blocks.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from datetime import date, datetime, timedelta
import functools
import inspect
import re
import warnings

import numpy as np

from pandas._libs import internals as libinternals, lib, tslib, tslibs
from pandas._libs.tslibs import Timedelta, conversion
import pandas.compat as compat
from pandas.compat import range, zip
from pandas.util._validators import validate_bool_kwarg

from pandas.core.dtypes.cast import (
    astype_nansafe, find_common_type, infer_dtype_from,
    infer_dtype_from_scalar, maybe_convert_objects, maybe_downcast_to_dtype,
    maybe_infer_dtype_type, maybe_promote, maybe_upcast, soft_convert_objects)
from pandas.core.dtypes.common import (
    _NS_DTYPE, _TD_DTYPE, ensure_platform_int, is_bool_dtype, is_categorical,
    is_categorical_dtype, is_datetime64_dtype, is_datetime64tz_dtype,
    is_dtype_equal, is_extension_array_dtype, is_extension_type,
    is_float_dtype, is_integer, is_integer_dtype, is_list_like,
    is_numeric_v_string_like, is_object_dtype, is_re, is_re_compilable,
    is_sparse, is_timedelta64_dtype, pandas_dtype)
import pandas.core.dtypes.concat as _concat
from pandas.core.dtypes.dtypes import (
    CategoricalDtype, DatetimeTZDtype, ExtensionDtype, PandasExtensionDtype)
from pandas.core.dtypes.generic import (
    ABCDataFrame, ABCDatetimeIndex, ABCExtensionArray, ABCIndexClass,
    ABCSeries)
from pandas.core.dtypes.missing import (
    _isna_compat, array_equivalent, is_null_datelike_scalar, isna, notna)

import pandas.core.algorithms as algos
from pandas.core.arrays import Categorical, ExtensionArray
from pandas.core.base import PandasObject
import pandas.core.common as com
from pandas.core.indexes.datetimes import DatetimeIndex
from pandas.core.indexes.timedeltas import TimedeltaIndex
from pandas.core.indexing import check_setitem_lengths
import pandas.core.missing as missing

from pandas.io.formats.printing import pprint_thing


class Block(PandasObject):
    """
    Canonical n-dimensional unit of homogeneous dtype contained in a pandas
    data structure

    Index-ignorant; let the container take care of that
    """
    __slots__ = ['_mgr_locs', 'values', 'ndim']
    is_numeric = False
    is_float = False
    is_integer = False
    is_complex = False
    is_datetime = False
    is_datetimetz = False
    is_timedelta = False
    is_bool = False
    is_object = False
    is_categorical = False
    is_sparse = False
    is_extension = False
    _box_to_block_values = True
    _can_hold_na = False
    _can_consolidate = True
    _verify_integrity = True
    _validate_ndim = True
    _ftype = 'dense'
    _concatenator = staticmethod(np.concatenate)

    def __init__(self, values, placement, ndim=None):
        self.ndim = self._check_ndim(values, ndim)
        self.mgr_locs = placement
        self.values = values

        if (self._validate_ndim and self.ndim and
                len(self.mgr_locs) != len(self.values)):
            raise ValueError(
                'Wrong number of items passed {val}, placement implies '
                '{mgr}'.format(val=len(self.values), mgr=len(self.mgr_locs)))

    def _check_ndim(self, values, ndim):
        """ndim inference and validation.

        Infers ndim from 'values' if not provided to __init__.
        Validates that values.ndim and ndim are consistent if and only if
        the class variable '_validate_ndim' is True.

        Parameters
        ----------
        values : array-like
        ndim : int or None

        Returns
        -------
        ndim : int

        Raises
        ------
        ValueError : the number of dimensions do not match
        """
        if ndim is None:
            ndim = values.ndim

        if self._validate_ndim and values.ndim != ndim:
            msg = ("Wrong number of dimensions. values.ndim != ndim "
                   "[{} != {}]")
            raise ValueError(msg.format(values.ndim, ndim))

        return ndim

    @property
    def _holder(self):
        """The array-like that can hold the underlying values.

        None for 'Block', overridden by subclasses that don't
        use an ndarray.
        """
        return None

    @property
    def _consolidate_key(self):
        return (self._can_consolidate, self.dtype.name)

    @property
    def _is_single_block(self):
        return self.ndim == 1

    @property
    def is_view(self):
        """ return a boolean if I am possibly a view """
        return self.values.base is not None

    @property
    def is_datelike(self):
        """ return True if I am a non-datelike """
        return self.is_datetime or self.is_timedelta

    def is_categorical_astype(self, dtype):
        """
        validate that we have a astypeable to categorical,
        returns a boolean if we are a categorical
        """
        if dtype is Categorical or dtype is CategoricalDtype:
            # this is a pd.Categorical, but is not
            # a valid type for astypeing
            raise TypeError("invalid type {0} for astype".format(dtype))

        elif is_categorical_dtype(dtype):
            return True

        return False

    def external_values(self, dtype=None):
        """ return an outside world format, currently just the ndarray """
        return self.values

    def internal_values(self, dtype=None):
        """ return an internal format, currently just the ndarray
        this should be the pure internal API format
        """
        return self.values

    def formatting_values(self):
        """Return the internal values used by the DataFrame/SeriesFormatter"""
        return self.internal_values()

    def get_values(self, dtype=None):
        """
        return an internal format, currently just the ndarray
        this is often overridden to handle to_dense like operations
        """
        if is_object_dtype(dtype):
            return self.values.astype(object)
        return self.values

    def to_dense(self):
        return self.values.view()

    @property
    def _na_value(self):
        return np.nan

    @property
    def fill_value(self):
        return np.nan

    @property
    def mgr_locs(self):
        return self._mgr_locs

    @mgr_locs.setter
    def mgr_locs(self, new_mgr_locs):
        if not isinstance(new_mgr_locs, libinternals.BlockPlacement):
            new_mgr_locs = libinternals.BlockPlacement(new_mgr_locs)

        self._mgr_locs = new_mgr_locs

    @property
    def array_dtype(self):
        """ the dtype to return if I want to construct this block as an
        array
        """
        return self.dtype

    def make_block(self, values, placement=None, ndim=None):
        """
        Create a new block, with type inference propagate any values that are
        not specified
        """
        if placement is None:
            placement = self.mgr_locs
        if ndim is None:
            ndim = self.ndim

        return make_block(values, placement=placement, ndim=ndim)

    def make_block_scalar(self, values):
        """
        Create a ScalarBlock
        """
        return ScalarBlock(values)

    def make_block_same_class(self, values, placement=None, ndim=None,
                              dtype=None):
        """ Wrap given values in a block of same type as self. """
        if dtype is not None:
            # issue 19431 fastparquet is passing this
            warnings.warn("dtype argument is deprecated, will be removed "
                          "in a future release.", DeprecationWarning)
        if placement is None:
            placement = self.mgr_locs
        return make_block(values, placement=placement, ndim=ndim,
                          klass=self.__class__, dtype=dtype)

    def __unicode__(self):

        # don't want to print out all of the items here
        name = pprint_thing(self.__class__.__name__)
        if self._is_single_block:

            result = '{name}: {len} dtype: {dtype}'.format(
                name=name, len=len(self), dtype=self.dtype)

        else:

            shape = ' x '.join(pprint_thing(s) for s in self.shape)
            result = '{name}: {index}, {shape}, dtype: {dtype}'.format(
                name=name, index=pprint_thing(self.mgr_locs.indexer),
                shape=shape, dtype=self.dtype)

        return result

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.values)

    def __getstate__(self):
        return self.mgr_locs.indexer, self.values

    def __setstate__(self, state):
        self.mgr_locs = libinternals.BlockPlacement(state[0])
        self.values = state[1]
        self.ndim = self.values.ndim

    def _slice(self, slicer):
        """ return a slice of my values """
        return self.values[slicer]

    def reshape_nd(self, labels, shape, ref_items):
        """
        Parameters
        ----------
        labels : list of new axis labels
        shape : new shape
        ref_items : new ref_items

        return a new block that is transformed to a nd block
        """
        return _block2d_to_blocknd(values=self.get_values().T,
                                   placement=self.mgr_locs, shape=shape,
                                   labels=labels, ref_items=ref_items)

    def getitem_block(self, slicer, new_mgr_locs=None):
        """
        Perform __getitem__-like, return result as block.

        As of now, only supports slices that preserve dimensionality.
        """
        if new_mgr_locs is None:
            if isinstance(slicer, tuple):
                axis0_slicer = slicer[0]
            else:
                axis0_slicer = slicer
            new_mgr_locs = self.mgr_locs[axis0_slicer]

        new_values = self._slice(slicer)

        if self._validate_ndim and new_values.ndim != self.ndim:
            raise ValueError("Only same dim slicing is allowed")

        return self.make_block_same_class(new_values, new_mgr_locs)

    @property
    def shape(self):
        return self.values.shape

    @property
    def dtype(self):
        return self.values.dtype

    @property
    def ftype(self):
        if getattr(self.values, '_pandas_ftype', False):
            dtype = self.dtype.subtype
        else:
            dtype = self.dtype
        return "{dtype}:{ftype}".format(dtype=dtype, ftype=self._ftype)

    def merge(self, other):
        return _merge_blocks([self, other])

    def concat_same_type(self, to_concat, placement=None):
        """
        Concatenate list of single blocks of the same type.
        """
        values = self._concatenator([blk.values for blk in to_concat],
                                    axis=self.ndim - 1)
        return self.make_block_same_class(
            values, placement=placement or slice(0, len(values), 1))

    def iget(self, i):
        return self.values[i]

    def set(self, locs, values, check=False):
        """
        Modify Block in-place with new item value

