`read_csv`, :func:`read_table`, :func:`read_pickle`, and :meth:`~DataFrame.to_pickle`) can now infer from non-string paths, such as ``pathlib.Path`` objects (:issue:`17206`).
- :func:`pd.read_sas()` now recognizes much more of the most frequently used date (datetime) formats in SAS7BDAT files (:issue:`15871`).
- :func:`DataFrame.items` and :func:`Series.items` is now present in both Python 2 and 3 and is lazy in all cases (:issue:`13918`, :issue:`17213`)
- :func:`Styler.where` has been implemented. It is as a convenience for :func:`Styler.applymap` and enables simple DataFrame styling on the Jupyter notebook (:issue:`17474`).
- :func:`MultiIndex.is_monotonic_decreasing` has been implemented.  Previously returned ``False`` in all cases. (:issue:`16554`)
- :func:`Categorical.rename_categories` now accepts a dict-like argument as `new_categories` and only updates the categories found in that dict. (:issue:`17336`)
- :func:`read_excel` raises ``ImportError`` with a better message if ``xlrd`` is not installed. (:issue:`17613`)
- :func:`read_json` now accepts a ``chunksize`` parameter that can be used when ``lines=True``. If ``chunksize`` is passed, read_json now returns an iterator which reads in ``chunksize`` lines with each iteration. (:issue:`17048`)
- :meth:`DataFrame.assign` will preserve the original order of ``**kwargs`` for Python 3.6+ users instead of sorting the column names
- Improved the import time of pandas by about 2.25x  (:issue:`16764`)


.. _whatsnew_0210.api_breaking:

Backwards incompatible API changes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. _whatsnew_0210.api_breaking.period_index_resampling:

``PeriodIndex`` resampling
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

In previous versions of pandas, resampling a ``Series``/``DataFrame`` indexed by a ``PeriodIndex`` returned a ``DatetimeIndex`` in some cases (:issue:`12884`). Resampling to a multiplied frequency now returns a ``PeriodIndex`` (:issue:`15944`). As a minor enhancement, resampling a ``PeriodIndex`` can now handle ``NaT`` values (:issue:`13224`)

Previous Behavior:

.. code-block:: ipython

   In [1]: pi = pd.period_range('2017-01', periods=12, freq='M')

   In [2]: s = pd.Series(np.arange(12), index=pi)

   In [3]: resampled = s.resample('2Q').mean()

   In [4]: resampled
   Out[4]:
   2017-03-31     1.0
   2017-09-30     5.5
   2018-03-31    10.0
   Freq: 2Q-DEC, dtype: float64

   In [5]: resampled.index
   Out[5]: DatetimeIndex(['2017-03-31', '2017-09-30', '2018-03-31'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='2Q-DEC')

New Behavior:

.. ipython:: python

   pi = pd.period_range('2017-01', periods=12, freq='M')

   s = pd.Series(np.arange(12), index=pi)

   resampled = s.resample('2Q').mean()

   resampled

   resampled.index


Upsampling and calling ``.ohlc()`` previously returned a ``Series``, basically identical to calling ``.asfreq()``. OHLC upsampling now returns a DataFrame with columns ``open``, ``high``, ``low`` and ``close`` (:issue:`13083`). This is consistent with downsampling and ``DatetimeIndex`` behavior.

Previous Behavior:

.. code-block:: ipython

   In [1]: pi = pd.PeriodIndex(start='2000-01-01', freq='D', periods=10)

   In [2]: s = pd.Series(np.arange(10), index=pi)

   In [3]: s.resample('H').ohlc()
   Out[3]:
   2000-01-01 00:00    0.0
                   ...
   2000-01-10 23:00    NaN
   Freq: H, Length: 240, dtype: float64

   In [4]: s.resample('M').ohlc()
   Out[4]:
            open  high  low  close
   2000-01     0     9    0      9

New Behavior:

.. ipython:: python

   pi = pd.PeriodIndex(start='2000-01-01', freq='D', periods=10)

   s = pd.Series(np.arange(10), index=pi)

   s.resample('H').ohlc()

   s.resample('M').ohlc()


.. _whatsnew_0210.api_breaking.deps:

Dependencies have increased minimum versions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

We have updated our minimum supported versions of dependencies (:issue:`15206`, :issue:`15543`, :issue:`15214`).
If installed, we now require:

