api_gateway.py

import base64
import json
import logging
import re
import traceback
import warnings
import zlib
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from enum import Enum
from functools import partial
from http import HTTPStatus
from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Match, Optional, Pattern, Set, Tuple, Type, Union

from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import content_types
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler.exceptions import NotFoundError, ServiceError
from aws_lambda_powertools.shared.cookies import Cookie
from aws_lambda_powertools.shared.functions import powertools_dev_is_set
from aws_lambda_powertools.shared.json_encoder import Encoder
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.data_classes import (
    ALBEvent,
    APIGatewayProxyEvent,
    APIGatewayProxyEventV2,
    LambdaFunctionUrlEvent,
    VPCLatticeEvent,
)
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.data_classes.common import BaseProxyEvent
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

_DYNAMIC_ROUTE_PATTERN = r"(<\w+>)"
_SAFE_URI = "-._~()'!*:@,;=+&$"  # https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
# API GW/ALB decode non-safe URI chars; we must support them too
_UNSAFE_URI = r"%<> \[\]{}|^"
_NAMED_GROUP_BOUNDARY_PATTERN = rf"(?P\1[{_SAFE_URI}{_UNSAFE_URI}\\w]+)"
_ROUTE_REGEX = "^{}$"


class ProxyEventType(Enum):
    """An enumerations of the supported proxy event types."""

    APIGatewayProxyEvent = "APIGatewayProxyEvent"
    APIGatewayProxyEventV2 = "APIGatewayProxyEventV2"
    ALBEvent = "ALBEvent"
    VPCLatticeEvent = "VPCLatticeEvent"
    LambdaFunctionUrlEvent = "LambdaFunctionUrlEvent"


class CORSConfig:
    """CORS Config

    Examples
    --------

    Simple cors example using the default permissive cors, not this should only be used during early prototyping

    ```python
    from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver

    app = APIGatewayRestResolver()

    @app.get("/my/path", cors=True)
    def with_cors():
        return {"message": "Foo"}
    ```

    Using a custom CORSConfig where `with_cors` used the custom provided CORSConfig and `without_cors`
    do not include any cors headers.

    ```python
    from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler.api_gateway import (
        APIGatewayRestResolver, CORSConfig
    )

    cors_config = CORSConfig(
        allow_origin="https://wwww.example.com/",
        extra_origins=["https://dev.example.com/"],
        expose_headers=["x-exposed-response-header"],
        allow_headers=["x-custom-request-header"],
        max_age=100,
        allow_credentials=True,
    )
    app = APIGatewayRestResolver(cors=cors_config)

    @app.get("/my/path")
    def with_cors():
        return {"message": "Foo"}

    @app.get("/another-one", cors=False)
    def without_cors():
        return {"message": "Foo"}
    ```
    """

    _REQUIRED_HEADERS = ["Authorization", "Content-Type", "X-Amz-Date", "X-Api-Key", "X-Amz-Security-Token"]

    def __init__(
        self,
        allow_origin: str = "*",
        extra_origins: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        allow_headers: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        expose_headers: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        max_age: Optional[int] = None,
        allow_credentials: bool = False,
    ):
        """
        Parameters
        ----------
        allow_origin: str
            The value of the `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` to send in the response. Defaults to "*", but should
            only be used during development.
        extra_origins: Optional[List[str]]
            The list of additional allowed origins.
        allow_headers: Optional[List[str]]
            The list of additional allowed headers. This list is added to list of
            built-in allowed headers: `Authorization`, `Content-Type`, `X-Amz-Date`,
            `X-Api-Key`, `X-Amz-Security-Token`.
        expose_headers: Optional[List[str]]
            A list of values to return for the Access-Control-Expose-Headers
        max_age: Optional[int]
            The value for the `Access-Control-Max-Age`
        allow_credentials: bool
            A boolean value that sets the value of `Access-Control-Allow-Credentials`
        """
        self._allowed_origins = [allow_origin]
        if extra_origins:
            self._allowed_origins.extend(extra_origins)
        self.allow_headers = set(self._REQUIRED_HEADERS + (allow_headers or []))
        self.expose_headers = expose_headers or []
        self.max_age = max_age
        self.allow_credentials = allow_credentials

    def to_dict(self, origin: Optional[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
        """Builds the configured Access-Control http headers"""

        # If there's no Origin, don't add any CORS headers
        if not origin:
            return {}

        # If the origin doesn't match any of the allowed origins, and we don't allow all origins ("*"),
        # don't add any CORS headers
        if origin not in self._allowed_origins and "*" not in self._allowed_origins:
            return {}

        # The origin matched an allowed origin, so return the CORS headers
        headers: Dict[str, str] = {
            "Access-Control-Allow-Origin": origin,
            "Access-Control-Allow-Headers": ",".join(sorted(self.allow_headers)),
        }

        if self.expose_headers:
            headers["Access-Control-Expose-Headers"] = ",".join(self.expose_headers)
        if self.max_age is not None:
            headers["Access-Control-Max-Age"] = str(self.max_age)
        if self.allow_credentials is True:
            headers["Access-Control-Allow-Credentials"] = "true"
        return headers


class Response:
    """Response data class that provides greater control over what is returned from the proxy event"""

    def __init__(
        self,
        status_code: int,
        content_type: Optional[str] = None,
        body: Union[str, bytes, None] = None,
        headers: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = None,
        cookies: Optional[List[Cookie]] = None,
        compress: Optional[bool] = None,
    ):
        """