        Returns
        -------
        None
        """
        self.values[locs] = values

    def delete(self, loc):
        """
        Delete given loc(-s) from block in-place.
        """
        self.values = np.delete(self.values, loc, 0)
        self.mgr_locs = self.mgr_locs.delete(loc)

    def apply(self, func, **kwargs):
        """ apply the function to my values; return a block if we are not
        one
        """
        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
            result = func(self.values, **kwargs)
        if not isinstance(result, Block):
            result = self.make_block(values=_block_shape(result,
                                                         ndim=self.ndim))

        return result

    def fillna(self, value, limit=None, inplace=False, downcast=None):
        """ fillna on the block with the value. If we fail, then convert to
        ObjectBlock and try again
        """
        inplace = validate_bool_kwarg(inplace, 'inplace')

        if not self._can_hold_na:
            if inplace:
                return self
            else:
                return self.copy()

        mask = isna(self.values)
        if limit is not None:
            if not is_integer(limit):
                raise ValueError('Limit must be an integer')
            if limit < 1:
                raise ValueError('Limit must be greater than 0')
            if self.ndim > 2:
                raise NotImplementedError("number of dimensions for 'fillna' "
                                          "is currently limited to 2")
            mask[mask.cumsum(self.ndim - 1) > limit] = False

        # fillna, but if we cannot coerce, then try again as an ObjectBlock
        try:
            values, _ = self._try_coerce_args(self.values, value)
            blocks = self.putmask(mask, value, inplace=inplace)
            blocks = [b.make_block(values=self._try_coerce_result(b.values))
                      for b in blocks]
            return self._maybe_downcast(blocks, downcast)
        except (TypeError, ValueError):

            # we can't process the value, but nothing to do
            if not mask.any():
                return self if inplace else self.copy()

            # operate column-by-column
            def f(m, v, i):
                block = self.coerce_to_target_dtype(value)

                # slice out our block
                if i is not None:
                    block = block.getitem_block(slice(i, i + 1))
                return block.fillna(value,
                                    limit=limit,
                                    inplace=inplace,
                                    downcast=None)

            return self.split_and_operate(mask, f, inplace)

    def split_and_operate(self, mask, f, inplace):
        """
        split the block per-column, and apply the callable f
        per-column, return a new block for each. Handle
        masking which will not change a block unless needed.

        Parameters
        ----------
        mask : 2-d boolean mask
        f : callable accepting (1d-mask, 1d values, indexer)
        inplace : boolean

        Returns
        -------
        list of blocks
        """

        if mask is None:
            mask = np.ones(self.shape, dtype=bool)
        new_values = self.values

        def make_a_block(nv, ref_loc):
            if isinstance(nv, Block):
                block = nv
            elif isinstance(nv, list):
                block = nv[0]
            else:
                # Put back the dimension that was taken from it and make
                # a block out of the result.
                try:
                    nv = _block_shape(nv, ndim=self.ndim)
                except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
                    pass
                block = self.make_block(values=nv,
                                        placement=ref_loc)
            return block

        # ndim == 1
        if self.ndim == 1:
            if mask.any():
                nv = f(mask, new_values, None)
            else:
                nv = new_values if inplace else new_values.copy()
            block = make_a_block(nv, self.mgr_locs)
            return [block]

        # ndim > 1
        new_blocks = []
        for i, ref_loc in enumerate(self.mgr_locs):
            m = mask[i]
            v = new_values[i]

            # need a new block
            if m.any():
                nv = f(m, v, i)
            else:
                nv = v if inplace else v.copy()

            block = make_a_block(nv, [ref_loc])
            new_blocks.append(block)

        return new_blocks

    def _maybe_downcast(self, blocks, downcast=None):

        # no need to downcast our float
        # unless indicated
        if downcast is None and self.is_float:
            return blocks
        elif downcast is None and (self.is_timedelta or self.is_datetime):
            return blocks

        if not isinstance(blocks, list):
            blocks = [blocks]
        return _extend_blocks([b.downcast(downcast) for b in blocks])

    def downcast(self, dtypes=None):
        """ try to downcast each item to the dict of dtypes if present """

        # turn it off completely
        if dtypes is False:
            return self

        values = self.values

        # single block handling
        if self._is_single_block:

            # try to cast all non-floats here
            if dtypes is None:
                dtypes = 'infer'

            nv = maybe_downcast_to_dtype(values, dtypes)
            return self.make_block(nv)

        # ndim > 1
        if dtypes is None:
            return self

        if not (dtypes == 'infer' or isinstance(dtypes, dict)):
            raise ValueError("downcast must have a dictionary or 'infer' as "
                             "its argument")

        # operate column-by-column
        # this is expensive as it splits the blocks items-by-item
        def f(m, v, i):

            if dtypes == 'infer':
                dtype = 'infer'
            else:
                raise AssertionError("dtypes as dict is not supported yet")

            if dtype is not None:
                v = maybe_downcast_to_dtype(v, dtype)
            return v

        return self.split_and_operate(None, f, False)

    def astype(self, dtype, copy=False, errors='raise', values=None, **kwargs):
        return self._astype(dtype, copy=copy, errors=errors, values=values,
                            **kwargs)

    def _astype(self, dtype, copy=False, errors='raise', values=None,
                klass=None, **kwargs):
        """Coerce to the new type

        Parameters
        ----------
        dtype : str, dtype convertible
        copy : boolean, default False
            copy if indicated
        errors : str, {'raise', 'ignore'}, default 'ignore'
            - ``raise`` : allow exceptions to be raised
            - ``ignore`` : suppress exceptions. On error return original object

        Returns
        -------
        Block
        """
        errors_legal_values = ('raise', 'ignore')

        if errors not in errors_legal_values:
            invalid_arg = ("Expected value of kwarg 'errors' to be one of {}. "
                           "Supplied value is '{}'".format(
                               list(errors_legal_values), errors))
            raise ValueError(invalid_arg)

        if (inspect.isclass(dtype) and
                issubclass(dtype, (PandasExtensionDtype, ExtensionDtype))):
            msg = ("Expected an instance of {}, but got the class instead. "
                   "Try instantiating 'dtype'.".format(dtype.__name__))
            raise TypeError(msg)

        # may need to convert to categorical
        if self.is_categorical_astype(dtype):

            # deprecated 17636
            if ('categories' in kwargs or 'ordered' in kwargs):
                if isinstance(dtype, CategoricalDtype):
                    raise TypeError(
                        "Cannot specify a CategoricalDtype and also "
                        "`categories` or `ordered`. Use "
                        "`dtype=CategoricalDtype(categories, ordered)`"
                        " instead.")
                warnings.warn("specifying 'categories' or 'ordered' in "
                              ".astype() is deprecated; pass a "
                              "CategoricalDtype instead",
                              FutureWarning, stacklevel=7)

            categories = kwargs.get('categories', None)
            ordered = kwargs.get('ordered', None)
            if com._any_not_none(categories, ordered):
                dtype = CategoricalDtype(categories, ordered)

            if is_categorical_dtype(self.values):
                # GH 10696/18593: update an existing categorical efficiently
                return self.make_block(self.values.astype(dtype, copy=copy))

            return self.make_block(Categorical(self.values, dtype=dtype))

        # convert dtypes if needed
        dtype = pandas_dtype(dtype)
        # astype processing
        if is_dtype_equal(self.dtype, dtype):
            if copy:
                return self.copy()
            return self

        if klass is None:
            if is_sparse(self.values):
                # special case sparse, Series[Sparse].astype(object) is sparse
                klass = ExtensionBlock
            elif is_object_dtype(dtype):
                klass = ObjectBlock
            elif is_extension_array_dtype(dtype):
                klass = ExtensionBlock

        try:
            # force the copy here
            if values is None:

                if self.is_extension:
                    values = self.values.astype(dtype)
                else:
                    if issubclass(dtype.type,
                                  (compat.text_type, compat.string_types)):

                        # use native type formatting for datetime/tz/timedelta
                        if self.is_datelike:
                            values = self.to_native_types()

                        # astype formatting
                        else:
                            values = self.get_values()

                    else:
                        values = self.get_values(dtype=dtype)

                    # _astype_nansafe works fine with 1-d only
                    values = astype_nansafe(values.ravel(), dtype, copy=True)

                # TODO(extension)
                # should we make this attribute?
                try:
                    values = values.reshape(self.shape)
                except AttributeError:
                    pass

            newb = make_block(values, placement=self.mgr_locs,
                              klass=klass, ndim=self.ndim)
        except Exception:  # noqa: E722
            if errors == 'raise':
                raise
            newb = self.copy() if copy else self

        if newb.is_numeric and self.is_numeric:
            if newb.shape != self.shape:
                raise TypeError(
                    "cannot set astype for copy = [{copy}] for dtype "
                    "({dtype} [{shape}]) to different shape "
                    "({newb_dtype} [{newb_shape}])".format(
                        copy=copy, dtype=self.dtype.name,
                        shape=self.shape, newb_dtype=newb.dtype.name,
                        newb_shape=newb.shape))
        return newb

    def convert(self, copy=True, **kwargs):
        """ attempt to coerce any object types to better types return a copy
        of the block (if copy = True) by definition we are not an ObjectBlock
        here!
        """

        return self.copy() if copy else self

    def _can_hold_element(self, element):
        """ require the same dtype as ourselves """
        dtype = self.values.dtype.type
        tipo = maybe_infer_dtype_type(element)
        if tipo is not None:
            return issubclass(tipo.type, dtype)
        return isinstance(element, dtype)

    def _try_cast_result(self, result, dtype=None):
        """ try to cast the result to our original type, we may have
        roundtripped thru object in the mean-time
        """
        if dtype is None:
            dtype = self.dtype

        if self.is_integer or self.is_bool or self.is_datetime:
            pass
        elif self.is_float and result.dtype == self.dtype:

            # protect against a bool/object showing up here
            if isinstance(dtype, compat.string_types) and dtype == 'infer':
                return result
            if not isinstance(dtype, type):
                dtype = dtype.type
            if issubclass(dtype, (np.bool_, np.object_)):
                if issubclass(dtype, np.bool_):
                    if isna(result).all():
                        return result.astype(np.bool_)
                    else:
                        result = result.astype(np.object_)
                        result[result == 1] = True
                        result[result == 0] = False
                        return result
                else:
                    return result.astype(np.object_)

            return result

        # may need to change the dtype here
        return maybe_downcast_to_dtype(result, dtype)

    def _try_coerce_args(self, values, other):
        """ provide coercion to our input arguments """

        if np.any(notna(other)) and not self._can_hold_element(other):
            # coercion issues
            # let higher levels handle
            raise TypeError("cannot convert {} to an {}".format(
                type(other).__name__,
                type(self).__name__.lower().replace('Block', '')))

        return values, other

    def _try_coerce_result(self, result):
        """ reverse of try_coerce_args """
        return result

    def _try_coerce_and_cast_result(self, result, dtype=None):
        result = self._try_coerce_result(result)
        result = self._try_cast_result(result, dtype=dtype)
        return result

    def to_native_types(self, slicer=None, na_rep='nan', quoting=None,
                        **kwargs):
        """ convert to our native types format, slicing if desired """

        values = self.get_values()

        if slicer is not None:
            values = values[:, slicer]
        mask = isna(values)

        if not self.is_object and not quoting:
            values = values.astype(str)
        else:
            values = np.array(values, dtype='object')

        values[mask] = na_rep
        return values

    # block actions ####
    def copy(self, deep=True):
        """ copy constructor """
        values = self.values
        if deep:
            values = values.copy()
        return self.make_block_same_class(values)

    def replace(self, to_replace, value, inplace=False, filter=None,
                regex=False, convert=True):
        """replace the to_replace value with value, possible to create new
        blocks here this is just a call to putmask. regex is not used here.
        It is used in ObjectBlocks.  It is here for API compatibility.
        """

        inplace = validate_bool_kwarg(inplace, 'inplace')
        original_to_replace = to_replace

