chore(eks): DefaultVersion of EksOptimizedImage from 1.14 to 1.24 (#23384)

I found this by accident. It is a parameter that is not too well maintained.

The following document confirms that AWS has 1.24 AMI available.
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/latest/userguide/eks-optimized-ami.html

The following is my personal opinion. If necessary, this PR will respond.

1. we have checked the script in the comments for this parameter. I didn't see much need for it as it simply rewrites it as per the arguments (this is a commit), and the fact that it hasn't been updated since 1.14 makes it look like it hasn't been run from some CI or test.
https://github.com/aws/aws-cdk/blob/main/packages/%40aws-cdk/aws-eks/scripts/kube_bump.sh

2. it seems to me that this parameter `LATEST_KUBERNETES_VERSION` could be managed by `eks.KubernetesVersion`, since the two are independent and updates are assumed to have been missed



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### Adding new Construct Runtime Dependencies:

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*By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the Apache-2.0 license*

Author: watany-dev

packages/@aws-cdk/aws-eks/lib/cluster.ts

@@ -2274,7 +2274,7 @@ export class EksOptimizedImage implements ec2.IMachineImage {
 }
 
 // MAINTAINERS: use ./scripts/kube_bump.sh to update LATEST_KUBERNETES_VERSION
-const LATEST_KUBERNETES_VERSION = '1.14';
+const LATEST_KUBERNETES_VERSION = '1.24';
 
 /**
  * Whether the worker nodes should support GPU or just standard instances

packages/@aws-cdk/aws-eks/test/cluster.test.ts

@@ -1566,7 +1566,7 @@ describe('cluster', () => {
     test('EksOptimizedImage() with no nodeType always uses STANDARD with LATEST_KUBERNETES_VERSION', () => {
       // GIVEN
       const { app, stack } = testFixtureNoVpc();
-      const LATEST_KUBERNETES_VERSION = '1.14';
+      const LATEST_KUBERNETES_VERSION = '1.24';
 
       // WHEN
       new eks.EksOptimizedImage().getImage(stack);