translation: Translation CRTP to zh-Chinese #2289 (#2762)

* translation: Translate CRTP to zh(Chinese)

* translation: Translate CRTP to zh(Chinese)

Author: Kiro-Young

localization/zh/crtp/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+---
+title: Curiously Recurring Template Pattern
+language: zh
+category: Structural
+tag:
+- Extensibility
+- Instantiation
+---
+
+## 名称/分类
+
+Curiously Recurring Template Pattern，CRTP，奇异递归模板模式
+
+## 别名
+
+递归类型绑定，递归泛型
+
+## 目的
+
+允许派生组件从与派生类型兼容的基本组件继承某些功能。
+
+## 解释
+
+真实世界的例子
+
+> 对于正在策划赛事的综合格斗推广活动来说，确保在相同重量级的运动员之间组织比赛至关重要。这样可以防止体型明显不同的拳手之间的不匹配，例如重量级拳手与雏量级拳手的对决。
+
+用通俗的话来讲
+
+> 使类型中的某些方法接受特定于其子类型的参数。
+
+维基百科介绍
+
+> 奇异递归模板模式（curiously recurring template pattern，CRTP）是C++模板编程时的一种惯用法：其中类X派生自使用X本身作为模板参数的类模板实例化。
+
+**程序示例**
+
+让我们来定义通用接口Fighter
+
+```java
+public interface Fighter<T> {
+
+  void fight(T t);
+
+}
+```
+
+MmaFighter类用于实例化按重量级别区分的拳手
+
+``` Java
+public class MmaFighter<T extends MmaFighter<T>> implements Fighter<T> {
+
+  private final String name;
+  private final String surname;
+  private final String nickName;
+  private final String speciality;
+
+  public MmaFighter(String name, String surname, String nickName, String speciality) {
+    this.name = name;
+    this.surname = surname;
+    this.nickName = nickName;
+    this.speciality = speciality;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void fight(T opponent) {
+    LOGGER.info("{} is going to fight against {}", this, opponent);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return name + " \"" + nickName + "\" " + surname;
+  }
+```
+
+以下是 MmaFighter 的一些子类型
+
+```Java
+class MmaBantamweightFighter extends MmaFighter<MmaBantamweightFighter> {
+
+  public MmaBantamweightFighter(String name, String surname, String nickName, String speciality) {
+    super(name, surname, nickName, speciality);
+  }
+
+}
+
+public class MmaHeavyweightFighter extends MmaFighter<MmaHeavyweightFighter> {
+
+  public MmaHeavyweightFighter(String name, String surname, String nickName, String speciality) {
+    super(name, surname, nickName, speciality);
+  }
+
+}
+```
+
+允许拳手与相同重量级的对手交手，如果对手是不同重量级，则会出现错误
+
+``` Java
+MmaBantamweightFighter fighter1 = new MmaBantamweightFighter("Joe", "Johnson", "The Geek", "Muay Thai");
+MmaBantamweightFighter fighter2 = new MmaBantamweightFighter("Ed", "Edwards", "The Problem Solver", "Judo");
+fighter1.fight(fighter2); // This is fine
+
+MmaHeavyweightFighter fighter3 = new MmaHeavyweightFighter("Dave", "Davidson", "The Bug Smasher", "Kickboxing");
+MmaHeavyweightFighter fighter4 = new MmaHeavyweightFighter("Jack", "Jackson", "The Pragmatic", "Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu");
+fighter3.fight(fighter4); // This is fine too
+
+fighter1.fight(fighter3); // This will raise a compilation error
+```
+
+## 类图
+
+![alt text](etc/crtp.png "CRTP class diagram")
+
+## 适用性
+
+在以下情况下使用CRTP
+
+* 在对象层次结构中链接方法时存在类型冲突
+* 您想使用一个参数化的类方法，该方法可以接受类的子类作为参数，从而可以应用于继承自类的对象
+* 您希望某些方法仅适用于相同类型的实例，例如实现相互比较。
+
+## 教程
+
+* [The NuaH Blog](https://nuah.livejournal.com/328187.html)
+* Yogesh Umesh Vaity answer to [What does "Recursive type bound" in Generics mean?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7385949/what-does-recursive-type-bound-in-generics-mean)
+
+## 已知用途
+
+* [java.lang.Enum](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/Enum.html)
+
+## 鸣谢
+
+* [How do I decrypt "Enum<E extends Enum\<E>>"?](http://www.angelikalanger.com/GenericsFAQ/FAQSections/TypeParameters.html#FAQ106)
+* Chapter 5 Generics, Item 30 in [Effective Java](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0134685997/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0134685997&linkCode=as2&tag=javadesignpat-20&linkId=4e349f4b3ff8c50123f8147c828e53eb)