   +--------------+-----------------+----------+
   | Package      | Minimum Version | Required |
   +==============+=================+==========+
   | Numpy        | 1.9.0           |    X     |
   +--------------+-----------------+----------+
   | Matplotlib   | 1.4.3           |          |
   +--------------+-----------------+----------+
   | Scipy        | 0.14.0          |          |
   +--------------+-----------------+----------+
   | Bottleneck   | 1.0.0           |          |
   +--------------+-----------------+----------+

.. _whatsnew_0210.api_breaking.loc:

Indexing with a list with missing labels is Deprecated
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Previously, selecting with a list of labels, where one or more labels were missing would always succeed, returning ``NaN`` for missing labels.
This will now show a ``FutureWarning``, in the future this will raise a ``KeyError`` (:issue:`15747`).
This warning will trigger on a ``DataFrame`` or a ``Series`` for using ``.loc[]``  or ``[[]]`` when passing a list-of-labels with at least 1 missing label.
See the :ref:`deprecation docs <indexing.deprecate_loc_reindex_listlike>`.


.. ipython:: python

   s = pd.Series([1, 2, 3])
   s

Previous Behavior

.. code-block:: ipython

   In [4]: s.loc[[1, 2, 3]]
   Out[4]:
   1    2.0
   2    3.0
   3    NaN
   dtype: float64


Current Behavior

.. code-block:: ipython

   In [4]: s.loc[[1, 2, 3]]
   Passing list-likes to .loc or [] with any missing label will raise
   KeyError in the future, you can use .reindex() as an alternative.

   See the documentation here:
   http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/indexing.html#deprecate-loc-reindex-listlike

   Out[4]:
   1    2.0
   2    3.0
   3    NaN
   dtype: float64

The idiomatic way to achieve selecting potentially not-found elmenents is via ``.reindex()``

.. ipython:: python

  s.reindex([1, 2, 3])

Selection with all keys found is unchanged.

.. ipython:: python

   s.loc[[1, 2]]


.. _whatsnew_0210.api_breaking.pandas_eval:

Improved error handling during item assignment in pd.eval
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

:func:`eval` will now raise a ``ValueError`` when item assignment malfunctions, or
inplace operations are specified, but there is no item assignment in the expression (:issue:`16732`)

.. ipython:: python

   arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])

Previously, if you attempted the following expression, you would get a not very helpful error message:

.. code-block:: ipython

  In [3]: pd.eval("a = 1 + 2", target=arr, inplace=True)
  ...
  IndexError: only integers, slices (`:`), ellipsis (`...`), numpy.newaxis (`None`)
  and integer or boolean arrays are valid indices

This is a very long way of saying numpy arrays don't support string-item indexing. With this
change, the error message is now this:

.. code-block:: python

   In [3]: pd.eval("a = 1 + 2", target=arr, inplace=True)
   ...
   ValueError: Cannot assign expression output to target

It also used to be possible to evaluate expressions inplace, even if there was no item assignment:

.. code-block:: ipython

  In [4]: pd.eval("1 + 2", target=arr, inplace=True)
  Out[4]: 3

However, this input does not make much sense because the output is not being assigned to
the target. Now, a ``ValueError`` will be raised when such an input is passed in:

.. code-block:: ipython

   In [4]: pd.eval("1 + 2", target=arr, inplace=True)
   ...
   ValueError: Cannot operate inplace if there is no assignment

.. _whatsnew_0210.api_breaking.iteration_scalars:

Iteration of Series/Index will now return Python scalars
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Previously, when using certain iteration methods for a ``Series`` with dtype ``int`` or ``float``, you would receive a ``numpy`` scalar, e.g. a ``np.int64``, rather than a Python ``int``. Issue (:issue:`10904`) corrected this for ``Series.tolist()`` and ``list(Series)``. This change makes all iteration methods consistent, in particular, for ``__iter__()`` and ``.map()``; note that this only affects int/float dtypes. (:issue:`13236`, :issue:`13258`, :issue:`14216`).

.. ipython:: python

   s = pd.Series([1, 2, 3])
   s

Previously:

.. code-block:: ipython

   In [2]: type(list(s)[0])
   Out[2]: numpy.int64

New Behaviour:

.. ipython:: python

   type(list(s)[0])

Furthermore this will now correctly box the results of iteration for :func:`DataFrame.to_dict` as well.

