Reogranise the traits section

Author: matthewjasper

Diff for: src/items.md

@@ -165,8 +165,9 @@ some other [path]. Usually a `use` declaration is used to shorten the path
 required to refer to a module item. These declarations may appear in [modules]
 and [blocks], usually at the top.
 
-[path]: paths.html [modules]: #modules [blocks]:
-../grammar.html#block-expressions
+[path]: paths.html
+[modules]: #modules
+[blocks]: expressions.html#block-expressions
 
 > **Note**: Unlike in many languages, `use` declarations in Rust do *not*
 > declare linkage dependency with external crates. Rather, [`extern crate`
@@ -475,7 +476,8 @@ let px: i32 = p.x;
 A _tuple struct_ is a nominal [tuple type], also defined with the keyword
 `struct`. For example:
 
-[struct type]: types.html#struct-types [tuple type]: types.html#tuple-types
+[struct type]: types.html#struct-types
+[tuple type]: types.html#tuple-types
 
 ```rust
 struct Point(i32, i32);
@@ -871,25 +873,23 @@ const RESOLVED_STATIC: Fn(&Foo, &Bar) -> &Baz = ..
 A _trait_ describes an abstract interface that types can implement. This
 interface consists of associated items, which come in three varieties:
 
-- functions
+- [functions](#associated-functions-and-methods)
 - [types](#associated-types)
 - [constants](#associated-constants)
 
-Associated functions whose first parameter is named `self` are called methods
-and may be invoked using `.` notation (e.g., `x.foo()`).
-
 All traits define an implicit type parameter `Self` that refers to "the type
 that is implementing this interface". Traits may also contain additional type
 parameters. These type parameters (including `Self`) may be constrained by
 other traits and so forth as usual.
 
-Trait bounds on `Self` are considered "supertraits". These are required to be
-acyclic.  Supertraits are somewhat different from other constraints in that
-they affect what methods are available in the vtable when the trait is used as
-a [trait object].
-
 Traits are implemented for specific types through separate [implementations].
 
+### Associated functions and methods
+
+Associated functions whose first parameter is named `self` are called methods
+and may be invoked using `.` notation (e.g., `x.foo()`) as well as the usual
+function call notation (`foo(x)`).
+
 Consider the following trait:
 
 ```rust
@@ -903,9 +903,12 @@ trait Shape {
 
 This defines a trait with two methods. All values that have [implementations]
 of this trait in scope can have their `draw` and `bounding_box` methods called,
-using `value.bounding_box()` [syntax].
+using `value.bounding_box()` [syntax]. Note that `&self` is short for `self:
+&Self`, and similarly, `self` is short for `self: Self` and  `&mut self` is
+short for `self: &mut Self`.
 
-[trait object]: types.html#trait-objects [implementations]: #implementations
+[trait object]: types.html#trait-objects
+[implementations]: #implementations
 [syntax]: expressions.html#method-call-expressions
 
 Traits can include default implementations of methods, as in:
@@ -933,6 +936,26 @@ trait Seq<T> {
 }
 ```
 
+Associated functions may lack a `self` argument, sometimes called 'static
+methods'. This means that they can only be called with function call syntax
+(`f(x)`) and not method call syntax (`obj.f()`). The way to refer to the name
+of a static method is to qualify it with the trait name or type name, treating
+the trait name like a module. For example:
+
+```rust
+trait Num {
+    fn from_i32(n: i32) -> Self;
+}
+impl Num for f64 {
+    fn from_i32(n: i32) -> f64 { n as f64 }
+}
+let x: f64 = Num::from_i32(42);
+let x: f64 = f64::from_i32(42);
+```
+
+
+### Associated Types
+
 It is also possible to define associated types for a trait. Consider the
 following example of a `Container` trait. Notice how the type is available for
 use in the method signatures:
@@ -962,32 +985,117 @@ impl<T> Container for Vec<T> {
 }
 ```
 
+### Associated Constants
+
+A trait can define constants like this:
+
+```rust
+trait Foo {
+    const ID: i32;
+}
+
+impl Foo for i32 {
+    const ID: i32 = 1;
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    assert_eq!(1, i32::ID);
+}
+```
+
+Any implementor of `Foo` will have to define `ID`. Without the definition:
+
+```rust,compile_fail,E0046
+trait Foo {
+    const ID: i32;
+}
+
+impl Foo for i32 {
+}
+```
+
+gives
+
+```text
+error: not all trait items implemented, missing: `ID` [E0046]
+     impl Foo for i32 {
+     }
+```
+
+A default value can be implemented as well:
+
+```rust
+trait Foo {
+    const ID: i32 = 1;
+}
+
+impl Foo for i32 {
+}
+
+impl Foo for i64 {
+    const ID: i32 = 5;
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    assert_eq!(1, i32::ID);
+    assert_eq!(5, i64::ID);
+}
+```
+
+As you can see, when implementing `Foo`, you can leave it unimplemented, as
+with `i32`. It will then use the default value. But, as in `i64`, we can also
+add our own definition.
+
+Associated constants don’t have to be associated with a trait. An `impl` block
+for a `struct` or an `enum` works fine too:
+
+```rust
+struct Foo;
+
+impl Foo {
+    const FOO: u32 = 3;
+}
+```
+
+### Trait bounds
+
 Generic functions may use traits as _bounds_ on their type parameters. This
-will have two effects:
+will have three effects:
 
