[red-knot] Preliminary NamedTuple support (#17738)

## Summary

Adds preliminary support for `NamedTuple`s, including:
* No false positives when constructing a `NamedTuple` object
* Correct signature for the synthesized `__new__` method, i.e. proper
checking of constructor calls
* A patched MRO (`NamedTuple` => `tuple`), mainly to make type inference
of named attributes possible, but also to better reflect the runtime
MRO.

All of this works:
```py
from typing import NamedTuple

class Person(NamedTuple):
    id: int
    name: str
    age: int | None = None

alice = Person(1, "Alice", 42)
alice = Person(id=1, name="Alice", age=42)

reveal_type(alice.id)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(alice.name)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(alice.age)  # revealed: int | None

# error: [missing-argument]
Person(3)

# error: [too-many-positional-arguments]
Person(3, "Eve", 99, "extra")

# error: [invalid-argument-type]
Person(id="3", name="Eve")
```

Not included:
* type inference for index-based access.
* support for the functional `MyTuple = NamedTuple("MyTuple", […])`
syntax

## Test Plan

New Markdown tests

## Ecosystem analysis

```
                          Diagnostic Analysis Report                           
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Diagnostic ID                     ┃ Severity ┃ Removed ┃ Added ┃ Net Change ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ lint:call-non-callable            │ error    │       0 │     3 │         +3 │
│ lint:call-possibly-unbound-method │ warning  │       0 │     4 │         +4 │
│ lint:invalid-argument-type        │ error    │       0 │    72 │        +72 │
│ lint:invalid-context-manager      │ error    │       0 │     2 │         +2 │
│ lint:invalid-return-type          │ error    │       0 │     2 │         +2 │
│ lint:missing-argument             │ error    │       0 │    46 │        +46 │
│ lint:no-matching-overload         │ error    │   19121 │     0 │     -19121 │
│ lint:not-iterable                 │ error    │       0 │     6 │         +6 │
│ lint:possibly-unbound-attribute   │ warning  │      13 │    32 │        +19 │
│ lint:redundant-cast               │ warning  │       0 │     1 │         +1 │
│ lint:unresolved-attribute         │ error    │       0 │    10 │        +10 │
│ lint:unsupported-operator         │ error    │       3 │     9 │         +6 │
│ lint:unused-ignore-comment        │ warning  │      15 │     4 │        -11 │
├───────────────────────────────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────┼────────────┤
│ TOTAL                             │          │   19152 │   191 │     -18961 │
└───────────────────────────────────┴──────────┴─────────┴───────┴────────────┘

Analysis complete. Found 13 unique diagnostic IDs.
Total diagnostics removed: 19152
Total diagnostics added: 191
Net change: -18961
```

I uploaded the ecosystem full diff (ignoring the 19k
`no-matching-overload` diagnostics)
[here](https://shark.fish/diff-namedtuple.html).

* There are some new `missing-argument` false positives which come from
the fact that named tuples are often created using unpacking as in
`MyNamedTuple(*fields)`, which we do not understand yet.
* There are some new `unresolved-attribute` false positives, because
methods like `_replace` are not available.
* Lots of the `invalid-argument-type` diagnostics look like true
positives

---------

Co-authored-by: Douglas Creager <[email protected]>

Author: sharkdp

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/named_tuple.md

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# `NamedTuple`
+
+`NamedTuple` is a type-safe way to define named tuples — a tuple where each field can be accessed by
+name, and not just by its numeric position within the tuple:
+
+## `typing.NamedTuple`
+
+### Basics
+
+```py
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+class Person(NamedTuple):
+    id: int
+    name: str
+    age: int | None = None
+
+alice = Person(1, "Alice", 42)
+alice = Person(id=1, name="Alice", age=42)
+bob = Person(2, "Bob")
+bob = Person(id=2, name="Bob")
+
+reveal_type(alice.id)  # revealed: int
+reveal_type(alice.name)  # revealed: str
+reveal_type(alice.age)  # revealed: int | None
+
+# TODO: These should reveal the types of the fields
+reveal_type(alice[0])  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(alice[1])  # revealed: Unknown
+reveal_type(alice[2])  # revealed: Unknown
+
+# error: [missing-argument]
+Person(3)
+
+# error: [too-many-positional-arguments]
+Person(3, "Eve", 99, "extra")
+
+# error: [invalid-argument-type]
+Person(id="3", name="Eve")
+```
+
+Alternative functional syntax:
+
+```py
+Person2 = NamedTuple("Person", [("id", int), ("name", str)])
+alice2 = Person2(1, "Alice")
+
+# TODO: should be an error
+Person2(1)
+
+reveal_type(alice2.id)  # revealed: @Todo(GenericAlias instance)
+reveal_type(alice2.name)  # revealed: @Todo(GenericAlias instance)
+```
+
+### Multiple Inheritance
+
+Multiple inheritance is not supported for `NamedTuple` classes:
+
+```py
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+# This should ideally emit a diagnostic
+class C(NamedTuple, object):
+    id: int
+    name: str
+```
+
+### Inheriting from a `NamedTuple`
+
+Inheriting from a `NamedTuple` is supported, but new fields on the subclass will not be part of the
+synthesized `__new__` signature:
+
+```py
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+class User(NamedTuple):
+    id: int
+    name: str
+
+class SuperUser(User):
+    level: int
+
+# This is fine:
+alice = SuperUser(1, "Alice")
+reveal_type(alice.level)  # revealed: int
+
+# This is an error because `level` is not part of the signature:
+# error: [too-many-positional-arguments]
+alice = SuperUser(1, "Alice", 3)
+```
+
+### Generic named tuples
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-version = "3.12"
+```
+
+```py
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+class Property[T](NamedTuple):
+    name: str
+    value: T
+
+# TODO: this should be supported (no error, revealed type of `Property[float]`)
+# error: [invalid-argument-type]
+reveal_type(Property("height", 3.4))  # revealed: Property[Unknown]
+```
+
+## `collections.namedtuple`
+
+```py
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+Person = namedtuple("Person", ["id", "name", "age"], defaults=[None])
+
+alice = Person(1, "Alice", 42)
+bob = Person(2, "Bob")
+```