        Parameters
        ----------
        status_code: int
            Http status code, example 200
        content_type: str
            Optionally set the Content-Type header, example "application/json". Note this will be merged into any
            provided http headers
        body: Union[str, bytes, None]
            Optionally set the response body. Note: bytes body will be automatically base64 encoded
        headers: dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]
            Optionally set specific http headers. Setting "Content-Type" here would override the `content_type` value.
        cookies: list[Cookie]
            Optionally set cookies.
        """
        self.status_code = status_code
        self.body = body
        self.base64_encoded = False
        self.headers: Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]] = headers if headers else {}
        self.cookies = cookies or []
        self.compress = compress
        if content_type:
            self.headers.setdefault("Content-Type", content_type)


class Route:
    """Internally used Route Configuration"""

    def __init__(
        self,
        method: str,
        rule: Pattern,
        func: Callable,
        cors: bool,
        compress: bool,
        cache_control: Optional[str],
        middlewares: Optional[List[Callable[..., Response]]],
    ):
        """

        Parameters
        ----------

        method: str
            The HTTP method, example "GET"
        rule: Pattern
            The route rule, example "/my/path"
        func: Callable
            The route handler function
        cors: bool
            Whether or not to enable CORS for this route
        compress: bool
            Whether or not to enable gzip compression for this route
        cache_control: Optional[str]
            The cache control header value, example "max-age=3600"
        middlewares: Optional[List[Callable[..., Response]]]
            The list of route middlewares to be called in order.
        """
        self.method = method.upper()
        self.rule = rule
        self.func = func
        self._middleware_stack = func
        self.cors = cors
        self.compress = compress
        self.cache_control = cache_control
        self.middlewares = middlewares or []

        # _middleware_stack_built is used to ensure the middleware stack is only built once.
        self._middleware_stack_built = False

    def __call__(
        self,
        router_middlewares: List[Callable],
        app: "ApiGatewayResolver",
        route_arguments: Dict[str, str],
    ) -> Union[Dict, Tuple, Response]:
        """Calling the Router class instance will trigger the following actions:
            1. If Route Middleware stack has not been built, build it
            2. Call the Route Middleware stack wrapping the original function
                handler with the app and route arguments.

        Parameters
        ----------
        router_middlewares: List[Callable]
            The list of Router Middlewares (assigned to ALL routes)
        app: "ApiGatewayResolver"
            The ApiGatewayResolver instance to pass into the middleware stack
        route_arguments: Dict[str, str]
            The route arguments to pass to the app function (extracted from the Api Gateway
            Lambda Message structure from AWS)

        Returns
        -------
        Union[Dict, Tuple, Response]
            API Response object in ALL cases, except when the original API route
            handler is called which may also return a Dict, Tuple, or Response.
        """

        # Save CPU cycles by building middleware stack once
        if not self._middleware_stack_built:
            self._build_middleware_stack(router_middlewares=router_middlewares)

        # If debug is turned on then output the middleware stack to the console
        if app._debug:
            print(f"\nProcessing Route:::{self.func.__name__} ({app.context['_path']})")
            # Collect ALL middleware for debug printing - include internal _registered_api_adapter
            all_middlewares = router_middlewares + self.middlewares + [_registered_api_adapter]
            print("\nMiddleware Stack:")
            print("=================")
            print("\n".join(getattr(item, "__name__", "Unknown") for item in all_middlewares))
            print("=================")

        # Add Route Arguments to app context
        app.append_context(_route_args=route_arguments)

        # Call the Middleware Wrapped _call_stack function handler with the app
        return self._middleware_stack(app)

    def _build_middleware_stack(self, router_middlewares: List[Callable[..., Any]]) -> None:
        """
        Builds the middleware stack for the handler by wrapping each
        handler in an instance of MiddlewareWrapper which is used to contain the state
        of each middleware step.

        Middleware is represented by a standard Python Callable construct.  Any Middleware
        handler wanting to short-circuit the middlware call chain can raise an exception
        to force the Python call stack created by the handler call-chain to naturally un-wind.

        This becomes a simple concept for developers to understand and reason with - no additional
        gymanstics other than plain old try ... except.

        Notes
        -----
        The Route Middleware stack is processed in reverse order. This is so the stack of
        middleware handlers is applied in the order of being added to the handler.
        """
        all_middlewares = router_middlewares + self.middlewares
        logger.debug(f"Building middleware stack: {all_middlewares}")

        # IMPORTANT:
        # this must be the last middleware in the stack (tech debt for backward
        # compatibility purposes)
        #
        # This adapter will:
        #   1. Call the registered API passing only the expected route arguments extracted from the path
        # and not the middleware.
        #   2. Adapt the response type of the route handler (Union[Dict, Tuple, Response])
        # and normalise into a Response object so middleware will always have a constant signature
        all_middlewares.append(_registered_api_adapter)

