docs(tutorial): switch from bower to npm and upgrade AngularJS to 1.7.x

Related: angular/angular-phonecat#430

Author: gkalpak

docs/content/tutorial/index.ngdoc

@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ The tutorial instructions, from now on, assume you are running all commands from
 
 ### Install Node.js
 
-If you want to run the preconfigured local web server and the test tools then you will also need
-[Node.js v4+][node].
+In order to install dependencies (such as the test tools and AngularJS itself) and run the
+preconfigured local web server, you will also need [Node.js v6+][node].
 
 You can download a Node.js installer for your operating system from https://nodejs.org/en/download/.
 
@@ -125,22 +125,25 @@ npm --version
   [Node Version Manager (nvm)][nvm] or [Node Version Manager (nvm) for Windows][nvm-windows].
 </div>
 
-Once you have Node.js installed on your machine, you can download the tool dependencies by running:
+By installing Node.js, you also get [npm][npm], which is a command line executable for downloading
+and managing Node.js packages. We use it to download the AngularJS framework as well as development
+and testing tools.
+
+Once you have Node.js installed on your machine, you can download these dependencies by running:
 
 ```
 npm install
 ```
 
-This command reads angular-phonecat's `package.json` file and downloads the following tools into the
-`node_modules` directory:
+This command reads angular-phonecat's `package.json` file and downloads the following dependencies
+into the `node_modules` directory:
 
-* [Bower][bower] - client-side code package manager
 * [Http-Server][http-server] - simple local static web server
 * [Karma][karma] - unit test runner
 * [Protractor][protractor] - end-to-end (E2E) test runner
 
-Running `npm install` will also automatically use bower to download the AngularJS framework into the
-`app/bower_components` directory.
+Running `npm install` will also automatically copy the AngularJS framework and other dependencies
+necessary for our app to work into the `app/lib/` directory.
 
 <div class="alert alert-info">
   Note the angular-phonecat project is setup to install and run these utilities via npm scripts.
@@ -160,23 +163,23 @@ tasks that you will need while developing:
 
 ### Install Helper Tools (optional)
 
-The Bower, Http-Server, Karma and Protractor modules are also executables, which can be installed
-globally and run directly from a terminal/command prompt. You don't need to do this to follow the
-tutorial, but if you decide you do want to run them directly, you can install these modules globally
-using, `sudo npm install -g ...`.
+The Http-Server, Karma and Protractor modules are also executables, which can be installed globally
+and run directly from a terminal/command prompt. You don't need to do this to follow the tutorial,
+but if you decide you do want to run them directly, you can install these modules globally using,
+`sudo npm install --global ...`.
 
-For instance, to install the Bower command line executable you would do:
+For instance, to install the `http-server` command line executable you would do:
 
 ```
-sudo npm install -g bower
+sudo npm install --global http-server
 ```
 
-_(Omit the sudo if running on Windows)_
+_(Omit the sudo if running on Windows.)_
 
-Then you can run the bower tool directly, such as:
+Then you can run the `http-server` tool directly, such as:
 
 ```
-bower install
+http-server ./app
 ```
 
 
@@ -324,13 +327,13 @@ Now that you have set up your local machine, let's get started with the tutorial
 
 
 [angular-phonecat]: https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat
-[bower]: https://bower.io/
 [git]: https://git-scm.com/
 [http-server]: https://github.com/nodeapps/http-server
 [jdk]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Development_Kit
 [jdk-download]: https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html
 [karma]: https://karma-runner.github.io/
 [node]: https://nodejs.org/
+[npm]: https://www.npmjs.com/
 [nvm]: https://github.com/creationix/nvm
 [nvm-windows]: https://github.com/coreybutler/nvm-windows
 [protractor]: https://github.com/angular/protractor

docs/content/tutorial/step_00.ngdoc

@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ The code contains some key AngularJS elements that we will need as we progress.
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf-8">
     <title>My HTML File</title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="bower_components/bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css" />
-    <script src="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="lib/bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css" />
+    <script src="lib/angular/angular.js"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ For more info on `ngApp`, check out the {@link ngApp API Reference}.
 **`angular.js` script tag:**
 
 ```html
-<script src="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
+<script src="lib/angular/angular.js"></script>
 ```
 
 This code downloads the `angular.js` script which registers a callback that will be executed by the
@@ -154,16 +154,16 @@ and one static binding, and our model is empty. That will soon change!
 
 Most of the files in your working directory come from the [angular-seed project][angular-seed],
 which is typically used to bootstrap new AngularJS projects. The seed project is pre-configured to
-install the AngularJS framework (via `bower` into the `app/bower_components/` directory) and tools
-for developing and testing a typical web application (via `npm`).
+install the AngularJS framework (via `npm` into the `app/lib/` directory) and tools for developing
+and testing a typical web application (via `npm`).
 