.. ipython:: python

   d = {'a':[1], 'b':['b']}
   df = pd.DataFrame(d)

Previously:

.. code-block:: ipython

   In [8]: type(df.to_dict()['a'][0])
   Out[8]: numpy.int64

New Behaviour:

.. ipython:: python

   type(df.to_dict()['a'][0])

.. _whatsnew_0210.api_breaking.dtype_conversions:

Dtype Conversions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Previously assignments, ``.where()`` and ``.fillna()`` with a ``bool`` assignment, would coerce to same the type (e.g. int / float), or raise for datetimelikes. These will now preseve the bools with ``object`` dtypes. (:issue:`16821`).

.. ipython:: python

   s = Series([1, 2, 3])

.. code-block:: python

   In [5]: s[1] = True

   In [6]: s
   Out[6]:
   0    1
   1    1
   2    3
   dtype: int64

New Behavior

.. ipython:: python

   s[1] = True
   s

Previously, as assignment to a datetimelike with a non-datetimelike would coerce the
non-datetime-like item being assigned (:issue:`14145`).

.. ipython:: python

   s = pd.Series([pd.Timestamp('2011-01-01'), pd.Timestamp('2012-01-01')])

.. code-block:: python

   In [1]: s[1] = 1

   In [2]: s
   Out[2]:
   0   2011-01-01 00:00:00.000000000
   1   1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000001
   dtype: datetime64[ns]

These now coerce to ``object`` dtype.

.. ipython:: python

   s[1] = 1
   s

- Inconsistent behavior in ``.where()`` with datetimelikes which would raise rather than coerce to ``object`` (:issue:`16402`)
- Bug in assignment against ``int64`` data with ``np.ndarray`` with ``float64`` dtype may keep ``int64`` dtype (:issue:`14001`)

.. _whatsnew_0210.api.na_changes:

NA naming Changes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

In order to promote more consistency among the pandas API, we have added additional top-level
functions :func:`isna` and :func:`notna` that are aliases for :func:`isnull` and :func:`notnull`.
The naming scheme is now more consistent with methods like ``.dropna()`` and ``.fillna()``. Furthermore
in all cases where ``.isnull()`` and ``.notnull()`` methods are defined, these have additional methods
named ``.isna()`` and ``.notna()``, these are included for classes ``Categorical``,
``Index``, ``Series``, and ``DataFrame``. (:issue:`15001`).

The configuration option ``pd.options.mode.use_inf_as_null`` is deprecated, and ``pd.options.mode.use_inf_as_na`` is added as a replacement.

.. _whatsnew_210.api.multiindex_single:

MultiIndex Constructor with a Single Level
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The ``MultiIndex`` constructors no longer squeeze a MultiIndex with all
length-one levels down to a regular ``Index``. This affects all the
``MultiIndex`` constructors. (:issue:`17178`)

Previous behavior:

.. code-block:: ipython

   In [2]: pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a',), ('b',)])
   Out[2]: Index(['a', 'b'], dtype='object')

Length 1 levels are no longer special-cased. They behave exactly as if you had
length 2+ levels, so a :class:`MultiIndex` is always returned from all of the
``MultiIndex`` constructors:

.. ipython:: python

   pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a',), ('b',)])

.. _whatsnew_0210.api.utc_localization_with_series:

UTC Localization with Series
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Previously, :func:`to_datetime` did not localize datetime ``Series`` data when ``utc=True`` was passed. Now, :func:`to_datetime` will correctly localize ``Series`` with a ``datetime64[ns, UTC]`` dtype to be consistent with how list-like and ``Index`` data are handled. (:issue:`6415`).

Previous Behavior

.. ipython:: python

   s = Series(['20130101 00:00:00'] * 3)

.. code-block:: ipython

   In [12]: pd.to_datetime(s, utc=True)
   Out[12]:
   0   2013-01-01
   1   2013-01-01
   2   2013-01-01
   dtype: datetime64[ns]

New Behavior

.. ipython:: python

   pd.to_datetime(s, utc=True)

Additionally, DataFrames with datetime columns that were parsed by :func:`read_sql_table` and :func:`read_sql_query` will also be localized to UTC only if the original SQL columns were timezone aware datetime columns.