        # Wrap the original route handler function in the middleware handlers
        # using the MiddlewareWrapper class callable construct in reverse order to
        # ensure middleware is applied in the order the user defined.
        #
        # Start with the route function and wrap from last to the first Middleware handler.
        for handler in reversed(all_middlewares):
            self._middleware_stack = MiddlewareFrame(current_middleware=handler, next_middleware=self._middleware_stack)

        self._middleware_stack_built = True


class ResponseBuilder:
    """Internally used Response builder"""

    def __init__(self, response: Response, route: Optional[Route] = None):
        self.response = response
        self.route = route

    def _add_cors(self, event: BaseProxyEvent, cors: CORSConfig):
        """Update headers to include the configured Access-Control headers"""
        self.response.headers.update(cors.to_dict(event.get_header_value("Origin")))

    def _add_cache_control(self, cache_control: str):
        """Set the specified cache control headers for 200 http responses. For non-200 `no-cache` is used."""
        cache_control = cache_control if self.response.status_code == 200 else "no-cache"
        self.response.headers["Cache-Control"] = cache_control

    @staticmethod
    def _has_compression_enabled(
        route_compression: bool,
        response_compression: Optional[bool],
        event: BaseProxyEvent,
    ) -> bool:
        """
        Checks if compression is enabled.

        NOTE: Response compression takes precedence.

        Parameters
        ----------
        route_compression: bool, optional
            A boolean indicating whether compression is enabled or not in the route setting.
        response_compression: bool, optional
            A boolean indicating whether compression is enabled or not in the response setting.
        event: BaseProxyEvent
            The event object containing the request details.

        Returns
        -------
        bool
            True if compression is enabled and the "gzip" encoding is accepted, False otherwise.
        """
        encoding: str = event.get_header_value(
            name="accept-encoding",
            default_value="",
            case_sensitive=False,
        )  # noqa: E501
        if "gzip" in encoding:
            if response_compression is not None:
                return response_compression  # e.g., Response(compress=False/True))
            if route_compression:
                return True  # e.g., @app.get(compress=True)

        return False

    def _compress(self):
        """Compress the response body, but only if `Accept-Encoding` headers includes gzip."""
        self.response.headers["Content-Encoding"] = "gzip"
        if isinstance(self.response.body, str):
            logger.debug("Converting string response to bytes before compressing it")
            self.response.body = bytes(self.response.body, "utf-8")
        gzip = zlib.compressobj(9, zlib.DEFLATED, zlib.MAX_WBITS | 16)
        self.response.body = gzip.compress(self.response.body) + gzip.flush()

    def _route(self, event: BaseProxyEvent, cors: Optional[CORSConfig]):
        """Optionally handle any of the route's configure response handling"""
        if self.route is None:
            return
        if self.route.cors:
            self._add_cors(event, cors or CORSConfig())
        if self.route.cache_control:
            self._add_cache_control(self.route.cache_control)
        if self._has_compression_enabled(
            route_compression=self.route.compress,
            response_compression=self.response.compress,
            event=event,
        ):
            self._compress()

    def build(self, event: BaseProxyEvent, cors: Optional[CORSConfig] = None) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """Build the full response dict to be returned by the lambda"""
        self._route(event, cors)

        if isinstance(self.response.body, bytes):
            logger.debug("Encoding bytes response with base64")
            self.response.base64_encoded = True
            self.response.body = base64.b64encode(self.response.body).decode()

        return {
            "statusCode": self.response.status_code,
            "body": self.response.body,
            "isBase64Encoded": self.response.base64_encoded,
            **event.header_serializer().serialize(headers=self.response.headers, cookies=self.response.cookies),
        }


class BaseRouter(ABC):
    current_event: BaseProxyEvent
    lambda_context: LambdaContext
    context: dict
    _router_middlewares: List[Callable] = []
    processed_stack_frames: List[str] = []

    @abstractmethod
    def route(
        self,
        rule: str,
        method: Any,
        cors: Optional[bool] = None,
        compress: bool = False,
        cache_control: Optional[str] = None,
        middlewares: Optional[List[Callable[..., Any]]] = None,
    ):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def use(self, middlewares: List[Callable[..., Response]]) -> None:
        """
        Add one or more global middlewares that run before/after route specific middleware.

        NOTE: Middlewares are called in insertion order.

        Parameters
        ----------
        middlewares: List[Callable[..., Response]]
            List of global middlewares to be used

        Examples
        --------

        Add middlewares to be used for every request processed by the Router.

        ```python
        from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger
        from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver, Response
        from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler.middlewares import NextMiddleware

        logger = Logger()
        app = APIGatewayRestResolver()

        def log_request_response(app: APIGatewayRestResolver, next_middleware: NextMiddleware) -> Response:
            logger.info("Incoming request", path=app.current_event.path, request=app.current_event.raw_event)

            result = next_middleware(app)
            logger.info("Response received", response=result.__dict__)

            return result

        app.use(middlewares=[log_request_response])


        def lambda_handler(event, context):
            return app.resolve(event, context)
        ```
        """
        self._router_middlewares = self._router_middlewares + middlewares

    def get(
        self,
        rule: str,
        cors: Optional[bool] = None,
        compress: bool = False,
        cache_control: Optional[str] = None,
        middlewares: Optional[List[Callable[..., Any]]] = None,
    ):
        """Get route decorator with GET `method`

