binary_search_tree.py

r"""
A binary search Tree

Example
              8
             / \
            3   10
           / \    \
          1   6    14
             / \   /
            4   7 13

>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.insert(8, 3, 6, 1, 10, 14, 13, 4, 7)
>>> print(" ".join(repr(i.value) for i in t.traversal_tree()))
8 3 1 6 4 7 10 14 13
>>> print(" ".join(repr(i.value) for i in t.traversal_tree(postorder)))
1 4 7 6 3 13 14 10 8
>>> t.remove(20)
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
ValueError: Value 20 not found
>>> BinarySearchTree().search(6)
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
IndexError: Warning: Tree is empty! please use another.

Other example:

>>> testlist = (8, 3, 6, 1, 10, 14, 13, 4, 7)
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> for i in testlist:
...     t.insert(i)

Prints all the elements of the list in order traversal
>>> print(t)
{'8': ({'3': (1, {'6': (4, 7)})}, {'10': (None, {'14': (13, None)})})}

Test existence
>>> t.search(6) is not None
True
>>> t.search(-1) is not None
False

>>> t.search(6).is_right
True
>>> t.search(1).is_right
False

>>> t.get_max().value
14
>>> t.get_min().value
1
>>> t.empty()
False
>>> for i in testlist:
...     t.remove(i)
>>> t.empty()
True
"""

from collections.abc import Iterable
from typing import Any


class Node:
    def __init__(self, value: int | None = None):
        self.value = value
        self.parent: Node | None = None  # Added in order to delete a node easier
        self.left: Node | None = None
        self.right: Node | None = None

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        from pprint import pformat

        if self.left is None and self.right is None:
            return str(self.value)
        return pformat({f"{self.value}": (self.left, self.right)}, indent=1)

    @property
    def is_right(self) -> bool:
        if self.parent and self.parent.right:
            return self == self.parent.right
        return False


class BinarySearchTree:
    def __init__(self, root: Node | None = None):
        self.root = root

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """
        Return a string of all the Nodes using in order traversal
        """
        return str(self.root)

    def __reassign_nodes(self, node: Node, new_children: Node | None) -> None:
        if new_children is not None:  # reset its kids
            new_children.parent = node.parent
        if node.parent is not None:  # reset its parent
            if node.is_right:  # If it is the right children
                node.parent.right = new_children
            else:
                node.parent.left = new_children
        else:
            self.root = None

    def empty(self) -> bool:
        return self.root is None

    def __insert(self, value) -> None:
        """
        Insert a new node in Binary Search Tree with value label
        """
        new_node = Node(value)  # create a new Node
        if self.empty():  # if Tree is empty
            self.root = new_node  # set its root
        else:  # Tree is not empty
            parent_node = self.root  # from root
            if parent_node is None:
                return
            while True:  # While we don't get to a leaf
                if value < parent_node.value:  # We go left
                    if parent_node.left is None:
                        parent_node.left = new_node  # We insert the new node in a leaf
                        break
                    else:
                        parent_node = parent_node.left
                else:
                    if parent_node.right is None:
                        parent_node.right = new_node
                        break
                    else:
                        parent_node = parent_node.right
            new_node.parent = parent_node

    def insert(self, *values) -> None:
        for value in values:
            self.__insert(value)

    def search(self, value) -> Node | None:
        if self.empty():
            raise IndexError("Warning: Tree is empty! please use another.")
        else:
            node = self.root
            # use lazy evaluation here to avoid NoneType Attribute error
            while node is not None and node.value is not value:
                node = node.left if value < node.value else node.right
            return node

    def get_max(self, node: Node | None = None) -> Node | None:
        """
        We go deep on the right branch
        """
        if node is None:
            if self.root is None:
                return None
            node = self.root

        if not self.empty():
            while node.right is not None:
                node = node.right
        return node

    def get_min(self, node: Node | None = None) -> Node | None:
        """
        We go deep on the left branch
        """
        if node is None:
            node = self.root
        if self.root is None:
            return None
        if not self.empty():
            node = self.root
            while node.left is not None:
                node = node.left
        return node

    def remove(self, value: int) -> None:
        # Look for the node with that label
        node = self.search(value)
        if node is None:
            msg = f"Value {value} not found"
            raise ValueError(msg)

        if node.left is None and node.right is None:  # If it has no children
            self.__reassign_nodes(node, None)
        elif node.left is None:  # Has only right children
            self.__reassign_nodes(node, node.right)
        elif node.right is None:  # Has only left children
            self.__reassign_nodes(node, node.left)
        else:
            predecessor = self.get_max(
                node.left
            )  # Gets the max value of the left branch
            self.remove(predecessor.value)  # type: ignore
            node.value = (
                predecessor.value  # type: ignore
            )  # Assigns the value to the node to delete and keep tree structure

    def preorder_traverse(self, node: Node | None) -> Iterable:
        if node is not None:
            yield node  # Preorder Traversal
            yield from self.preorder_traverse(node.left)
            yield from self.preorder_traverse(node.right)

    def traversal_tree(self, traversal_function=None) -> Any:
        """
        This function traversal the tree.
        You can pass a function to traversal the tree as needed by client code
        """
        if traversal_function is None:
            return self.preorder_traverse(self.root)
        else:
            return traversal_function(self.root)

    def inorder(self, arr: list, node: Node | None) -> None:
        """Perform an inorder traversal and append values of the nodes to
        a list named arr"""
        if node:
            self.inorder(arr, node.left)
            arr.append(node.value)
            self.inorder(arr, node.right)

    def find_kth_smallest(self, k: int, node: Node) -> int:
        """Return the kth smallest element in a binary search tree"""
        arr: list[int] = []
        self.inorder(arr, node)  # append all values to list using inorder traversal
        return arr[k - 1]


def postorder(curr_node: Node | None) -> list[Node]:
    """
    postOrder (left, right, self)
    """
    node_list = []
    if curr_node is not None:
        node_list = postorder(curr_node.left) + postorder(curr_node.right) + [curr_node]
    return node_list


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import doctest

    doctest.testmod(verbose=True)