        # try to replace, if we raise an error, convert to ObjectBlock and
        # retry
        try:
            values, to_replace = self._try_coerce_args(self.values,
                                                       to_replace)
            mask = missing.mask_missing(values, to_replace)
            if filter is not None:
                filtered_out = ~self.mgr_locs.isin(filter)
                mask[filtered_out.nonzero()[0]] = False

            blocks = self.putmask(mask, value, inplace=inplace)
            if convert:
                blocks = [b.convert(by_item=True, numeric=False,
                                    copy=not inplace) for b in blocks]
            return blocks
        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            # GH 22083, TypeError or ValueError occurred within error handling
            # causes infinite loop. Cast and retry only if not objectblock.
            if is_object_dtype(self):
                raise

            # try again with a compatible block
            block = self.astype(object)
            return block.replace(to_replace=original_to_replace,
                                 value=value,
                                 inplace=inplace,
                                 filter=filter,
                                 regex=regex,
                                 convert=convert)

    def _replace_single(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """ no-op on a non-ObjectBlock """
        return self if kwargs['inplace'] else self.copy()

    def setitem(self, indexer, value):
        """Set the value inplace, returning a a maybe different typed block.

        Parameters
        ----------
        indexer : tuple, list-like, array-like, slice
            The subset of self.values to set
        value : object
            The value being set

        Returns
        -------
        Block

        Notes
        -----
        `indexer` is a direct slice/positional indexer. `value` must
        be a compatible shape.
        """
        # coerce None values, if appropriate
        if value is None:
            if self.is_numeric:
                value = np.nan

        # coerce if block dtype can store value
        values = self.values
        try:
            values, value = self._try_coerce_args(values, value)
            # can keep its own dtype
            if hasattr(value, 'dtype') and is_dtype_equal(values.dtype,
                                                          value.dtype):
                dtype = self.dtype
            else:
                dtype = 'infer'

        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            # current dtype cannot store value, coerce to common dtype
            find_dtype = False

            if hasattr(value, 'dtype'):
                dtype = value.dtype
                find_dtype = True

            elif lib.is_scalar(value):
                if isna(value):
                    # NaN promotion is handled in latter path
                    dtype = False
                else:
                    dtype, _ = infer_dtype_from_scalar(value,
                                                       pandas_dtype=True)
                    find_dtype = True
            else:
                dtype = 'infer'

            if find_dtype:
                dtype = find_common_type([values.dtype, dtype])
                if not is_dtype_equal(self.dtype, dtype):
                    b = self.astype(dtype)
                    return b.setitem(indexer, value)

        # value must be storeable at this moment
        arr_value = np.array(value)

        # cast the values to a type that can hold nan (if necessary)
        if not self._can_hold_element(value):
            dtype, _ = maybe_promote(arr_value.dtype)
            values = values.astype(dtype)

        transf = (lambda x: x.T) if self.ndim == 2 else (lambda x: x)
        values = transf(values)

        # length checking
        check_setitem_lengths(indexer, value, values)

        def _is_scalar_indexer(indexer):
            # return True if we are all scalar indexers

            if arr_value.ndim == 1:
                if not isinstance(indexer, tuple):
                    indexer = tuple([indexer])
                    return any(isinstance(idx, np.ndarray) and len(idx) == 0
                               for idx in indexer)
            return False

        def _is_empty_indexer(indexer):
            # return a boolean if we have an empty indexer

            if is_list_like(indexer) and not len(indexer):
                return True
            if arr_value.ndim == 1:
                if not isinstance(indexer, tuple):
                    indexer = tuple([indexer])
                return any(isinstance(idx, np.ndarray) and len(idx) == 0
                           for idx in indexer)
            return False

        # empty indexers
        # 8669 (empty)
        if _is_empty_indexer(indexer):
            pass

        # setting a single element for each dim and with a rhs that could
        # be say a list
        # GH 6043
        elif _is_scalar_indexer(indexer):
            values[indexer] = value

        # if we are an exact match (ex-broadcasting),
        # then use the resultant dtype
        elif (len(arr_value.shape) and
              arr_value.shape[0] == values.shape[0] and
              np.prod(arr_value.shape) == np.prod(values.shape)):
            values[indexer] = value
            try:
                values = values.astype(arr_value.dtype)
            except ValueError:
                pass

        # set
        else:
            values[indexer] = value

        # coerce and try to infer the dtypes of the result
        values = self._try_coerce_and_cast_result(values, dtype)
        block = self.make_block(transf(values))
        return block

    def putmask(self, mask, new, align=True, inplace=False, axis=0,
                transpose=False):
        """ putmask the data to the block; it is possible that we may create a
        new dtype of block

        return the resulting block(s)

        Parameters
        ----------
        mask  : the condition to respect
        new : a ndarray/object
        align : boolean, perform alignment on other/cond, default is True
        inplace : perform inplace modification, default is False
        axis : int
        transpose : boolean
            Set to True if self is stored with axes reversed

        Returns
        -------
        a list of new blocks, the result of the putmask
        """

        new_values = self.values if inplace else self.values.copy()

        new = getattr(new, 'values', new)
        mask = getattr(mask, 'values', mask)

        # if we are passed a scalar None, convert it here
        if not is_list_like(new) and isna(new) and not self.is_object:
            new = self.fill_value

        if self._can_hold_element(new):
            _, new = self._try_coerce_args(new_values, new)

            if transpose:
                new_values = new_values.T

            # If the default repeat behavior in np.putmask would go in the
            # wrong direction, then explicitly repeat and reshape new instead
            if getattr(new, 'ndim', 0) >= 1:
                if self.ndim - 1 == new.ndim and axis == 1:
                    new = np.repeat(
                        new, new_values.shape[-1]).reshape(self.shape)
                new = new.astype(new_values.dtype)

            # we require exact matches between the len of the
            # values we are setting (or is compat). np.putmask
            # doesn't check this and will simply truncate / pad
            # the output, but we want sane error messages
            #
            # TODO: this prob needs some better checking
            # for 2D cases
            if ((is_list_like(new) and
                 np.any(mask[mask]) and
                 getattr(new, 'ndim', 1) == 1)):

                if not (mask.shape[-1] == len(new) or
                        mask[mask].shape[-1] == len(new) or
                        len(new) == 1):
                    raise ValueError("cannot assign mismatch "
                                     "length to masked array")

            np.putmask(new_values, mask, new)

        # maybe upcast me
        elif mask.any():
            if transpose:
                mask = mask.T
                if isinstance(new, np.ndarray):
                    new = new.T
                axis = new_values.ndim - axis - 1

            # Pseudo-broadcast
            if getattr(new, 'ndim', 0) >= 1:
                if self.ndim - 1 == new.ndim:
                    new_shape = list(new.shape)
                    new_shape.insert(axis, 1)
                    new = new.reshape(tuple(new_shape))

            # operate column-by-column
            def f(m, v, i):

                if i is None:
                    # ndim==1 case.
                    n = new
                else:

                    if isinstance(new, np.ndarray):
                        n = np.squeeze(new[i % new.shape[0]])
                    else:
                        n = np.array(new)

                    # type of the new block
                    dtype, _ = maybe_promote(n.dtype)

                    # we need to explicitly astype here to make a copy
                    n = n.astype(dtype)

                nv = _putmask_smart(v, m, n)
                return nv

            new_blocks = self.split_and_operate(mask, f, inplace)
            return new_blocks

        if inplace:
            return [self]

        if transpose:
            new_values = new_values.T

        return [self.make_block(new_values)]

    def coerce_to_target_dtype(self, other):
        """
        coerce the current block to a dtype compat for other
        we will return a block, possibly object, and not raise

        we can also safely try to coerce to the same dtype
        and will receive the same block
        """

        # if we cannot then coerce to object
        dtype, _ = infer_dtype_from(other, pandas_dtype=True)

        if is_dtype_equal(self.dtype, dtype):
            return self

        if self.is_bool or is_object_dtype(dtype) or is_bool_dtype(dtype):
            # we don't upcast to bool
            return self.astype(object)

        elif ((self.is_float or self.is_complex) and
              (is_integer_dtype(dtype) or is_float_dtype(dtype))):
            # don't coerce float/complex to int
            return self

        elif (self.is_datetime or
              is_datetime64_dtype(dtype) or
              is_datetime64tz_dtype(dtype)):

            # not a datetime
            if not ((is_datetime64_dtype(dtype) or
                     is_datetime64tz_dtype(dtype)) and self.is_datetime):
                return self.astype(object)

            # don't upcast timezone with different timezone or no timezone
            mytz = getattr(self.dtype, 'tz', None)
            othertz = getattr(dtype, 'tz', None)

            if str(mytz) != str(othertz):
                return self.astype(object)

            raise AssertionError("possible recursion in "
                                 "coerce_to_target_dtype: {} {}".format(
                                     self, other))

        elif (self.is_timedelta or is_timedelta64_dtype(dtype)):

