[SPARK-36331][CORE] Add standard SQLSTATEs to error guidelines

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Adds ANSI/ISO SQLSTATE standards to the error guidelines.

### Why are the changes needed?

Provides visibility and consistency to the SQLSTATEs assigned to error classes.

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?

No

### How was this patch tested?

Not needed; docs only

Closes #33560 from karenfeng/sqlstate-manual.

Authored-by: Karen Feng <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Hyukjin Kwon <[email protected]>

Author: karenfeng