.. _whatsnew_0210.api.consistency_of_range_functions:

Consistency of Range Functions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

In previous versions, there were some inconsistencies between the various range functions: :func:`date_range`, :func:`bdate_range`, :func:`period_range`, :func:`timedelta_range`, and :func:`interval_range`. (:issue:`17471`).

One of the inconsistent behaviors occurred when the ``start``, ``end`` and ``period`` parameters were all specified, potentially leading to ambiguous ranges.  When all three parameters were passed, ``interval_range`` ignored the ``period`` parameter, ``period_range`` ignored the ``end`` parameter, and the other range functions raised.  To promote consistency among the range functions, and avoid potentially ambiguous ranges, ``interval_range`` and ``period_range`` will now raise when all three parameters are passed.

Previous Behavior:

.. code-block:: ipython

  In [2]: pd.interval_range(start=0, end=4, periods=6)
  Out[2]:
  IntervalIndex([(0, 1], (1, 2], (2, 3]]
                closed='right',
                dtype='interval[int64]')

  In [3]: pd.period_range(start='2017Q1', end='2017Q4', periods=6, freq='Q')
  Out[3]: PeriodIndex(['2017Q1', '2017Q2', '2017Q3', '2017Q4', '2018Q1', '2018Q2'], dtype='period[Q-DEC]', freq='Q-DEC')

New Behavior:

.. code-block:: ipython

  In [2]: pd.interval_range(start=0, end=4, periods=6)
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ValueError: Of the three parameters: start, end, and periods, exactly two must be specified

  In [3]: pd.period_range(start='2017Q1', end='2017Q4', periods=6, freq='Q')
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ValueError: Of the three parameters: start, end, and periods, exactly two must be specified

Additionally, the endpoint parameter ``end`` was not included in the intervals produced by ``interval_range``.  However, all other range functions include ``end`` in their output.  To promote consistency among the range functions, ``interval_range`` will now include ``end`` as the right endpoint of the final interval, except if ``freq`` is specified in a way which skips ``end``.

Previous Behavior:

.. code-block:: ipython

  In [4]: pd.interval_range(start=0, end=4)
  Out[4]:
  IntervalIndex([(0, 1], (1, 2], (2, 3]]
                closed='right',
                dtype='interval[int64]')


New Behavior:

.. ipython:: python

   pd.interval_range(start=0, end=4)

.. _whatsnew_0210.api:

Other API Changes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Support has been dropped for Python 3.4 (:issue:`15251`)
- The Categorical constructor no longer accepts a scalar for the ``categories`` keyword. (:issue:`16022`)
- Accessing a non-existent attribute on a closed :class:`~pandas.HDFStore` will now
  raise an ``AttributeError`` rather than a ``ClosedFileError`` (:issue:`16301`)
- :func:`read_csv` now issues a ``UserWarning`` if the ``names`` parameter contains duplicates (:issue:`17095`)
- :func:`read_csv` now treats ``'null'`` strings as missing values by default (:issue:`16471`)
- :func:`read_csv` now treats ``'n/a'`` strings as missing values by default (:issue:`16078`)
- :class:`pandas.HDFStore`'s string representation is now faster and less detailed. For the previous behavior, use ``pandas.HDFStore.info()``. (:issue:`16503`).
- Compression defaults in HDF stores now follow pytable standards. Default is no compression and if ``complib`` is missing and ``complevel`` > 0 ``zlib`` is used (:issue:`15943`)
- ``Index.get_indexer_non_unique()`` now returns a ndarray indexer rather than an ``Index``; this is consistent with ``Index.get_indexer()`` (:issue:`16819`)
- Removed the ``@slow`` decorator from ``pandas.util.testing``, which caused issues for some downstream packages' test suites. Use ``@pytest.mark.slow`` instead, which achieves the same thing (:issue:`16850`)
- Moved definition of ``MergeError`` to the ``pandas.errors`` module.
- The signature of :func:`Series.set_axis` and :func:`DataFrame.set_axis` has been changed from ``set_axis(axis, labels)`` to ``set_axis(labels, axis=0)``, for consistency with the rest of the API. The old signature is deprecated and will show a ``FutureWarning`` (:issue:`14636`)
- :func:`Series.argmin` and :func:`Series.argmax` will now raise a ``TypeError`` when used with ``object`` dtypes, instead of a ``ValueError`` (:issue:`13595`)
- :class:`Period` is now immutable, and will now raise an ``AttributeError`` when a user tries to assign a new value to the ``ordinal`` or ``freq`` attributes (:issue:`17116`).
- :func:`to_datetime` when passed a tz-aware ``origin=`` kwarg will now raise a more informative ``ValueError`` rather than a ``TypeError`` (:issue:`16842`)
- Renamed non-functional ``index`` to ``index_col`` in :func:`read_stata` to improve API consistency (:issue:`16342`)
- Bug in :func:`DataFrame.drop` caused boolean labels ``False`` and ``True`` to be treated as labels 0 and 1 respectively when dropping indices from a numeric index. This will now raise a ValueError (:issue:`16877`)
- Restricted DateOffset keyword arguments.  Previously, ``DateOffset`` subclasses allowed arbitrary keyword arguments which could lead to unexpected behavior.  Now, only valid arguments will be accepted. (:issue:`17176`).
- Pandas no longer registers matplotlib converters on import. The converters
  will be registered and used when the first plot is draw (:issue:`17710`)