            # not a timedelta
            if not (is_timedelta64_dtype(dtype) and self.is_timedelta):
                return self.astype(object)

            raise AssertionError("possible recursion in "
                                 "coerce_to_target_dtype: {} {}".format(
                                     self, other))

        try:
            return self.astype(dtype)
        except (ValueError, TypeError):
            pass

        return self.astype(object)

    def interpolate(self, method='pad', axis=0, index=None, values=None,
                    inplace=False, limit=None, limit_direction='forward',
                    limit_area=None, fill_value=None, coerce=False,
                    downcast=None, **kwargs):

        inplace = validate_bool_kwarg(inplace, 'inplace')

        def check_int_bool(self, inplace):
            # Only FloatBlocks will contain NaNs.
            # timedelta subclasses IntBlock
            if (self.is_bool or self.is_integer) and not self.is_timedelta:
                if inplace:
                    return self
                else:
                    return self.copy()

        # a fill na type method
        try:
            m = missing.clean_fill_method(method)
        except ValueError:
            m = None

        if m is not None:
            r = check_int_bool(self, inplace)
            if r is not None:
                return r
            return self._interpolate_with_fill(method=m, axis=axis,
                                               inplace=inplace, limit=limit,
                                               fill_value=fill_value,
                                               coerce=coerce,
                                               downcast=downcast)
        # try an interp method
        try:
            m = missing.clean_interp_method(method, **kwargs)
        except ValueError:
            m = None

        if m is not None:
            r = check_int_bool(self, inplace)
            if r is not None:
                return r
            return self._interpolate(method=m, index=index, values=values,
                                     axis=axis, limit=limit,
                                     limit_direction=limit_direction,
                                     limit_area=limit_area,
                                     fill_value=fill_value, inplace=inplace,
                                     downcast=downcast, **kwargs)

        raise ValueError("invalid method '{0}' to interpolate.".format(method))

    def _interpolate_with_fill(self, method='pad', axis=0, inplace=False,
                               limit=None, fill_value=None, coerce=False,
                               downcast=None):
        """ fillna but using the interpolate machinery """

        inplace = validate_bool_kwarg(inplace, 'inplace')

        # if we are coercing, then don't force the conversion
        # if the block can't hold the type
        if coerce:
            if not self._can_hold_na:
                if inplace:
                    return [self]
                else:
                    return [self.copy()]

        values = self.values if inplace else self.values.copy()
        values, fill_value = self._try_coerce_args(values, fill_value)
        values = missing.interpolate_2d(values, method=method, axis=axis,
                                        limit=limit, fill_value=fill_value,
                                        dtype=self.dtype)
        values = self._try_coerce_result(values)

        blocks = [self.make_block_same_class(values, ndim=self.ndim)]
        return self._maybe_downcast(blocks, downcast)

    def _interpolate(self, method=None, index=None, values=None,
                     fill_value=None, axis=0, limit=None,
                     limit_direction='forward', limit_area=None,
                     inplace=False, downcast=None, **kwargs):
        """ interpolate using scipy wrappers """

        inplace = validate_bool_kwarg(inplace, 'inplace')
        data = self.values if inplace else self.values.copy()

        # only deal with floats
        if not self.is_float:
            if not self.is_integer:
                return self
            data = data.astype(np.float64)

        if fill_value is None:
            fill_value = self.fill_value

        if method in ('krogh', 'piecewise_polynomial', 'pchip'):
            if not index.is_monotonic:
                raise ValueError("{0} interpolation requires that the "
                                 "index be monotonic.".format(method))
        # process 1-d slices in the axis direction

        def func(x):

            # process a 1-d slice, returning it
            # should the axis argument be handled below in apply_along_axis?
            # i.e. not an arg to missing.interpolate_1d
            return missing.interpolate_1d(index, x, method=method, limit=limit,
                                          limit_direction=limit_direction,
                                          limit_area=limit_area,
                                          fill_value=fill_value,
                                          bounds_error=False, **kwargs)

        # interp each column independently
        interp_values = np.apply_along_axis(func, axis, data)

        blocks = [self.make_block_same_class(interp_values)]
        return self._maybe_downcast(blocks, downcast)

    def take_nd(self, indexer, axis, new_mgr_locs=None, fill_tuple=None):
        """
        Take values according to indexer and return them as a block.bb

        """

        # algos.take_nd dispatches for DatetimeTZBlock, CategoricalBlock
        # so need to preserve types
        # sparse is treated like an ndarray, but needs .get_values() shaping

        values = self.values
        if self.is_sparse:
            values = self.get_values()

        if fill_tuple is None:
            fill_value = self.fill_value
            new_values = algos.take_nd(values, indexer, axis=axis,
                                       allow_fill=False, fill_value=fill_value)
        else:
            fill_value = fill_tuple[0]
            new_values = algos.take_nd(values, indexer, axis=axis,
                                       allow_fill=True, fill_value=fill_value)

        if new_mgr_locs is None:
            if axis == 0:
                slc = libinternals.indexer_as_slice(indexer)
                if slc is not None:
                    new_mgr_locs = self.mgr_locs[slc]
                else:
                    new_mgr_locs = self.mgr_locs[indexer]
            else:
                new_mgr_locs = self.mgr_locs

        if not is_dtype_equal(new_values.dtype, self.dtype):
            return self.make_block(new_values, new_mgr_locs)
        else:
            return self.make_block_same_class(new_values, new_mgr_locs)

    def diff(self, n, axis=1):
        """ return block for the diff of the values """
        new_values = algos.diff(self.values, n, axis=axis)
        return [self.make_block(values=new_values)]

    def shift(self, periods, axis=0):
        """ shift the block by periods, possibly upcast """

        # convert integer to float if necessary. need to do a lot more than
        # that, handle boolean etc also
        new_values, fill_value = maybe_upcast(self.values)

        # make sure array sent to np.roll is c_contiguous
        f_ordered = new_values.flags.f_contiguous
        if f_ordered:
            new_values = new_values.T
            axis = new_values.ndim - axis - 1

        if np.prod(new_values.shape):
            new_values = np.roll(new_values, ensure_platform_int(periods),
                                 axis=axis)

        axis_indexer = [slice(None)] * self.ndim
        if periods > 0:
            axis_indexer[axis] = slice(None, periods)
        else:
            axis_indexer[axis] = slice(periods, None)
        new_values[tuple(axis_indexer)] = fill_value

        # restore original order
        if f_ordered:
            new_values = new_values.T

        return [self.make_block(new_values)]

    def where(self, other, cond, align=True, errors='raise',
              try_cast=False, axis=0, transpose=False):
        """
        evaluate the block; return result block(s) from the result

        Parameters
        ----------
        other : a ndarray/object
        cond  : the condition to respect
        align : boolean, perform alignment on other/cond
        errors : str, {'raise', 'ignore'}, default 'raise'
            - ``raise`` : allow exceptions to be raised
            - ``ignore`` : suppress exceptions. On error return original object

        axis : int
        transpose : boolean
            Set to True if self is stored with axes reversed

        Returns
        -------
        a new block(s), the result of the func
        """
        import pandas.core.computation.expressions as expressions
        assert errors in ['raise', 'ignore']

        values = self.values
        orig_other = other
        if transpose:
            values = values.T

        other = getattr(other, '_values', getattr(other, 'values', other))
        cond = getattr(cond, 'values', cond)

        # If the default broadcasting would go in the wrong direction, then
        # explicitly reshape other instead
        if getattr(other, 'ndim', 0) >= 1:
            if values.ndim - 1 == other.ndim and axis == 1:
                other = other.reshape(tuple(other.shape + (1, )))
            elif transpose and values.ndim == self.ndim - 1:
                cond = cond.T

        if not hasattr(cond, 'shape'):
            raise ValueError("where must have a condition that is ndarray "
                             "like")

        # our where function
        def func(cond, values, other):
            if cond.ravel().all():
                return values

            values, other = self._try_coerce_args(values, other)

            try:
                return self._try_coerce_result(expressions.where(
                    cond, values, other))
            except Exception as detail:
                if errors == 'raise':
                    raise TypeError(
                        'Could not operate [{other!r}] with block values '
                        '[{detail!s}]'.format(other=other, detail=detail))
                else:
                    # return the values
                    result = np.empty(values.shape, dtype='float64')
                    result.fill(np.nan)
                    return result

        # see if we can operate on the entire block, or need item-by-item
        # or if we are a single block (ndim == 1)
        try:
            result = func(cond, values, other)
        except TypeError:

            # we cannot coerce, return a compat dtype
            # we are explicitly ignoring errors
            block = self.coerce_to_target_dtype(other)
            blocks = block.where(orig_other, cond, align=align,
                                 errors=errors,
                                 try_cast=try_cast, axis=axis,
                                 transpose=transpose)
            return self._maybe_downcast(blocks, 'infer')

        if self._can_hold_na or self.ndim == 1:

            if transpose:
                result = result.T

            # try to cast if requested
            if try_cast:
                result = self._try_cast_result(result)

            return self.make_block(result)

        # might need to separate out blocks
        axis = cond.ndim - 1
        cond = cond.swapaxes(axis, 0)
        mask = np.array([cond[i].all() for i in range(cond.shape[0])],
                        dtype=bool)

        result_blocks = []
        for m in [mask, ~mask]:
            if m.any():
                r = self._try_cast_result(result.take(m.nonzero()[0],
                                                      axis=axis))
                result_blocks.append(
                    self.make_block(r.T, placement=self.mgr_locs[m]))

        return result_blocks

    def equals(self, other):
        if self.dtype != other.dtype or self.shape != other.shape:
            return False
        return array_equivalent(self.values, other.values)

    def _unstack(self, unstacker_func, new_columns, n_rows, fill_value):
        """Return a list of unstacked blocks of self

        Parameters
        ----------
        unstacker_func : callable
            Partially applied unstacker.
        new_columns : Index
            All columns of the unstacked BlockManager.
        n_rows : int
            Only used in ExtensionBlock.unstack
        fill_value : int
            Only used in ExtensionBlock.unstack

        Returns
        -------
        blocks : list of Block
            New blocks of unstacked values.
        mask : array_like of bool
            The mask of columns of `blocks` we should keep.
        """
        unstacker = unstacker_func(self.values.T)
        new_items = unstacker.get_new_columns()
        new_placement = new_columns.get_indexer(new_items)
        new_values, mask = unstacker.get_new_values()

        mask = mask.any(0)
        new_values = new_values.T[mask]
        new_placement = new_placement[mask]

        blocks = [make_block(new_values, placement=new_placement)]
        return blocks, mask

    def quantile(self, qs, interpolation='linear', axis=0, axes=None):
        """
        compute the quantiles of the