        Examples
        --------
        Simple example with a custom lambda handler using the Tracer capture_lambda_handler decorator

        ```python
        from aws_lambda_powertools import Tracer
        from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver

        tracer = Tracer()
        app = APIGatewayRestResolver()

        @app.get("/get-call")
        def simple_get():
            return {"message": "Foo"}

        @tracer.capture_lambda_handler
        def lambda_handler(event, context):
            return app.resolve(event, context)
        ```
        """
        return self.route(rule, "GET", cors, compress, cache_control, middlewares)

    def post(
        self,
        rule: str,
        cors: Optional[bool] = None,
        compress: bool = False,
        cache_control: Optional[str] = None,
        middlewares: Optional[List[Callable[..., Any]]] = None,
    ):
        """Post route decorator with POST `method`

        Examples
        --------
        Simple example with a custom lambda handler using the Tracer capture_lambda_handler decorator

        ```python
        from aws_lambda_powertools import Tracer
        from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver

        tracer = Tracer()
        app = APIGatewayRestResolver()

        @app.post("/post-call")
        def simple_post():
            post_data: dict = app.current_event.json_body
            return {"message": post_data["value"]}

        @tracer.capture_lambda_handler
        def lambda_handler(event, context):
            return app.resolve(event, context)
        ```
        """
        return self.route(rule, "POST", cors, compress, cache_control, middlewares)

    def put(
        self,
        rule: str,
        cors: Optional[bool] = None,
        compress: bool = False,
        cache_control: Optional[str] = None,
        middlewares: Optional[List[Callable[..., Any]]] = None,
    ):
        """Put route decorator with PUT `method`

        Examples
        --------
        Simple example with a custom lambda handler using the Tracer capture_lambda_handler decorator

        ```python
        from aws_lambda_powertools import Tracer
        from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver

        tracer = Tracer()
        app = APIGatewayRestResolver()

        @app.put("/put-call")
        def simple_put():
            put_data: dict = app.current_event.json_body
            return {"message": put_data["value"]}

        @tracer.capture_lambda_handler
        def lambda_handler(event, context):
            return app.resolve(event, context)
        ```
        """
        return self.route(rule, "PUT", cors, compress, cache_control, middlewares)

    def delete(
        self,
        rule: str,
        cors: Optional[bool] = None,
        compress: bool = False,
        cache_control: Optional[str] = None,
        middlewares: Optional[List[Callable[..., Any]]] = None,
    ):
        """Delete route decorator with DELETE `method`

        Examples
        --------
        Simple example with a custom lambda handler using the Tracer capture_lambda_handler decorator

        ```python
        from aws_lambda_powertools import Tracer
        from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver

        tracer = Tracer()
        app = APIGatewayRestResolver()

        @app.delete("/delete-call")
        def simple_delete():
            return {"message": "deleted"}

        @tracer.capture_lambda_handler
        def lambda_handler(event, context):
            return app.resolve(event, context)
        ```
        """
        return self.route(rule, "DELETE", cors, compress, cache_control, middlewares)

    def patch(
        self,
        rule: str,
        cors: Optional[bool] = None,
        compress: bool = False,
        cache_control: Optional[str] = None,
        middlewares: Optional[List[Callable]] = None,
    ):
        """Patch route decorator with PATCH `method`

        Examples
        --------
        Simple example with a custom lambda handler using the Tracer capture_lambda_handler decorator

        ```python
        from aws_lambda_powertools import Tracer
        from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver

        tracer = Tracer()
        app = APIGatewayRestResolver()

        @app.patch("/patch-call")
        def simple_patch():
            patch_data: dict = app.current_event.json_body
            patch_data["value"] = patched

            return {"message": patch_data}

        @tracer.capture_lambda_handler
        def lambda_handler(event, context):
            return app.resolve(event, context)
        ```
        """
        return self.route(rule, "PATCH", cors, compress, cache_control, middlewares)

    def _push_processed_stack_frame(self, frame: str):
        """
        Add Current Middleware to the Middleware Stack Frames
        The stack frames will be used when exceptions are thrown and Powertools
        debug is enabled by developers.
        """
        self.processed_stack_frames.append(frame)

    def _reset_processed_stack(self):
        """Reset the Processed Stack Frames"""
        self.processed_stack_frames.clear()

    def append_context(self, **additional_context):
        """Append key=value data as routing context"""
        self.context.update(**additional_context)

    def clear_context(self):
        """Resets routing context"""
        self.context.clear()


class MiddlewareFrame:
    """
    creates a Middle Stack Wrapper instance to be used as a "Frame" in the overall stack of
    middleware functions.  Each instance contains the current middleware and the next
    middleware function to be called in the stack.

    In this way the middleware stack is constructed in a recursive fashion, with each middleware
    calling the next as a simple function call.  The actual Python call-stack will contain
    each MiddlewareStackWrapper "Frame", meaning any Middleware function can cause the
    entire Middleware call chain to be exited early (short-circuited) by raising an exception
    or by simply returning early with a custom Response.  The decision to short-circuit the middleware
    chain is at the user's discretion but instantly available due to the Wrapped nature of the
    callable constructs in the Middleware stack and each Middleware function having complete control over
    whether the "Next" handler in the stack is called or not.