.. _whatsnew_0210.deprecations:

Deprecations
~~~~~~~~~~~~

- :func:`read_excel()` has deprecated ``sheetname`` in favor of ``sheet_name`` for consistency with ``.to_excel()`` (:issue:`10559`).
- The ``convert`` parameter has been deprecated in the ``.take()`` method, as it was not being respected (:issue:`16948`)
- ``pd.options.html.border`` has been deprecated in favor of ``pd.options.display.html.border`` (:issue:`15793`).
- :func:`SeriesGroupBy.nth` has deprecated ``True`` in favor of ``'all'`` for its kwarg ``dropna`` (:issue:`11038`).
- :func:`DataFrame.as_blocks` is deprecated, as this is exposing the internal implementation (:issue:`17302`)
- ``pd.TimeGrouper`` is deprecated in favor of :class:`pandas.Grouper` (:issue:`16747`)
- ``cdate_range`` has been deprecated in favor of :func:`bdate_range`, which has gained ``weekmask`` and ``holidays`` parameters for building custom frequency date ranges. See the :ref:`documentation <timeseries.custom-freq-ranges>` for more details (:issue:`17596`)
- passing ``categories`` or ``ordered`` kwargs to :func:`Series.astype` is deprecated, in favor of passing a :ref:`CategoricalDtype <whatsnew_0210.enhancements.categorical_dtype>` (:issue:`17636`)
- Passing a non-existant column in ``.to_excel(..., columns=)`` is deprecated and will raise a ``KeyError`` in the future (:issue:`17295`)

.. _whatsnew_0210.deprecations.argmin_min:

Series.argmax and Series.argmin
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- The behavior of :func:`Series.argmax` has been deprecated in favor of :func:`Series.idxmax` (:issue:`16830`)
- The behavior of :func:`Series.argmin` has been deprecated in favor of :func:`Series.idxmin` (:issue:`16830`)

For compatibility with NumPy arrays, ``pd.Series`` implements ``argmax`` and
``argmin``. Since pandas 0.13.0, ``argmax`` has been an alias for
:meth:`pandas.Series.idxmax`, and ``argmin`` has been an alias for
:meth:`pandas.Series.idxmin`. They return the *label* of the maximum or minimum,
rather than the *position*.

We've deprecated the current behavior of ``Series.argmax`` and
``Series.argmin``. Using either of these will emit a ``FutureWarning``. Use
:meth:`Series.idxmax` if you want the label of the maximum. Use
``Series.values.argmax()`` if you want the position of the maximum. Likewise for
the minimum. In a future release ``Series.argmax`` and ``Series.argmin`` will
return the position of the maximum or minimum.

.. _whatsnew_0210.prior_deprecations:

Removal of prior version deprecations/changes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- :func:`read_excel()` has dropped the ``has_index_names`` parameter (:issue:`10967`)
- The ``pd.options.display.height`` configuration has been dropped (:issue:`3663`)
- The ``pd.options.display.line_width`` configuration has been dropped (:issue:`2881`)
- The ``pd.options.display.mpl_style`` configuration has been dropped (:issue:`12190`)
- ``Index`` has dropped the ``.sym_diff()`` method in favor of ``.symmetric_difference()`` (:issue:`12591`)
- ``Categorical`` has dropped the ``.order()`` and ``.sort()`` methods in favor of ``.sort_values()`` (:issue:`12882`)
- :func:`eval` and :func:`DataFrame.eval` have changed the default of ``inplace`` from ``None`` to ``False`` (:issue:`11149`)
- The function ``get_offset_name`` has been dropped in favor of the ``.freqstr`` attribute for an offset (:issue:`11834`)
- pandas no longer tests for compatibility with hdf5-files created with pandas < 0.11 (:issue:`17404`).



.. _whatsnew_0210.performance:

Performance Improvements
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- Improved performance of instantiating :class:`SparseDataFrame` (:issue:`16773`)
- :attr:`Series.dt` no longer performs frequency inference, yielding a large speedup when accessing the attribute (:issue:`17210`)
- Improved performance of :meth:`Categorical.set_categories` by not materializing the values (:issue:`17508`)
- :attr:`Timestamp.microsecond` no longer re-computes on attribute access (:issue:`17331`)
- Improved performance of the :class:`CategoricalIndex` for data that is already categorical dtype (:issue:`17513`)
- Improved performance of :meth:`RangeIndex.min` and :meth:`RangeIndex.max` by using ``RangeIndex`` properties to perform the computations (:issue:`17607`)

.. _whatsnew_0210.docs:

Documentation Changes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- Several ``NaT`` method docstrings (e.g. :func:`NaT.ctime`) were incorrect (:issue:`17327`)
- The documentation has had references to versions < v0.17 removed and cleaned up (:issue:`17442`, :issue:`17442`, :issue:`17404` & :issue:`17504`)

.. _whatsnew_0210.bug_fixes:

Bug Fixes
~~~~~~~~~