        Parameters
        ----------
        qs: a scalar or list of the quantiles to be computed
        interpolation: type of interpolation, default 'linear'
        axis: axis to compute, default 0
        axes : BlockManager.axes

        Returns
        -------
        tuple of (axis, block)

        """
        kw = {'interpolation': interpolation}
        values = self.get_values()
        values, _ = self._try_coerce_args(values, values)

        def _nanpercentile1D(values, mask, q, **kw):
            # mask is Union[ExtensionArray, ndarray]
            values = values[~mask]

            if len(values) == 0:
                if lib.is_scalar(q):
                    return self._na_value
                else:
                    return np.array([self._na_value] * len(q),
                                    dtype=values.dtype)

            return np.percentile(values, q, **kw)

        def _nanpercentile(values, q, axis, **kw):

            mask = isna(self.values)
            if not lib.is_scalar(mask) and mask.any():
                if self.ndim == 1:
                    return _nanpercentile1D(values, mask, q, **kw)
                else:
                    # for nonconsolidatable blocks mask is 1D, but values 2D
                    if mask.ndim < values.ndim:
                        mask = mask.reshape(values.shape)
                    if axis == 0:
                        values = values.T
                        mask = mask.T
                    result = [_nanpercentile1D(val, m, q, **kw) for (val, m)
                              in zip(list(values), list(mask))]
                    result = np.array(result, dtype=values.dtype, copy=False).T
                    return result
            else:
                return np.percentile(values, q, axis=axis, **kw)

        from pandas import Float64Index
        is_empty = values.shape[axis] == 0
        if is_list_like(qs):
            ax = Float64Index(qs)

            if is_empty:
                if self.ndim == 1:
                    result = self._na_value
                else:
                    # create the array of na_values
                    # 2d len(values) * len(qs)
                    result = np.repeat(np.array([self._na_value] * len(qs)),
                                       len(values)).reshape(len(values),
                                                            len(qs))
            else:

                try:
                    result = _nanpercentile(values, np.array(qs) * 100,
                                            axis=axis, **kw)
                except ValueError:

                    # older numpies don't handle an array for q
                    result = [_nanpercentile(values, q * 100,
                                             axis=axis, **kw) for q in qs]

                result = np.array(result, copy=False)
                if self.ndim > 1:
                    result = result.T

        else:

            if self.ndim == 1:
                ax = Float64Index([qs])
            else:
                ax = axes[0]

            if is_empty:
                if self.ndim == 1:
                    result = self._na_value
                else:
                    result = np.array([self._na_value] * len(self))
            else:
                result = _nanpercentile(values, qs * 100, axis=axis, **kw)

        ndim = getattr(result, 'ndim', None) or 0
        result = self._try_coerce_result(result)
        if lib.is_scalar(result):
            return ax, self.make_block_scalar(result)
        return ax, make_block(result,
                              placement=np.arange(len(result)),
                              ndim=ndim)

    def _replace_coerce(self, to_replace, value, inplace=True, regex=False,
                        convert=False, mask=None):
        """
        Replace value corresponding to the given boolean array with another
        value.

        Parameters
        ----------
        to_replace : object or pattern
            Scalar to replace or regular expression to match.
        value : object
            Replacement object.
        inplace : bool, default False
            Perform inplace modification.
        regex : bool, default False
            If true, perform regular expression substitution.
        convert : bool, default True
            If true, try to coerce any object types to better types.
        mask : array-like of bool, optional
            True indicate corresponding element is ignored.

        Returns
        -------
        A new block if there is anything to replace or the original block.
        """

        if mask.any():
            if not regex:
                self = self.coerce_to_target_dtype(value)
                return self.putmask(mask, value, inplace=inplace)
            else:
                return self._replace_single(to_replace, value, inplace=inplace,
                                            regex=regex,
                                            convert=convert,
                                            mask=mask)
        return self


class ScalarBlock(Block):
    """
    a scalar compat Block
    """
    __slots__ = ['_mgr_locs', 'values', 'ndim']

    def __init__(self, values):
        self.ndim = 0
        self.mgr_locs = [0]
        self.values = values

    @property
    def dtype(self):
        return type(self.values)

    @property
    def shape(self):
        return tuple([0])

    def __len__(self):
        return 0


class NonConsolidatableMixIn(object):
    """ hold methods for the nonconsolidatable blocks """
    _can_consolidate = False
    _verify_integrity = False
    _validate_ndim = False

    def __init__(self, values, placement, ndim=None):
        """Initialize a non-consolidatable block.

        'ndim' may be inferred from 'placement'.

        This will call continue to call __init__ for the other base
        classes mixed in with this Mixin.
        """
        # Placement must be converted to BlockPlacement so that we can check
        # its length
        if not isinstance(placement, libinternals.BlockPlacement):
            placement = libinternals.BlockPlacement(placement)

        # Maybe infer ndim from placement
        if ndim is None:
            if len(placement) != 1:
                ndim = 1
            else:
                ndim = 2
        super(NonConsolidatableMixIn, self).__init__(values, placement,
                                                     ndim=ndim)

    @property
    def shape(self):
        if self.ndim == 1:
            return (len(self.values)),
        return (len(self.mgr_locs), len(self.values))

    def get_values(self, dtype=None):
        """ need to to_dense myself (and always return a ndim sized object) """
        values = self.values.to_dense()
        if values.ndim == self.ndim - 1:
            values = values.reshape((1,) + values.shape)
        return values

    def iget(self, col):

        if self.ndim == 2 and isinstance(col, tuple):
            col, loc = col
            if not com.is_null_slice(col) and col != 0:
                raise IndexError("{0} only contains one item".format(self))
            return self.values[loc]
        else:
            if col != 0:
                raise IndexError("{0} only contains one item".format(self))
            return self.values

    def should_store(self, value):
        return isinstance(value, self._holder)

    def set(self, locs, values, check=False):
        assert locs.tolist() == [0]
        self.values = values

    def putmask(self, mask, new, align=True, inplace=False, axis=0,
                transpose=False):
        """
        putmask the data to the block; we must be a single block and not
        generate other blocks

        return the resulting block

        Parameters
        ----------
        mask  : the condition to respect
        new : a ndarray/object
        align : boolean, perform alignment on other/cond, default is True
        inplace : perform inplace modification, default is False

        Returns
        -------
        a new block, the result of the putmask
        """
        inplace = validate_bool_kwarg(inplace, 'inplace')

        # use block's copy logic.
        # .values may be an Index which does shallow copy by default
        new_values = self.values if inplace else self.copy().values
        new_values, new = self._try_coerce_args(new_values, new)

        if isinstance(new, np.ndarray) and len(new) == len(mask):
            new = new[mask]

        mask = _safe_reshape(mask, new_values.shape)

        new_values[mask] = new
        new_values = self._try_coerce_result(new_values)
        return [self.make_block(values=new_values)]

    def _slice(self, slicer):
        """ return a slice of my values (but densify first) """
        return self.get_values()[slicer]

    def _try_cast_result(self, result, dtype=None):
        return result

    def _unstack(self, unstacker_func, new_columns, n_rows, fill_value):
        """Return a list of unstacked blocks of self

        Parameters
        ----------
        unstacker_func : callable
            Partially applied unstacker.
        new_columns : Index
            All columns of the unstacked BlockManager.
        n_rows : int
            Only used in ExtensionBlock.unstack
        fill_value : int
            Only used in ExtensionBlock.unstack

        Returns
        -------
        blocks : list of Block
            New blocks of unstacked values.
        mask : array_like of bool
            The mask of columns of `blocks` we should keep.
        """
        # NonConsolidatable blocks can have a single item only, so we return
        # one block per item
        unstacker = unstacker_func(self.values.T)

        new_placement, new_values, mask = self._get_unstack_items(
            unstacker, new_columns
        )

        new_values = new_values.T[mask]
        new_placement = new_placement[mask]

        blocks = [self.make_block_same_class(vals, [place])
                  for vals, place in zip(new_values, new_placement)]
        return blocks, mask

    def _get_unstack_items(self, unstacker, new_columns):
        """
        Get the placement, values, and mask for a Block unstack.

        This is shared between ObjectBlock and ExtensionBlock. They
        differ in that ObjectBlock passes the values, while ExtensionBlock
        passes the dummy ndarray of positions to be used by a take
        later.

        Parameters
        ----------
        unstacker : pandas.core.reshape.reshape._Unstacker
        new_columns : Index
            All columns of the unstacked BlockManager.

        Returns
        -------
        new_placement : ndarray[int]
            The placement of the new columns in `new_columns`.
        new_values : Union[ndarray, ExtensionArray]
            The first return value from _Unstacker.get_new_values.
        mask : ndarray[bool]
            The second return value from _Unstacker.get_new_values.
        """
        # shared with ExtensionBlock
        new_items = unstacker.get_new_columns()
        new_placement = new_columns.get_indexer(new_items)
        new_values, mask = unstacker.get_new_values()

        mask = mask.any(0)
        return new_placement, new_values, mask


class ExtensionBlock(NonConsolidatableMixIn, Block):
    """Block for holding extension types.

    Notes
    -----
    This holds all 3rd-party extension array types. It's also the immediate
    parent class for our internal extension types' blocks, CategoricalBlock.

    ExtensionArrays are limited to 1-D.
    """
    is_extension = True

    def __init__(self, values, placement, ndim=None):
        values = self._maybe_coerce_values(values)
        super(ExtensionBlock, self).__init__(values, placement, ndim)

    def _maybe_coerce_values(self, values):
        """Unbox to an extension array.

        This will unbox an ExtensionArray stored in an Index or Series.
        ExtensionArrays pass through. No dtype coercion is done.

        Parameters
        ----------
        values : Index, Series, ExtensionArray

        Returns
        -------
        ExtensionArray
        """
        if isinstance(values, (ABCIndexClass, ABCSeries)):
            values = values._values
        return values

    @property
    def _holder(self):
        # For extension blocks, the holder is values-dependent.
        return type(self.values)

    @property
    def fill_value(self):
        # Used in reindex_indexer
        return self.values.dtype.na_value

    @property
    def _can_hold_na(self):
        # The default ExtensionArray._can_hold_na is True
        return self._holder._can_hold_na

    @property
    def is_view(self):
        """Extension arrays are never treated as views."""
        return False

    @property
    def is_numeric(self):
        return self.values.dtype._is_numeric

    def setitem(self, indexer, value):
        """Set the value inplace, returning a same-typed block.