 For the purposes of this tutorial, we modified the angular-seed with the following changes:
 
 * Removed the example app.
 * Removed unused dependencies.
 * Added phone images to `app/img/phones/`.
 * Added phone data files (JSON) to `app/phones/`.
-* Added a dependency on [Bootstrap][bootstrap-3.3] in the `bower.json` file.
+* Added a dependency on [Bootstrap][bootstrap-3.3] in the `package.json` file.
 
 
 ## Experiments

docs/content/tutorial/step_02.ngdoc

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ The view is constructed by AngularJS from this template.
 <html ng-app="phonecatApp">
 <head>
   ...
-  <script src="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
+  <script src="lib/angular/angular.js"></script>
   <script src="app.js"></script>
 </head>
 <body ng-controller="PhoneListController">
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ by utilizing components.
 <ul doc-tutorial-nav="2"></ul>
 
 
-[jasmine-docs]: https://jasmine.github.io/2.4/introduction.html
+[jasmine-docs]: https://jasmine.github.io/api/3.3/global
 [jasmine-home]: https://jasmine.github.io/
 [karma]: https://karma-runner.github.io/
 [mvc-pattern]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model–View–Controller

docs/content/tutorial/step_03.ngdoc

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ acquired skill.
 <html ng-app="phonecatApp">
 <head>
   ...
-  <script src="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
+  <script src="lib/angular/angular.js"></script>
   <script src="app.js"></script>
   <script src="phone-list.component.js"></script>
 </head>

docs/content/tutorial/step_07.ngdoc

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 
 Enough of building an app with three phones in a hard-coded dataset! Let's fetch a larger dataset
 from our server using one of AngularJS's built-in {@link guide/services services} called
-{@link ng.$http $http}. We will use AngularJS's {@link guide/di dependency injection (DI)} to provide
-the service to the `phoneList` component's controller.
+{@link ng.$http $http}. We will use AngularJS's {@link guide/di dependency injection (DI)} to
+provide the service to the `phoneList` component's controller.
 
 * There is now a list of 20 phones, loaded from the server.
 

docs/content/tutorial/step_08.ngdoc

@@ -47,10 +47,10 @@ URLs point to the `app/img/phones/` directory.
 ...
 <ul class="phones">
   <li ng-repeat="phone in $ctrl.phones | filter:$ctrl.query | orderBy:$ctrl.orderProp" class="thumbnail">
-    <a href="#/phones/{{phone.id}}" class="thumb">
+    <a href="#!/phones/{{phone.id}}" class="thumb">
       <img ng-src="{{phone.imageUrl}}" alt="{{phone.name}}" />
     </a>
-    <a href="#/phones/{{phone.id}}">{{phone.name}}</a>
+    <a href="#!/phones/{{phone.id}}">{{phone.name}}</a>
     <p>{{phone.snippet}}</p>
   </li>
 </ul>
@@ -110,8 +110,9 @@ You can now rerun `npm run protractor` to see the tests run.
 
 ## Summary
 
-Now that you have added phone images and links, go to {@link step_09 step 9} to learn about AngularJS
-layout templates and how AngularJS makes it easy to create applications that have multiple views.
+Now that you have added phone images and links, go to {@link step_09 step 9} to learn about
+AngularJS layout templates and how AngularJS makes it easy to create applications that have
+multiple views.
 
 
 <ul doc-tutorial-nav="8"></ul>

docs/content/tutorial/step_09.ngdoc

@@ -23,49 +23,33 @@ has multiple views by adding routing, using an AngularJS module called {@link ng
 The routing functionality added in this step is provided by AngularJS in the `ngRoute` module, which
 is distributed separately from the core AngularJS framework.
 
-Since we are using [Bower][bower] to install client-side dependencies, this step updates the
-`bower.json` configuration file to include the new dependency:
+Since we are using [npm][npm] to install client-side dependencies, this step updates the
+`package.json` configuration file to include the new dependency:
 
 <br />
-**`bower.json`:**
+**`package.json`:**
 
 ```json
 {
   "name": "angular-phonecat",
-  "description": "A starter project for AngularJS",
-  "version": "0.0.0",
-  "homepage": "https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat",
-  "license": "MIT",
-  "private": true,
+  ...
   "dependencies": {
-    "angular": "1.5.x",
-    "angular-mocks": "1.5.x",
-    "angular-route": "1.5.x",
+    "angular": "1.7.x",
+    "angular-route": "1.7.x",
     "bootstrap": "3.3.x"
-  }
+  },
+  ...
 }
 ```
 
-The new dependency `"angular-route": "1.5.x"` tells bower to install a version of the angular-route
-module that is compatible with version 1.5.x of AngularJS. We must tell bower to download and install
+The new dependency `"angular-route": "1.7.x"` tells npm to install a version of the angular-route
+module that is compatible with version 1.7.x of AngularJS. We must tell npm to download and install
 this dependency.
 
 ```
 npm install
 ```
 