Conversion
^^^^^^^^^^

- Bug in assignment against datetime-like data with ``int`` may incorrectly convert to datetime-like (:issue:`14145`)
- Bug in assignment against ``int64`` data with ``np.ndarray`` with ``float64`` dtype may keep ``int64`` dtype (:issue:`14001`)
- Fixed the return type of ``IntervalIndex.is_non_overlapping_monotonic`` to be a Python ``bool`` for consistency with similar attributes/methods.  Previously returned a ``numpy.bool_``. (:issue:`17237`)
- Bug in ``IntervalIndex.is_non_overlapping_monotonic`` when intervals are closed on both sides and overlap at a point (:issue:`16560`)
- Bug in :func:`Series.fillna` returns frame when ``inplace=True`` and ``value`` is dict (:issue:`16156`)
- Bug in :attr:`Timestamp.weekday_name` returning a UTC-based weekday name when localized to a timezone (:issue:`17354`)
- Bug in ``Timestamp.replace`` when replacing ``tzinfo`` around DST changes (:issue:`15683`)
- Bug in ``Timedelta`` construction and arithmetic that would not propagate the ``Overflow`` exception (:issue:`17367`)

Indexing
^^^^^^^^

- When called with a null slice (e.g. ``df.iloc[:]``), the ``.iloc`` and ``.loc`` indexers return a shallow copy of the original object. Previously they returned the original object. (:issue:`13873`).
- When called on an unsorted ``MultiIndex``, the ``loc`` indexer now will raise ``UnsortedIndexError`` only if proper slicing is used on non-sorted levels (:issue:`16734`).
- Fixes regression in 0.20.3 when indexing with a string on a ``TimedeltaIndex`` (:issue:`16896`).
- Fixed :func:`TimedeltaIndex.get_loc` handling of ``np.timedelta64`` inputs (:issue:`16909`).
- Fix :func:`MultiIndex.sort_index` ordering when ``ascending`` argument is a list, but not all levels are specified, or are in a different order (:issue:`16934`).
- Fixes bug where indexing with ``np.inf`` caused an ``OverflowError`` to be raised (:issue:`16957`)
- Bug in reindexing on an empty ``CategoricalIndex`` (:issue:`16770`)
- Fixes ``DataFrame.loc`` for setting with alignment and tz-aware ``DatetimeIndex`` (:issue:`16889`)
- Avoids ``IndexError`` when passing an Index or Series to ``.iloc`` with older numpy (:issue:`17193`)
- Allow unicode empty strings as placeholders in multilevel columns in Python 2 (:issue:`17099`)
- Bug in ``.iloc`` when used with inplace addition or assignment and an int indexer on a ``MultiIndex`` causing the wrong indexes to be read from and written to (:issue:`17148`)
- Bug in ``.isin()`` in which checking membership in empty ``Series`` objects raised an error (:issue:`16991`)
- Bug in ``CategoricalIndex`` reindexing in which specified indices containing duplicates were not being respected (:issue:`17323`)
- Bug in intersection of ``RangeIndex`` with negative step (:issue:`17296`)
- Bug in ``IntervalIndex`` where performing a scalar lookup fails for included right endpoints of non-overlapping monotonic decreasing indexes (:issue:`16417`, :issue:`17271`)
- Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.first_valid_index` and :meth:`DataFrame.last_valid_index` when no valid entry (:issue:`17400`)
- Bug in :func:`Series.rename` when called with a `callable`, incorrectly alters the name of the `Series`, rather than the name of the `Index`. (:issue:`17407`)
- Bug in :func:`String.str_get` raises `index out of range` error instead of inserting NaNs when using a negative index. (:issue:`17704`)