        This differs from Block.setitem by not allowing setitem to change
        the dtype of the Block.

        Parameters
        ----------
        indexer : tuple, list-like, array-like, slice
            The subset of self.values to set
        value : object
            The value being set

        Returns
        -------
        Block

        Notes
        -----
        `indexer` is a direct slice/positional indexer. `value` must
        be a compatible shape.
        """
        if isinstance(indexer, tuple):
            # we are always 1-D
            indexer = indexer[0]

        check_setitem_lengths(indexer, value, self.values)
        self.values[indexer] = value
        return self

    def get_values(self, dtype=None):
        # ExtensionArrays must be iterable, so this works.
        values = np.asarray(self.values)
        if values.ndim == self.ndim - 1:
            values = values.reshape((1,) + values.shape)
        return values

    def to_dense(self):
        return np.asarray(self.values)

    def take_nd(self, indexer, axis=0, new_mgr_locs=None, fill_tuple=None):
        """
        Take values according to indexer and return them as a block.
        """
        if fill_tuple is None:
            fill_value = None
        else:
            fill_value = fill_tuple[0]

        # axis doesn't matter; we are really a single-dim object
        # but are passed the axis depending on the calling routing
        # if its REALLY axis 0, then this will be a reindex and not a take
        new_values = self.values.take(indexer, fill_value=fill_value,
                                      allow_fill=True)

        # if we are a 1-dim object, then always place at 0
        if self.ndim == 1:
            new_mgr_locs = [0]
        else:
            if new_mgr_locs is None:
                new_mgr_locs = self.mgr_locs

        return self.make_block_same_class(new_values, new_mgr_locs)

    def _can_hold_element(self, element):
        # XXX: We may need to think about pushing this onto the array.
        # We're doing the same as CategoricalBlock here.
        return True

    def _slice(self, slicer):
        """ return a slice of my values """

        # slice the category
        # return same dims as we currently have

        if isinstance(slicer, tuple) and len(slicer) == 2:
            if not com.is_null_slice(slicer[0]):
                raise AssertionError("invalid slicing for a 1-ndim "
                                     "categorical")
            slicer = slicer[1]

        return self.values[slicer]

    def formatting_values(self):
        # Deprecating the ability to override _formatting_values.
        # Do the warning here, it's only user in pandas, since we
        # have to check if the subclass overrode it.
        fv = getattr(type(self.values), '_formatting_values', None)
        if fv and fv != ExtensionArray._formatting_values:
            msg = (
                "'ExtensionArray._formatting_values' is deprecated. "
                "Specify 'ExtensionArray._formatter' instead."
            )
            warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=10)
            return self.values._formatting_values()

        return self.values

    def concat_same_type(self, to_concat, placement=None):
        """
        Concatenate list of single blocks of the same type.
        """
        values = self._holder._concat_same_type(
            [blk.values for blk in to_concat])
        placement = placement or slice(0, len(values), 1)
        return self.make_block_same_class(values, ndim=self.ndim,
                                          placement=placement)

    def fillna(self, value, limit=None, inplace=False, downcast=None):
        values = self.values if inplace else self.values.copy()
        values = values.fillna(value=value, limit=limit)
        return [self.make_block_same_class(values=values,
                                           placement=self.mgr_locs,
                                           ndim=self.ndim)]

    def interpolate(self, method='pad', axis=0, inplace=False, limit=None,
                    fill_value=None, **kwargs):

        values = self.values if inplace else self.values.copy()
        return self.make_block_same_class(
            values=values.fillna(value=fill_value, method=method,
                                 limit=limit),
            placement=self.mgr_locs)

    def shift(self, periods, axis=0):
        """
        Shift the block by `periods`.

        Dispatches to underlying ExtensionArray and re-boxes in an
        ExtensionBlock.
        """
        # type: (int, Optional[BlockPlacement]) -> List[ExtensionBlock]
        return [self.make_block_same_class(self.values.shift(periods=periods),
                                           placement=self.mgr_locs,
                                           ndim=self.ndim)]

    def where(self, other, cond, align=True, errors='raise',
              try_cast=False, axis=0, transpose=False):
        if isinstance(other, (ABCIndexClass, ABCSeries)):
            other = other.array

        if isinstance(cond, ABCDataFrame):
            assert cond.shape[1] == 1
            cond = cond.iloc[:, 0].array

        if isinstance(other, ABCDataFrame):
            assert other.shape[1] == 1
            other = other.iloc[:, 0].array

        if isinstance(cond, (ABCIndexClass, ABCSeries)):
            cond = cond.array

        if lib.is_scalar(other) and isna(other):
            # The default `other` for Series / Frame is np.nan
            # we want to replace that with the correct NA value
            # for the type
            other = self.dtype.na_value
        result = self.values.where(cond, other)
        return self.make_block_same_class(result, placement=self.mgr_locs)

    @property
    def _ftype(self):
        return getattr(self.values, '_pandas_ftype', Block._ftype)

    def _unstack(self, unstacker_func, new_columns, n_rows, fill_value):
        # ExtensionArray-safe unstack.
        # We override ObjectBlock._unstack, which unstacks directly on the
        # values of the array. For EA-backed blocks, this would require
        # converting to a 2-D ndarray of objects.
        # Instead, we unstack an ndarray of integer positions, followed by
        # a `take` on the actual values.
        dummy_arr = np.arange(n_rows)
        dummy_unstacker = functools.partial(unstacker_func, fill_value=-1)
        unstacker = dummy_unstacker(dummy_arr)

        new_placement, new_values, mask = self._get_unstack_items(
            unstacker, new_columns
        )

        blocks = [
            self.make_block_same_class(
                self.values.take(indices, allow_fill=True,
                                 fill_value=fill_value),
                [place])
            for indices, place in zip(new_values.T, new_placement)
        ]
        return blocks, mask


class NumericBlock(Block):
    __slots__ = ()
    is_numeric = True
    _can_hold_na = True


class FloatOrComplexBlock(NumericBlock):
    __slots__ = ()

    def equals(self, other):
        if self.dtype != other.dtype or self.shape != other.shape:
            return False
        left, right = self.values, other.values
        return ((left == right) | (np.isnan(left) & np.isnan(right))).all()


class FloatBlock(FloatOrComplexBlock):
    __slots__ = ()
    is_float = True

    def _can_hold_element(self, element):
        tipo = maybe_infer_dtype_type(element)
        if tipo is not None:
            return (issubclass(tipo.type, (np.floating, np.integer)) and
                    not issubclass(tipo.type, (np.datetime64, np.timedelta64)))
        return (
            isinstance(
                element, (float, int, np.floating, np.int_, compat.long))
            and not isinstance(element, (bool, np.bool_, datetime, timedelta,
                                         np.datetime64, np.timedelta64)))

    def to_native_types(self, slicer=None, na_rep='', float_format=None,
                        decimal='.', quoting=None, **kwargs):
        """ convert to our native types format, slicing if desired """

        values = self.values
        if slicer is not None:
            values = values[:, slicer]

        # see gh-13418: no special formatting is desired at the
        # output (important for appropriate 'quoting' behaviour),
        # so do not pass it through the FloatArrayFormatter
        if float_format is None and decimal == '.':
            mask = isna(values)

            if not quoting:
                values = values.astype(str)
            else:
                values = np.array(values, dtype='object')

            values[mask] = na_rep
            return values

        from pandas.io.formats.format import FloatArrayFormatter
        formatter = FloatArrayFormatter(values, na_rep=na_rep,
                                        float_format=float_format,
                                        decimal=decimal, quoting=quoting,
                                        fixed_width=False)
        return formatter.get_result_as_array()

    def should_store(self, value):
        # when inserting a column should not coerce integers to floats
        # unnecessarily
        return (issubclass(value.dtype.type, np.floating) and
                value.dtype == self.dtype)


class ComplexBlock(FloatOrComplexBlock):
    __slots__ = ()
    is_complex = True

    def _can_hold_element(self, element):
        tipo = maybe_infer_dtype_type(element)
        if tipo is not None:
            return issubclass(tipo.type,
                              (np.floating, np.integer, np.complexfloating))
        return (
            isinstance(
                element,
                (float, int, complex, np.float_, np.int_, compat.long))
            and not isinstance(element, (bool, np.bool_)))

    def should_store(self, value):
        return issubclass(value.dtype.type, np.complexfloating)


class IntBlock(NumericBlock):
    __slots__ = ()
    is_integer = True
    _can_hold_na = False

    def _can_hold_element(self, element):
        tipo = maybe_infer_dtype_type(element)
        if tipo is not None:
            return (issubclass(tipo.type, np.integer) and
                    not issubclass(tipo.type, (np.datetime64,
                                               np.timedelta64)) and
                    self.dtype.itemsize >= tipo.itemsize)
        return is_integer(element)

    def should_store(self, value):
        return is_integer_dtype(value) and value.dtype == self.dtype


class DatetimeLikeBlockMixin(object):
    """Mixin class for DatetimeBlock and DatetimeTZBlock."""