    Parameters
    ----------
    current_middleware : Callable
        The current middleware function to be called as a request is processed.
    next_middleware : Callable
        The next middleware in the middleware stack.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        current_middleware: Callable[..., Any],
        next_middleware: Callable[..., Any],
    ) -> None:
        self.current_middleware: Callable[..., Any] = current_middleware
        self.next_middleware: Callable[..., Any] = next_middleware
        self._next_middleware_name = next_middleware.__name__

    @property
    def __name__(self) -> str:  # noqa: A003
        """Current middleware name

        It ensures backward compatibility with view functions being callable. This
        improves debugging since we need both current and next middlewares/callable names.
        """
        return self.current_middleware.__name__

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """Identify current middleware identity and call chain for debugging purposes."""
        middleware_name = self.__name__
        return f"[{middleware_name}] next call chain is {middleware_name} -> {self._next_middleware_name}"

    def __call__(self, app: "ApiGatewayResolver") -> Union[Dict, Tuple, Response]:
        """
        Call the middleware Frame to process the request.

        Parameters
        ----------
        app: BaseRouter
            The router instance

        Returns
        -------
        Union[Dict, Tuple, Response]
            (tech-debt for backward compatibility).  The response type should be a
            Response object in all cases excepting when the original API route handler
            is called which will return one of 3 outputs.

        """
        # Do debug printing and push processed stack frame AFTER calling middleware
        # else the stack frame text of `current calling next` is confusing.
        logger.debug("MiddlewareFrame: %s", self)
        app._push_processed_stack_frame(str(self))

        return self.current_middleware(app, self.next_middleware)


def _registered_api_adapter(
    app: "ApiGatewayResolver",
    next_middleware: Callable[..., Any],
) -> Union[Dict, Tuple, Response]:
    """
    Calls the registered API using the "_route_args" from the Resolver context to ensure the last call
    in the chain will match the API route function signature and ensure that Powertools passes the API
    route handler the expected arguments.

    **IMPORTANT: This internal middleware ensures the actual API route is called with the correct call signature
    and it MUST be the final frame in the middleware stack.  This can only be removed when the API Route
    function accepts `app: BaseRouter` as the first argument - which is the breaking change.

    Parameters
    ----------
    app: ApiGatewayResolver
        The API Gateway resolver
    next_middleware: Callable[..., Any]
        The function to handle the API

    Returns
    -------
    Response
        The API Response Object

    """
    route_args: Dict = app.context.get("_route_args", {})
    logger.debug(f"Calling API Route Handler: {route_args}")

    return app._to_response(next_middleware(**route_args))


class ApiGatewayResolver(BaseRouter):
    """API Gateway and ALB proxy resolver

    Examples
    --------
    Simple example with a custom lambda handler using the Tracer capture_lambda_handler decorator

    ```python
    from aws_lambda_powertools import Tracer
    from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver

    tracer = Tracer()
    app = APIGatewayRestResolver()

    @app.get("/get-call")
    def simple_get():
        return {"message": "Foo"}

    @app.post("/post-call")
    def simple_post():
        post_data: dict = app.current_event.json_body
        return {"message": post_data["value"]}

    @tracer.capture_lambda_handler
    def lambda_handler(event, context):
        return app.resolve(event, context)
    ```
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        proxy_type: Enum = ProxyEventType.APIGatewayProxyEvent,
        cors: Optional[CORSConfig] = None,
        debug: Optional[bool] = None,
        serializer: Optional[Callable[[Dict], str]] = None,
        strip_prefixes: Optional[List[Union[str, Pattern]]] = None,
    ):
        """
        Parameters
        ----------
        proxy_type: ProxyEventType
            Proxy request type, defaults to API Gateway V1
        cors: CORSConfig
            Optionally configure and enabled CORS. Not each route will need to have to cors=True
        debug: Optional[bool]
            Enables debug mode, by default False. Can be also be enabled by "POWERTOOLS_DEV"
            environment variable
        serializer : Callable, optional
            function to serialize `obj` to a JSON formatted `str`, by default json.dumps
        strip_prefixes: List[Union[str, Pattern]], optional
            optional list of prefixes to be removed from the request path before doing the routing.
            This is often used with api gateways with multiple custom mappings.
            Each prefix can be a static string or a compiled regex pattern
        """
        self._proxy_type = proxy_type
        self._dynamic_routes: List[Route] = []
        self._static_routes: List[Route] = []
        self._route_keys: List[str] = []
        self._exception_handlers: Dict[Type, Callable] = {}
        self._cors = cors
        self._cors_enabled: bool = cors is not None
        self._cors_methods: Set[str] = {"OPTIONS"}
        self._debug = self._has_debug(debug)
        self._strip_prefixes = strip_prefixes
        self.context: Dict = {}  # early init as customers might add context before event resolution
        self.processed_stack_frames = []