I/O
^^^

- Bug in :func:`read_csv` in which columns were not being thoroughly de-duplicated (:issue:`17060`)
- Bug in :func:`read_csv` in which specified column names were not being thoroughly de-duplicated (:issue:`17095`)
- Bug in :func:`read_csv` in which non integer values for the header argument generated an unhelpful / unrelated error message (:issue:`16338`)
- Bug in :func:`read_csv` in which memory management issues in exception handling, under certain conditions, would cause the interpreter to segfault (:issue:`14696`, :issue:`16798`).
- Bug in :func:`read_csv` when called with ``low_memory=False`` in which a CSV with at least one column > 2GB in size would incorrectly raise a ``MemoryError`` (:issue:`16798`).
- Bug in :func:`read_csv` when called with a single-element list ``header`` would return a ``DataFrame`` of all NaN values (:issue:`7757`)
- Bug in :func:`read_stata` where value labels could not be read when using an iterator (:issue:`16923`)
- Bug in :func:`read_stata` where the index was not set (:issue:`16342`)
- Bug in :func:`read_html` where import check fails when run in multiple threads (:issue:`16928`)
- Bug in :func:`read_csv` where automatic delimiter detection caused a ``TypeError`` to be thrown when a bad line was encountered rather than the correct error message (:issue:`13374`)
- Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.to_html` with ``notebook=True`` where DataFrames with named indices or non-MultiIndex indices had undesired horizontal or vertical alignment for column or row labels, respectively (:issue:`16792`)
- Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.to_html` in which there was no validation of the ``justify`` parameter (:issue:`17527`)
- Bug in :func:`HDFStore.select` when reading a contiguous mixed-data table featuring VLArray (:issue:`17021`)

Plotting
^^^^^^^^
- Bug in plotting methods using ``secondary_y`` and ``fontsize`` not setting secondary axis font size (:issue:`12565`)
- Bug when plotting ``timedelta`` and ``datetime`` dtypes on y-axis (:issue:`16953`)
- Line plots no longer assume monotonic x data when calculating xlims, they show the entire lines now even for unsorted x data. (:issue:`11310`, :issue:`11471`)
- With matplotlib 2.0.0 and above, calculation of x limits for line plots is left to matplotlib, so that its new default settings are applied. (:issue:`15495`)
- Bug in ``Series.plot.bar`` or ``DataFrame.plot.bar`` with ``y`` not respecting user-passed ``color`` (:issue:`16822`)
- Bug causing ``plotting.parallel_coordinates`` to reset the random seed when using random colors (:issue:`17525`)


Groupby/Resample/Rolling
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Bug in ``DataFrame.resample(...).size()`` where an empty ``DataFrame`` did not return a ``Series`` (:issue:`14962`)
- Bug in :func:`infer_freq` causing indices with 2-day gaps during the working week to be wrongly inferred as business daily (:issue:`16624`)
- Bug in ``.rolling(...).quantile()`` which incorrectly used different defaults than :func:`Series.quantile()` and :func:`DataFrame.quantile()` (:issue:`9413`, :issue:`16211`)
- Bug in ``groupby.transform()`` that would coerce boolean dtypes back to float (:issue:`16875`)
- Bug in ``Series.resample(...).apply()`` where an empty ``Series`` modified the source index and did not return the name of a ``Series`` (:issue:`14313`)
- Bug in ``.rolling(...).apply(...)`` with a ``DataFrame`` with a ``DatetimeIndex``, a ``window`` of a timedelta-convertible and ``min_periods >= 1` (:issue:`15305`)
- Bug in ``DataFrame.groupby`` where index and column keys were not recognized correctly when the number of keys equaled the number of elements on the groupby axis (:issue:`16859`)
- Bug in ``groupby.nunique()`` with ``TimeGrouper`` which cannot handle ``NaT`` correctly (:issue:`17575`)
- Bug in ``DataFrame.groupby`` where a single level selection from a ``MultiIndex`` unexpectedly sorts (:issue:`17537`)
- Bug in ``TimeGrouper`` differs when passes as a list and as a scalar (:issue:`17530`)