 - Only types that have the trait may instantiate the parameter.
 - Within the generic function, the methods of the trait can be called on values
-  that have the parameter's type.
+  that have the parameter's type. Associated types can be used in the
+  function's signature, and associated constants can be used in expressions
+  within the function body.
+- Generic functions and types with the same or weaker bounds can use the
+  generic type in the function body or signature.
 
 For example:
 
 ```rust
 # type Surface = i32;
 # trait Shape { fn draw(&self, Surface); }
+struct Figure<S: Shape>(S, S);
 fn draw_twice<T: Shape>(surface: Surface, sh: T) {
     sh.draw(surface);
     sh.draw(surface);
 }
+fn draw_figure<U: Shape>(surface: Surface, Figure(sh1, sh2): Figure<U>) {
+    sh1.draw(surface);
+    draw_twice(surface, sh2); // Can call this since U: Shape
+}
 ```
 
+### Trait objects
+
 Traits also define a [trait object] with the same name as the trait. Values of
 this type are created by coercing from a pointer of some specific type to a
 pointer of trait type. For example, `&T` could be coerced to `&Shape` if `T:
 Shape` holds (and similarly for `Box<T>`). This coercion can either be implicit
 or [explicit]. Here is an example of an explicit coercion:
 
-[trait object]: types.html#trait-objects [explicit]:
-expressions.html#type-cast-expressions
+[trait object]: types.html#trait-objects
+[explicit]: expressions.html#type-cast-expressions
 
 ```rust
 trait Shape { }
@@ -1004,24 +1112,13 @@ the trait.
 
 [methods called]: expressions.html#method-call-expressions
 
-Trait methods may be static, which means that they lack a `self` argument. This
-means that they can only be called with function call syntax (`f(x)`) and not
-method call syntax (`obj.f()`). The way to refer to the name of a static method
-is to qualify it with the trait name or type name, treating the trait name like
-a module. For example:
+### Supertraits
 
-```rust
-trait Num {
-    fn from_i32(n: i32) -> Self;
-}
-impl Num for f64 {
-    fn from_i32(n: i32) -> f64 { n as f64 }
-}
-let x: f64 = Num::from_i32(42);
-let x: f64 = f64::from_i32(42);
-```
 
-Traits may inherit from other traits. Consider the following example:
+Trait bounds on `Self` are considered "supertraits". These are required to be
+acyclic.  Supertraits are somewhat different from other constraints in that
+they affect what methods are available in the vtable when the trait is used as
+a [trait object]. Consider the following example:
 
 ```rust
 trait Shape { fn area(&self) -> f64; }
@@ -1082,79 +1179,6 @@ let mycircle = Box::new(mycircle) as Box<Circle>;
 let nonsense = mycircle.radius() * mycircle.area();
 ```
 
-### Associated Constants
-
-
-A trait can define constants like this:
-
-```rust
-trait Foo {
-    const ID: i32;
-}
-
-impl Foo for i32 {
-    const ID: i32 = 1;
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    assert_eq!(1, i32::ID);
-}
-```
-
-Any implementor of `Foo` will have to define `ID`. Without the definition:
-
-```rust,compile_fail,E0046
-trait Foo {
-    const ID: i32;
-}
-
-impl Foo for i32 {
-}
-```
-
-gives
-
-```text
-error: not all trait items implemented, missing: `ID` [E0046]
-     impl Foo for i32 {
-     }
-```
-
-A default value can be implemented as well:
-
-```rust
-trait Foo {
-    const ID: i32 = 1;
-}
-
-impl Foo for i32 {
-}
-
-impl Foo for i64 {
-    const ID: i32 = 5;
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    assert_eq!(1, i32::ID);
-    assert_eq!(5, i64::ID);
-}
-```
-
-As you can see, when implementing `Foo`, you can leave it unimplemented, as
-with `i32`. It will then use the default value. But, as in `i64`, we can also
-add our own definition.
-
-Associated constants don’t have to be associated with a trait. An `impl` block
-for a `struct` or an `enum` works fine too:
-
-```rust
-struct Foo;
-
-impl Foo {
-    const FOO: u32 = 3;
-}
-```
-
 ## Implementations
 
 An _implementation_ is an item that can implement a [trait](#traits) for a