        # Allow for a custom serializer or a concise json serialization
        self._serializer = serializer or partial(json.dumps, separators=(",", ":"), cls=Encoder)

    def route(
        self,
        rule: str,
        method: Union[str, Union[List[str], Tuple[str]]],
        cors: Optional[bool] = None,
        compress: bool = False,
        cache_control: Optional[str] = None,
        middlewares: Optional[List[Callable[..., Any]]] = None,
    ):
        """Route decorator includes parameter `method`"""

        def register_resolver(func: Callable):
            methods = (method,) if isinstance(method, str) else method
            logger.debug(f"Adding route using rule {rule} and methods: {','.join((m.upper() for m in methods))}")
            if cors is None:
                cors_enabled = self._cors_enabled
            else:
                cors_enabled = cors

            for item in methods:
                _route = Route(
                    item,
                    self._compile_regex(rule),
                    func,
                    cors_enabled,
                    compress,
                    cache_control,
                    middlewares,
                )

                # The more specific route wins.
                # We store dynamic (/studies/{studyid}) and static routes (/studies/fetch) separately.
                # Then attempt a match for static routes before dynamic routes.
                # This ensures that the most specific route is prioritized and processed first (studies/fetch).
                if _route.rule.groups > 0:
                    self._dynamic_routes.append(_route)
                else:
                    self._static_routes.append(_route)

                route_key = item + rule
                if route_key in self._route_keys:
                    warnings.warn(
                        f"A route like this was already registered. method: '{item}' rule: '{rule}'",
                        stacklevel=2,
                    )
                self._route_keys.append(route_key)
                if cors_enabled:
                    logger.debug(f"Registering method {item.upper()} to Allow Methods in CORS")
                    self._cors_methods.add(item.upper())

            return func

        return register_resolver

    def resolve(self, event, context) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """Resolves the response based on the provide event and decorator routes

        Parameters
        ----------
        event: Dict[str, Any]
            Event
        context: LambdaContext
            Lambda context
        Returns
        -------
        dict
            Returns the dict response
        """
        if isinstance(event, BaseProxyEvent):
            warnings.warn(
                "You don't need to serialize event to Event Source Data Class when using Event Handler; "
                "see issue #1152",
                stacklevel=2,
            )
            event = event.raw_event

        if self._debug:
            print(self._json_dump(event))

        # Populate router(s) dependencies without keeping a reference to each registered router
        BaseRouter.current_event = self._to_proxy_event(event)
        BaseRouter.lambda_context = context

        response = self._resolve().build(self.current_event, self._cors)

        # Debug print Processed Middlewares
        if self._debug:
            print("\nProcessed Middlewares:")
            print("======================")
            print("\n".join(self.processed_stack_frames))
            print("======================")

        self.clear_context()

        return response

    def __call__(self, event, context) -> Any:
        return self.resolve(event, context)

    @staticmethod
    def _has_debug(debug: Optional[bool] = None) -> bool:
        # It might have been explicitly switched off (debug=False)
        if debug is not None:
            return debug

        return powertools_dev_is_set()

    @staticmethod
    def _compile_regex(rule: str, base_regex: str = _ROUTE_REGEX):
        """Precompile regex pattern

        Logic
        -----

        1. Find any dynamic routes defined as <pattern>
            e.g. @app.get("/accounts/<account_id>")
        2. Create a new regex by substituting every dynamic route found as a named group (?P<group>),
        and match whole words only (word boundary) instead of a greedy match

            non-greedy example with word boundary

                rule: '/accounts/<account_id>'
                regex: r'/accounts/(?P<account_id>\\w+\\b)'

                value: /accounts/123/some_other_path
                account_id: 123

            greedy example without word boundary

                regex: r'/accounts/(?P<account_id>.+)'

                value: /accounts/123/some_other_path
                account_id: 123/some_other_path
        3. Compiles a regex and include start (^) and end ($) in between for an exact match

        NOTE: See #520 for context
        """
        rule_regex: str = re.sub(_DYNAMIC_ROUTE_PATTERN, _NAMED_GROUP_BOUNDARY_PATTERN, rule)
        return re.compile(base_regex.format(rule_regex))

    def _to_proxy_event(self, event: Dict) -> BaseProxyEvent:
        """Convert the event dict to the corresponding data class"""
        if self._proxy_type == ProxyEventType.APIGatewayProxyEvent:
            logger.debug("Converting event to API Gateway REST API contract")
            return APIGatewayProxyEvent(event)
        if self._proxy_type == ProxyEventType.APIGatewayProxyEventV2:
            logger.debug("Converting event to API Gateway HTTP API contract")
            return APIGatewayProxyEventV2(event)
        if self._proxy_type == ProxyEventType.LambdaFunctionUrlEvent:
            logger.debug("Converting event to Lambda Function URL contract")
            return LambdaFunctionUrlEvent(event)
        if self._proxy_type == ProxyEventType.VPCLatticeEvent:
            logger.debug("Converting event to VPC Lattice contract")
            return VPCLatticeEvent(event)
        logger.debug("Converting event to ALB contract")
        return ALBEvent(event)

    def _resolve(self) -> ResponseBuilder:
        """Resolves the response or return the not found response"""
        method = self.current_event.http_method.upper()
        path = self._remove_prefix(self.current_event.path)

        for route in self._static_routes + self._dynamic_routes:
            if method != route.method:
                continue
            match_results: Optional[Match] = route.rule.match(path)
            if match_results:
                logger.debug("Found a registered route. Calling function")
                # Add matched Route reference into the Resolver context
                self.append_context(_route=route, _path=path)

                return self._call_route(route, match_results.groupdict())  # pass fn args

        logger.debug(f"No match found for path {path} and method {method}")
        return self._not_found(method)

    def _remove_prefix(self, path: str) -> str:
        """Remove the configured prefix from the path"""
        if not isinstance(self._strip_prefixes, list):
            return path

        for prefix in self._strip_prefixes:
            if isinstance(prefix, str):
                if path == prefix:
                    return "/"

                if self._path_starts_with(path, prefix):
                    return path[len(prefix) :]

            if isinstance(prefix, Pattern):
                path = re.sub(prefix, "", path)