Sparse
^^^^^^

- Bug in ``SparseSeries`` raises ``AttributeError`` when a dictionary is passed in as data (:issue:`16905`)
- Bug in :func:`SparseDataFrame.fillna` not filling all NaNs when frame was instantiated from SciPy sparse matrix (:issue:`16112`)
- Bug in :func:`SparseSeries.unstack` and :func:`SparseDataFrame.stack` (:issue:`16614`, :issue:`15045`)
- Bug in :func:`make_sparse` treating two numeric/boolean data, which have same bits, as same when array ``dtype`` is ``object`` (:issue:`17574`)
- :func:`SparseArray.all` and :func:`SparseArray.any` are now implemented to handle ``SparseArray``, these were used but not implemented (:issue:`17570`)

Reshaping
^^^^^^^^^
- Joining/Merging with a non unique ``PeriodIndex`` raised a ``TypeError`` (:issue:`16871`)
- Bug in :func:`crosstab` where non-aligned series of integers were casted to float (:issue:`17005`)
- Bug in merging with categorical dtypes with datetimelikes incorrectly raised a ``TypeError`` (:issue:`16900`)
- Bug when using :func:`isin` on a large object series and large comparison array (:issue:`16012`)
- Fixes regression from 0.20, :func:`Series.aggregate` and :func:`DataFrame.aggregate` allow dictionaries as return values again (:issue:`16741`)
- Fixes dtype of result with integer dtype input, from :func:`pivot_table` when called with ``margins=True`` (:issue:`17013`)
- Bug in :func:`crosstab` where passing two ``Series`` with the same name raised a ``KeyError`` (:issue:`13279`)
- :func:`Series.argmin`, :func:`Series.argmax`, and their counterparts on ``DataFrame`` and groupby objects work correctly with floating point data that contains infinite values (:issue:`13595`).
- Bug in :func:`unique` where checking a tuple of strings raised a ``TypeError`` (:issue:`17108`)
- Bug in :func:`concat` where order of result index was unpredictable if it contained non-comparable elements (:issue:`17344`)
- Fixes regression when sorting by multiple columns on a ``datetime64`` dtype ``Series`` with ``NaT`` values (:issue:`16836`)

Numeric
^^^^^^^
- Bug in ``.clip()`` with ``axis=1`` and a list-like for ``threshold`` is passed; previously this raised ``ValueError`` (:issue:`15390`)
- :func:`Series.clip()` and :func:`DataFrame.clip()` now treat NA values for upper and lower arguments as ``None`` instead of raising ``ValueError`` (:issue:`17276`).


Categorical
^^^^^^^^^^^
- Bug in :func:`Series.isin` when called with a categorical (:issue:`16639`)
- Bug in the categorical constructor with empty values and categories causing the ``.categories`` to be an empty ``Float64Index`` rather than an empty ``Index`` with object dtype (:issue:`17248`)
- Bug in categorical operations with :ref:`Series.cat <categorical.cat>` not preserving the original Series' name (:issue:`17509`)

PyPy
^^^^

- Compatibility with PyPy in :func:`read_csv` with ``usecols=[<unsorted ints>]`` and
  :func:`read_json` (:issue:`17351`)
- Split tests into cases for CPython and PyPy where needed, which highlights the fragility
  of index matching with ``float('nan')``, ``np.nan`` and ``NAT`` (:issue:`17351`)
- Fix :func:`DataFrame.memory_usage` to support PyPy. Objects on PyPy do not have a fixed size,
  so an approximation is used instead (:issue:`17228`)

Other
^^^^^
- Bug where some inplace operators were not being wrapped and produced a copy when invoked (:issue:`12962`)
- Bug in :func:`eval` where the ``inplace`` parameter was being incorrectly handled (:issue:`16732`)