-<div class="alert alert-info">
-  **Note:** If you have bower installed globally, you can run `bower install`, but for this project
-  we have preconfigured `npm install` to run bower for us.
-</div>
-
-<div class="alert alert-warning">
-  **Warning:** If a new version of AngularJS has been released since you last ran `npm install`, then
-  you may have a problem with the `bower install` due to a conflict between the versions of
-  angular.js that need to be installed. If you run into this issue, simply delete your
-  `app/bower_components` directory and then run `npm install`.
-</div>
-
 
 ## Multiple Views, Routing and Layout Templates
 
@@ -127,8 +111,8 @@ service, the `$routeProvider` exposes APIs that allow you to define routes for y
 </div>
 
 AngularJS modules solve the problem of removing global variables from the application and provide a
-way of configuring the injector. As opposed to AMD or require.js modules, AngularJS modules don't try
-to solve the problem of script load ordering or lazy script fetching. These goals are totally
+way of configuring the injector. As opposed to AMD or require.js modules, AngularJS modules don't
+try to solve the problem of script load ordering or lazy script fetching. These goals are totally
 independent and both module systems can live side-by-side and fulfill their goals.
 
 To deepen your understanding on AngularJS's DI, see [Understanding Dependency Injection][wiki-di].
@@ -146,8 +130,8 @@ into the layout template. This makes it a perfect fit for our `index.html` templ
 ```html
 <head>
   ...
-  <script src="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
-  <script src="bower_components/angular-route/angular-route.js"></script>
+  <script src="lib/angular/angular.js"></script>
+  <script src="lib/angular-route/angular-route.js"></script>
   <script src="app.module.js"></script>
   <script src="app.config.js"></script>
   ...
@@ -203,10 +187,8 @@ code, we put it into a separate file and used the `.config` suffix.
 ```js
   angular.
     module('phonecatApp').
-    config(['$locationProvider', '$routeProvider',
-      function config($locationProvider, $routeProvider) {
-        $locationProvider.hashPrefix('!');
-
+    config(['$routeProvider',
+      function config($routeProvider) {
         $routeProvider.
           when('/phones', {
             template: '<phone-list></phone-list>'
@@ -226,18 +208,6 @@ the corresponding services. Here, we use the
 {@link ngRoute.$routeProvider#otherwise $routeProvider.otherwise()} methods to define our
 application routes.
 
-<div class="alert alert-success">
-  <p>
-    We also used {@link $locationProvider#hashPrefix $locationProvider.hashPrefix()} to set the
-    hash-prefix to `!`. This prefix will appear in the links to our client-side routes, right after
-    the hash (`#`) symbol and before the actual path (e.g. `index.html#!/some/path`).
-  </p>
-  <p>
-    Setting a prefix is not necessary, but it is considered a good practice (for reasons that are
-    outside the scope of this tutorial). `!` is the most commonly used prefix.
-  </p>
-</div>
-
 Our routes are defined as follows:
 
 * `when('/phones')`: Determines the view that will be shown, when the URL hash fragment is
@@ -261,6 +231,25 @@ the route declaration — `'/phones/:phoneId'` — as a template that is matched
 URL. All variables defined with the `:` prefix are extracted into the (injectable)
 {@link ngRoute.$routeParams $routeParams} object.
 
+<div class="alert alert-info">
+  <p>
+    You may have noticed, that &mdash; while the configured route paths start with `/` (e.g.
+    `/phones`) &mdash; the URLs used in templates start with `#!/` (e.g. `#!/phones`).
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    Without getting into much detail, AngularJS (by default) uses the hash part of the URL (i.e.
+    what comes after the hash (`#`) symbol) to determine the current route. In addition to that, you
+    can also specify a {@link $locationProvider#hashPrefix hash-prefix} (`!` by default) that needs
+    to appear after the hash symbol in order for AngularJS to consider the value an "AngularJS path"
+    and process it (for example, try to match it to a route).
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    You can find out more about how all this works in the [Using $location](guide/$location) section
+    of the Developer Guide. But all you need to know for now, is that the URLs to our various routes
+    should be prefixed with `#!`.
+  </p>
+</div>
+
 
 ## The `phoneDetail` Component
 
@@ -345,8 +334,8 @@ any modification.
 
 ```js
     files: [
-      'bower_components/angular/angular.js',
-      'bower_components/angular-route/angular-route.js',
+      'lib/angular/angular.js',
+      'lib/angular-route/angular-route.js',
       ...
     ],
 ```
@@ -424,6 +413,6 @@ With the routing set up and the phone list view implemented, we are ready to go
 <ul doc-tutorial-nav="9"></ul>
 
 
-[bower]: https://bower.io/
 [deep-linking]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_linking
+[npm]: https://www.npmjs.com/
 [wiki-di]: https://github.com/angular/angular.js/wiki/Understanding-Dependency-Injection