                # When using regexes, we might get into a point where everything is removed
                # from the string, so we check if it's empty and return /, since there's nothing
                # else to strip anymore.
                if not path:
                    return "/"

        return path

    @staticmethod
    def _path_starts_with(path: str, prefix: str):
        """Returns true if the `path` starts with a prefix plus a `/`"""
        if not isinstance(prefix, str) or prefix == "":
            return False

        return path.startswith(prefix + "/")

    def _not_found(self, method: str) -> ResponseBuilder:
        """Called when no matching route was found and includes support for the cors preflight response"""
        headers: Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]] = {}
        if self._cors:
            logger.debug("CORS is enabled, updating headers.")
            headers.update(self._cors.to_dict(self.current_event.get_header_value("Origin")))

            if method == "OPTIONS":
                logger.debug("Pre-flight request detected. Returning CORS with null response")
                headers["Access-Control-Allow-Methods"] = ",".join(sorted(self._cors_methods))
                return ResponseBuilder(Response(status_code=204, content_type=None, headers=headers, body=""))

        handler = self._lookup_exception_handler(NotFoundError)
        if handler:
            return ResponseBuilder(handler(NotFoundError()))

        return ResponseBuilder(
            Response(
                status_code=HTTPStatus.NOT_FOUND.value,
                content_type=content_types.APPLICATION_JSON,
                headers=headers,
                body=self._json_dump({"statusCode": HTTPStatus.NOT_FOUND.value, "message": "Not found"}),
            ),
        )

    def _call_route(self, route: Route, route_arguments: Dict[str, str]) -> ResponseBuilder:
        """Actually call the matching route with any provided keyword arguments."""
        try:
            # Reset Processed stack for Middleware (for debugging purposes)
            self._reset_processed_stack()

            return ResponseBuilder(
                self._to_response(
                    route(router_middlewares=self._router_middlewares, app=self, route_arguments=route_arguments),
                ),
                route,
            )
        except Exception as exc:
            # If exception is handled then return the response builder to reduce noise
            response_builder = self._call_exception_handler(exc, route)
            if response_builder:
                return response_builder

            logger.exception(exc)
            if self._debug:
                # If the user has turned on debug mode,
                # we'll let the original exception propagate so
                # they get more information about what went wrong.
                return ResponseBuilder(
                    Response(
                        status_code=500,
                        content_type=content_types.TEXT_PLAIN,
                        body="".join(traceback.format_exc()),
                    ),
                    route,
                )

            raise

    def not_found(self, func: Optional[Callable] = None):
        if func is None:
            return self.exception_handler(NotFoundError)
        return self.exception_handler(NotFoundError)(func)

    def exception_handler(self, exc_class: Union[Type[Exception], List[Type[Exception]]]):
        def register_exception_handler(func: Callable):
            if isinstance(exc_class, list):
                for exp in exc_class:
                    self._exception_handlers[exp] = func
            else:
                self._exception_handlers[exc_class] = func
            return func

        return register_exception_handler

    def _lookup_exception_handler(self, exp_type: Type) -> Optional[Callable]:
        # Use "Method Resolution Order" to allow for matching against a base class
        # of an exception
        for cls in exp_type.__mro__:
            if cls in self._exception_handlers:
                return self._exception_handlers[cls]
        return None

    def _call_exception_handler(self, exp: Exception, route: Route) -> Optional[ResponseBuilder]:
        handler = self._lookup_exception_handler(type(exp))
        if handler:
            try:
                return ResponseBuilder(handler(exp), route)
            except ServiceError as service_error:
                exp = service_error

        if isinstance(exp, ServiceError):
            return ResponseBuilder(
                Response(
                    status_code=exp.status_code,
                    content_type=content_types.APPLICATION_JSON,
                    body=self._json_dump({"statusCode": exp.status_code, "message": exp.msg}),
                ),
                route,
            )

        return None

    def _to_response(self, result: Union[Dict, Tuple, Response]) -> Response:
        """Convert the route's result to a Response

         3 main result types are supported:

        - Dict[str, Any]: Rest api response with just the Dict to json stringify and content-type is set to
          application/json
        - Tuple[dict, int]: Same dict handling as above but with the option of including a status code
        - Response: returned as is, and allows for more flexibility
        """
        status_code = HTTPStatus.OK
        if isinstance(result, Response):
            return result
        elif isinstance(result, tuple) and len(result) == 2:
            # Unpack result dict and status code from tuple
            result, status_code = result

        logger.debug("Simple response detected, serializing return before constructing final response")
        return Response(
            status_code=status_code,
            content_type=content_types.APPLICATION_JSON,
            body=self._json_dump(result),
        )

    def _json_dump(self, obj: Any) -> str:
        return self._serializer(obj)

    def include_router(self, router: "Router", prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
        """Adds all routes and context defined in a router