    @property
    def _holder(self):
        return DatetimeIndex

    @property
    def _na_value(self):
        return tslibs.NaT

    @property
    def fill_value(self):
        return tslibs.iNaT

    def get_values(self, dtype=None):
        """
        return object dtype as boxed values, such as Timestamps/Timedelta
        """
        if is_object_dtype(dtype):
            return lib.map_infer(self.values.ravel(),
                                 self._box_func).reshape(self.values.shape)
        return self.values


class TimeDeltaBlock(DatetimeLikeBlockMixin, IntBlock):
    __slots__ = ()
    is_timedelta = True
    _can_hold_na = True
    is_numeric = False

    def __init__(self, values, placement, ndim=None):
        if values.dtype != _TD_DTYPE:
            values = conversion.ensure_timedelta64ns(values)

        super(TimeDeltaBlock, self).__init__(values,
                                             placement=placement, ndim=ndim)

    @property
    def _holder(self):
        return TimedeltaIndex

    @property
    def _box_func(self):
        return lambda x: Timedelta(x, unit='ns')

    def _can_hold_element(self, element):
        tipo = maybe_infer_dtype_type(element)
        if tipo is not None:
            return issubclass(tipo.type, (np.timedelta64, np.int64))
        return is_integer(element) or isinstance(
            element, (timedelta, np.timedelta64, np.int64))

    def fillna(self, value, **kwargs):

        # allow filling with integers to be
        # interpreted as seconds
        if is_integer(value) and not isinstance(value, np.timedelta64):
            value = Timedelta(value, unit='s')
        return super(TimeDeltaBlock, self).fillna(value, **kwargs)

    def _try_coerce_args(self, values, other):
        """
        Coerce values and other to int64, with null values converted to
        iNaT. values is always ndarray-like, other may not be

        Parameters
        ----------
        values : ndarray-like
        other : ndarray-like or scalar

        Returns
        -------
        base-type values, base-type other
        """
        values = values.view('i8')

        if isinstance(other, bool):
            raise TypeError
        elif is_null_datelike_scalar(other):
            other = tslibs.iNaT
        elif isinstance(other, Timedelta):
            other = other.value
        elif isinstance(other, timedelta):
            other = Timedelta(other).value
        elif isinstance(other, np.timedelta64):
            other = Timedelta(other).value
        elif hasattr(other, 'dtype') and is_timedelta64_dtype(other):
            other = other.astype('i8', copy=False).view('i8')
        else:
            # coercion issues
            # let higher levels handle
            raise TypeError

        return values, other

    def _try_coerce_result(self, result):
        """ reverse of try_coerce_args / try_operate """
        if isinstance(result, np.ndarray):
            mask = isna(result)
            if result.dtype.kind in ['i', 'f', 'O']:
                result = result.astype('m8[ns]')
            result[mask] = tslibs.iNaT
        elif isinstance(result, (np.integer, np.float)):
            result = self._box_func(result)
        return result

    def should_store(self, value):
        return (issubclass(value.dtype.type, np.timedelta64) and
                not is_extension_array_dtype(value))

    def to_native_types(self, slicer=None, na_rep=None, quoting=None,
                        **kwargs):
        """ convert to our native types format, slicing if desired """

        values = self.values
        if slicer is not None:
            values = values[:, slicer]
        mask = isna(values)

        rvalues = np.empty(values.shape, dtype=object)
        if na_rep is None:
            na_rep = 'NaT'
        rvalues[mask] = na_rep
        imask = (~mask).ravel()

        # FIXME:
        # should use the formats.format.Timedelta64Formatter here
        # to figure what format to pass to the Timedelta
        # e.g. to not show the decimals say
        rvalues.flat[imask] = np.array([Timedelta(val)._repr_base(format='all')
                                        for val in values.ravel()[imask]],
                                       dtype=object)
        return rvalues


class BoolBlock(NumericBlock):
    __slots__ = ()
    is_bool = True
    _can_hold_na = False

    def _can_hold_element(self, element):
        tipo = maybe_infer_dtype_type(element)
        if tipo is not None:
            return issubclass(tipo.type, np.bool_)
        return isinstance(element, (bool, np.bool_))

    def should_store(self, value):
        return (issubclass(value.dtype.type, np.bool_) and not
                is_extension_array_dtype(value))

    def replace(self, to_replace, value, inplace=False, filter=None,
                regex=False, convert=True):
        inplace = validate_bool_kwarg(inplace, 'inplace')
        to_replace_values = np.atleast_1d(to_replace)
        if not np.can_cast(to_replace_values, bool):
            return self
        return super(BoolBlock, self).replace(to_replace, value,
                                              inplace=inplace, filter=filter,
                                              regex=regex, convert=convert)


class ObjectBlock(Block):
    __slots__ = ()
    is_object = True
    _can_hold_na = True

    def __init__(self, values, placement=None, ndim=2):
        if issubclass(values.dtype.type, compat.string_types):
            values = np.array(values, dtype=object)

        super(ObjectBlock, self).__init__(values, ndim=ndim,
                                          placement=placement)

    @property
    def is_bool(self):
        """ we can be a bool if we have only bool values but are of type
        object
        """
        return lib.is_bool_array(self.values.ravel())

    # TODO: Refactor when convert_objects is removed since there will be 1 path
    def convert(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """ attempt to coerce any object types to better types return a copy of
        the block (if copy = True) by definition we ARE an ObjectBlock!!!!!

        can return multiple blocks!
        """

        if args:
            raise NotImplementedError
        by_item = True if 'by_item' not in kwargs else kwargs['by_item']

        new_inputs = ['coerce', 'datetime', 'numeric', 'timedelta']
        new_style = False
        for kw in new_inputs:
            new_style |= kw in kwargs

        if new_style:
            fn = soft_convert_objects
            fn_inputs = new_inputs
        else:
            fn = maybe_convert_objects
            fn_inputs = ['convert_dates', 'convert_numeric',
                         'convert_timedeltas']
        fn_inputs += ['copy']

        fn_kwargs = {key: kwargs[key] for key in fn_inputs if key in kwargs}

        # operate column-by-column
        def f(m, v, i):
            shape = v.shape
            values = fn(v.ravel(), **fn_kwargs)
            try:
                values = values.reshape(shape)
                values = _block_shape(values, ndim=self.ndim)
            except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
                pass

            return values

        if by_item and not self._is_single_block:
            blocks = self.split_and_operate(None, f, False)
        else:
            values = f(None, self.values.ravel(), None)
            blocks = [make_block(values, ndim=self.ndim,
                                 placement=self.mgr_locs)]

        return blocks

    def set(self, locs, values, check=False):
        """
        Modify Block in-place with new item value

        Returns
        -------
        None
        """

        # GH6026
        if check:
            try:
                if (self.values[locs] == values).all():
                    return
            except (IndexError, ValueError):
                pass
        try:
            self.values[locs] = values
        except (ValueError):

            # broadcasting error
            # see GH6171
            new_shape = list(values.shape)
            new_shape[0] = len(self.items)
            self.values = np.empty(tuple(new_shape), dtype=self.dtype)
            self.values.fill(np.nan)
            self.values[locs] = values

    def _maybe_downcast(self, blocks, downcast=None):

        if downcast is not None:
            return blocks

        # split and convert the blocks
        return _extend_blocks([b.convert(datetime=True, numeric=False)
                               for b in blocks])

    def _can_hold_element(self, element):
        return True

    def _try_coerce_args(self, values, other):
        """ provide coercion to our input arguments """

        if isinstance(other, ABCDatetimeIndex):
            # to store DatetimeTZBlock as object
            other = other.astype(object).values

        return values, other

    def should_store(self, value):
        return not (issubclass(value.dtype.type,
                               (np.integer, np.floating, np.complexfloating,
                                np.datetime64, np.bool_)) or
                    # TODO(ExtensionArray): remove is_extension_type
                    # when all extension arrays have been ported.
                    is_extension_type(value) or
                    is_extension_array_dtype(value))

    def replace(self, to_replace, value, inplace=False, filter=None,
                regex=False, convert=True):
        to_rep_is_list = is_list_like(to_replace)
        value_is_list = is_list_like(value)
        both_lists = to_rep_is_list and value_is_list
        either_list = to_rep_is_list or value_is_list

        result_blocks = []
        blocks = [self]

        if not either_list and is_re(to_replace):
            return self._replace_single(to_replace, value, inplace=inplace,
                                        filter=filter, regex=True,
                                        convert=convert)
        elif not (either_list or regex):
            return super(ObjectBlock, self).replace(to_replace, value,
                                                    inplace=inplace,
                                                    filter=filter, regex=regex,
                                                    convert=convert)
        elif both_lists:
            for to_rep, v in zip(to_replace, value):
                result_blocks = []
                for b in blocks:
                    result = b._replace_single(to_rep, v, inplace=inplace,
                                               filter=filter, regex=regex,
                                               convert=convert)
                    result_blocks = _extend_blocks(result, result_blocks)
                blocks = result_blocks
            return result_blocks

        elif to_rep_is_list and regex:
            for to_rep in to_replace:
                result_blocks = []
                for b in blocks:
                    result = b._replace_single(to_rep, value, inplace=inplace,
                                               filter=filter, regex=regex,
                                               convert=convert)
                    result_blocks = _extend_blocks(result, result_blocks)
                blocks = result_blocks
            return result_blocks

        return self._replace_single(to_replace, value, inplace=inplace,
                                    filter=filter, convert=convert,
                                    regex=regex)

    def _replace_single(self, to_replace, value, inplace=False, filter=None,
                        regex=False, convert=True, mask=None):
        """
        Replace elements by the given value.

        Parameters
        ----------
        to_replace : object or pattern
            Scalar to replace or regular expression to match.
        value : object
            Replacement object.
        inplace : bool, default False
            Perform inplace modification.
        filter : list, optional
        regex : bool, default False
            If true, perform regular expression substitution.
        convert : bool, default True
            If true, try to coerce any object types to better types.
        mask : array-like of bool, optional
            True indicate corresponding element is ignored.

        Returns
        -------
        a new block, the result after replacing
        """
        inplace = validate_bool_kwarg(inplace, 'inplace')

        # to_replace is regex compilable
        to_rep_re = regex and is_re_compilable(to_replace)

        # regex is regex compilable
        regex_re = is_re_compilable(regex)

        # only one will survive
        if to_rep_re and regex_re:
            raise AssertionError('only one of to_replace and regex can be '
                                 'regex compilable')

        # if regex was passed as something that can be a regex (rather than a
        # boolean)
        if regex_re:
            to_replace = regex

        regex = regex_re or to_rep_re

        # try to get the pattern attribute (compiled re) or it's a string
        try:
            pattern = to_replace.pattern
        except AttributeError:
            pattern = to_replace

        # if the pattern is not empty and to_replace is either a string or a
        # regex
        if regex and pattern:
            rx = re.compile(to_replace)
        else:
            # if the thing to replace is not a string or compiled regex call
            # the superclass method -> to_replace is some kind of object
            return super(ObjectBlock, self).replace(to_replace, value,
                                                    inplace=inplace,
                                                    filter=filter, regex=regex)

        new_values = self.values if inplace else self.values.copy()

        # deal with replacing values with objects (strings) that match but
        # whose replacement is not a string (numeric, nan, object)
        if isna(value) or not isinstance(value, compat.string_types):

            def re_replacer(s):
                try:
                    return value if rx.search(s) is not None else s
                except TypeError:
                    return s
        else:
            # value is guaranteed to be a string here, s can be either a string
            # or null if it's null it gets returned
            def re_replacer(s):
                try:
                    return rx.sub(value, s)
                except TypeError:
                    return s

        f = np.vectorize(re_replacer, otypes=[self.dtype])

        if filter is None:
            filt = slice(None)
        else:
            filt = self.mgr_locs.isin(filter).nonzero()[0]

        if mask is None:
            new_values[filt] = f(new_values[filt])
        else:
            new_values[filt][mask] = f(new_values[filt][mask])

        # convert
        block = self.make_block(new_values)
        if convert:
            block = block.convert(by_item=True, numeric=False)
        return block

    def _replace_coerce(self, to_replace, value, inplace=True, regex=False,
                        convert=False, mask=None):
        """
        Replace value corresponding to the given boolean array with another
        value.