        Parameters
        ----------
        router : Router
            The Router containing a list of routes to be registered after the existing routes
        prefix : str, optional
            An optional prefix to be added to the originally defined rule
        """

        # Add reference to parent ApiGatewayResolver to support use cases where people subclass it to add custom logic
        router.api_resolver = self

        logger.debug("Merging App context with Router context")
        self.context.update(**router.context)

        logger.debug("Appending Router middlewares into App middlewares.")
        self._router_middlewares = self._router_middlewares + router._router_middlewares

        # use pointer to allow context clearance after event is processed e.g., resolve(evt, ctx)
        router.context = self.context

        for route, func in router._routes.items():
            new_route = route

            if prefix:
                rule = route[0]
                rule = prefix if rule == "/" else f"{prefix}{rule}"
                new_route = (rule, *route[1:])

            # Middlewares are stored by route separately - must grab them to include
            middlewares = router._routes_with_middleware.get(new_route)

            # Need to use "type: ignore" here since mypy does not like a named parameter after
            # tuple expansion since may cause duplicate named parameters in the function signature.
            # In this case this is not possible since the tuple expansion is from a hashable source
            # and the `middlewares` List is a non-hashable structure so will never be included.
            # Still need to ignore for mypy checks or will cause failures (false-positive)
            self.route(*new_route, middlewares=middlewares)(func)  # type: ignore


class Router(BaseRouter):
    """Router helper class to allow splitting ApiGatewayResolver into multiple files"""

    def __init__(self):
        self._routes: Dict[tuple, Callable] = {}
        self._routes_with_middleware: Dict[tuple, List[Callable]] = {}
        self.api_resolver: Optional[BaseRouter] = None
        self.context = {}  # early init as customers might add context before event resolution

    def route(
        self,
        rule: str,
        method: Union[str, Union[List[str], Tuple[str]]],
        cors: Optional[bool] = None,
        compress: bool = False,
        cache_control: Optional[str] = None,
        middlewares: Optional[List[Callable[..., Any]]] = None,
    ):
        def register_route(func: Callable):
            # Convert methods to tuple. It needs to be hashable as its part of the self._routes dict key
            methods = (method,) if isinstance(method, str) else tuple(method)

            route_key = (rule, methods, cors, compress, cache_control)

            # Collate Middleware for routes
            if middlewares is not None:
                for handler in middlewares:
                    if self._routes_with_middleware.get(route_key) is None:
                        self._routes_with_middleware[route_key] = [handler]
                    else:
                        self._routes_with_middleware[route_key].append(handler)
            else:
                self._routes_with_middleware[route_key] = []

            self._routes[route_key] = func

            return func

        return register_route


class APIGatewayRestResolver(ApiGatewayResolver):
    current_event: APIGatewayProxyEvent

    def __init__(
        self,
        cors: Optional[CORSConfig] = None,
        debug: Optional[bool] = None,
        serializer: Optional[Callable[[Dict], str]] = None,
        strip_prefixes: Optional[List[Union[str, Pattern]]] = None,
    ):
        """Amazon API Gateway REST and HTTP API v1 payload resolver"""
        super().__init__(ProxyEventType.APIGatewayProxyEvent, cors, debug, serializer, strip_prefixes)

    # override route to ignore trailing "/" in routes for REST API
    def route(
        self,
        rule: str,
        method: Union[str, Union[List[str], Tuple[str]]],
        cors: Optional[bool] = None,
        compress: bool = False,
        cache_control: Optional[str] = None,
        middlewares: Optional[List[Callable[..., Any]]] = None,
    ):
        # NOTE: see #1552 for more context.
        return super().route(rule.rstrip("/"), method, cors, compress, cache_control, middlewares)

    # Override _compile_regex to exclude trailing slashes for route resolution
    @staticmethod
    def _compile_regex(rule: str, base_regex: str = _ROUTE_REGEX):
        return super(APIGatewayRestResolver, APIGatewayRestResolver)._compile_regex(rule, "^{}/*$")


class APIGatewayHttpResolver(ApiGatewayResolver):
    current_event: APIGatewayProxyEventV2

    def __init__(
        self,
        cors: Optional[CORSConfig] = None,
        debug: Optional[bool] = None,
        serializer: Optional[Callable[[Dict], str]] = None,
        strip_prefixes: Optional[List[Union[str, Pattern]]] = None,
    ):
        """Amazon API Gateway HTTP API v2 payload resolver"""
        super().__init__(ProxyEventType.APIGatewayProxyEventV2, cors, debug, serializer, strip_prefixes)


class ALBResolver(ApiGatewayResolver):
    current_event: ALBEvent

    def __init__(
        self,
        cors: Optional[CORSConfig] = None,
        debug: Optional[bool] = None,
        serializer: Optional[Callable[[Dict], str]] = None,
        strip_prefixes: Optional[List[Union[str, Pattern]]] = None,
    ):
        """Amazon Application Load Balancer (ALB) resolver"""
        super().__init__(ProxyEventType.ALBEvent, cors, debug, serializer, strip_prefixes)