        Parameters
        ----------
        to_replace : object or pattern
            Scalar to replace or regular expression to match.
        value : object
            Replacement object.
        inplace : bool, default False
            Perform inplace modification.
        regex : bool, default False
            If true, perform regular expression substitution.
        convert : bool, default True
            If true, try to coerce any object types to better types.
        mask : array-like of bool, optional
            True indicate corresponding element is ignored.

        Returns
        -------
        A new block if there is anything to replace or the original block.
        """
        if mask.any():
            block = super(ObjectBlock, self)._replace_coerce(
                to_replace=to_replace, value=value, inplace=inplace,
                regex=regex, convert=convert, mask=mask)
            if convert:
                block = [b.convert(by_item=True, numeric=False, copy=True)
                         for b in block]
            return block
        return self


class CategoricalBlock(ExtensionBlock):
    __slots__ = ()
    is_categorical = True
    _verify_integrity = True
    _can_hold_na = True
    _concatenator = staticmethod(_concat._concat_categorical)

    def __init__(self, values, placement, ndim=None):
        from pandas.core.arrays.categorical import _maybe_to_categorical

        # coerce to categorical if we can
        super(CategoricalBlock, self).__init__(_maybe_to_categorical(values),
                                               placement=placement,
                                               ndim=ndim)

    @property
    def _holder(self):
        return Categorical

    @property
    def array_dtype(self):
        """ the dtype to return if I want to construct this block as an
        array
        """
        return np.object_

    def _try_coerce_result(self, result):
        """ reverse of try_coerce_args """

        # GH12564: CategoricalBlock is 1-dim only
        # while returned results could be any dim
        if ((not is_categorical_dtype(result)) and
                isinstance(result, np.ndarray)):
            result = _block_shape(result, ndim=self.ndim)

        return result

    def to_dense(self):
        # Categorical.get_values returns a DatetimeIndex for datetime
        # categories, so we can't simply use `np.asarray(self.values)` like
        # other types.
        return self.values.get_values()

    def to_native_types(self, slicer=None, na_rep='', quoting=None, **kwargs):
        """ convert to our native types format, slicing if desired """

        values = self.values
        if slicer is not None:
            # Categorical is always one dimension
            values = values[slicer]
        mask = isna(values)
        values = np.array(values, dtype='object')
        values[mask] = na_rep

        # we are expected to return a 2-d ndarray
        return values.reshape(1, len(values))

    def concat_same_type(self, to_concat, placement=None):
        """
        Concatenate list of single blocks of the same type.

        Note that this CategoricalBlock._concat_same_type *may* not
        return a CategoricalBlock. When the categories in `to_concat`
        differ, this will return an object ndarray.

        If / when we decide we don't like that behavior:

        1. Change Categorical._concat_same_type to use union_categoricals
        2. Delete this method.
        """
        values = self._concatenator([blk.values for blk in to_concat],
                                    axis=self.ndim - 1)
        # not using self.make_block_same_class as values can be object dtype
        return make_block(
            values, placement=placement or slice(0, len(values), 1),
            ndim=self.ndim)


class DatetimeBlock(DatetimeLikeBlockMixin, Block):
    __slots__ = ()
    is_datetime = True
    _can_hold_na = True

    def __init__(self, values, placement, ndim=None):
        values = self._maybe_coerce_values(values)
        super(DatetimeBlock, self).__init__(values,
                                            placement=placement, ndim=ndim)

    def _maybe_coerce_values(self, values):
        """Input validation for values passed to __init__. Ensure that
        we have datetime64ns, coercing if necessary.

        Parameters
        ----------
        values : array-like
            Must be convertible to datetime64

        Returns
        -------
        values : ndarray[datetime64ns]

        Overridden by DatetimeTZBlock.
        """
        if values.dtype != _NS_DTYPE:
            values = conversion.ensure_datetime64ns(values)
        return values

    def _astype(self, dtype, **kwargs):
        """
        these automatically copy, so copy=True has no effect
        raise on an except if raise == True
        """
        dtype = pandas_dtype(dtype)

        # if we are passed a datetime64[ns, tz]
        if is_datetime64tz_dtype(dtype):
            values = self.values
            if getattr(values, 'tz', None) is None:
                values = DatetimeIndex(values).tz_localize('UTC')
            values = values.tz_convert(dtype.tz)
            return self.make_block(values)

        # delegate
        return super(DatetimeBlock, self)._astype(dtype=dtype, **kwargs)

    def _can_hold_element(self, element):
        tipo = maybe_infer_dtype_type(element)
        if tipo is not None:
            return tipo == _NS_DTYPE or tipo == np.int64
        return (is_integer(element) or isinstance(element, datetime) or
                isna(element))

    def _try_coerce_args(self, values, other):
        """
        Coerce values and other to dtype 'i8'. NaN and NaT convert to
        the smallest i8, and will correctly round-trip to NaT if converted
        back in _try_coerce_result. values is always ndarray-like, other
        may not be

        Parameters
        ----------
        values : ndarray-like
        other : ndarray-like or scalar

        Returns
        -------
        base-type values, base-type other
        """

        values = values.view('i8')

        if isinstance(other, bool):
            raise TypeError
        elif is_null_datelike_scalar(other):
            other = tslibs.iNaT
        elif isinstance(other, (datetime, np.datetime64, date)):
            other = self._box_func(other)
            if getattr(other, 'tz') is not None:
                raise TypeError("cannot coerce a Timestamp with a tz on a "
                                "naive Block")
            other = other.asm8.view('i8')
        elif hasattr(other, 'dtype') and is_datetime64_dtype(other):
            other = other.astype('i8', copy=False).view('i8')
        else:
            # coercion issues
            # let higher levels handle
            raise TypeError

        return values, other

    def _try_coerce_result(self, result):
        """ reverse of try_coerce_args """
        if isinstance(result, np.ndarray):
            if result.dtype.kind in ['i', 'f', 'O']:
                try:
                    result = result.astype('M8[ns]')
                except ValueError:
                    pass
        elif isinstance(result, (np.integer, np.float, np.datetime64)):
            result = self._box_func(result)
        return result

    @property
    def _box_func(self):
        return tslibs.Timestamp

    def to_native_types(self, slicer=None, na_rep=None, date_format=None,
                        quoting=None, **kwargs):
        """ convert to our native types format, slicing if desired """

        values = self.values
        if slicer is not None:
            values = values[..., slicer]

        from pandas.io.formats.format import _get_format_datetime64_from_values
        format = _get_format_datetime64_from_values(values, date_format)

        result = tslib.format_array_from_datetime(
            values.view('i8').ravel(), tz=getattr(self.values, 'tz', None),
            format=format, na_rep=na_rep).reshape(values.shape)
        return np.atleast_2d(result)

    def should_store(self, value):
        return (issubclass(value.dtype.type, np.datetime64) and
                not is_datetime64tz_dtype(value) and
                not is_extension_array_dtype(value))

    def set(self, locs, values, check=False):
        """
        Modify Block in-place with new item value

        Returns
        -------
        None
        """
        values = conversion.ensure_datetime64ns(values, copy=False)

        self.values[locs] = values


class DatetimeTZBlock(NonConsolidatableMixIn, DatetimeBlock):
    """ implement a datetime64 block with a tz attribute """
    __slots__ = ()
    _concatenator = staticmethod(_concat._concat_datetime)
    is_datetimetz = True

    def __init__(self, values, placement, ndim=2, dtype=None):
        # XXX: This will end up calling _maybe_coerce_values twice
        # when dtype is not None. It's relatively cheap (just an isinstance)
        # but it'd nice to avoid.
        #
        # If we can remove dtype from __init__, and push that conversion
        # push onto the callers, then we can remove this entire __init__
        # and just use DatetimeBlock's.
        if dtype is not None:
            values = self._maybe_coerce_values(values, dtype=dtype)
        super(DatetimeTZBlock, self).__init__(values, placement=placement,
                                              ndim=ndim)

    def _maybe_coerce_values(self, values, dtype=None):
        """Input validation for values passed to __init__. Ensure that
        we have datetime64TZ, coercing if necessary.

        Parametetrs
        -----------
        values : array-like
            Must be convertible to datetime64
        dtype : string or DatetimeTZDtype, optional
            Does a shallow copy to this tz

        Returns
        -------
        values : ndarray[datetime64ns]
        """
        if not isinstance(values, self._holder):
            values = self._holder(values)

        if dtype is not None:
            if isinstance(dtype, compat.string_types):
                dtype = DatetimeTZDtype.construct_from_string(dtype)
            values = values._shallow_copy(tz=dtype.tz)

        if values.tz is None:
            raise ValueError("cannot create a DatetimeTZBlock without a tz")

        return values

    @property
    def is_view(self):
        """ return a boolean if I am possibly a view """
        # check the ndarray values of the DatetimeIndex values
        return self.values.values.base is not None

    def copy(self, deep=True):
        """ copy constructor """
        values = self.values
        if deep:
            values = values.copy(deep=True)
        return self.make_block_same_class(values)

    def external_values(self):
        """ we internally represent the data as a DatetimeIndex, but for
        external compat with ndarray, export as a ndarray of Timestamps
        """
        return self.values.astype('datetime64[ns]').values

    def get_values(self, dtype=None):
        # return object dtype as Timestamps with the zones
        if is_object_dtype(dtype):
            return lib.map_infer(
                self.values.ravel(), self._box_func).reshape(self.values.shape)
        return self.values

    def _slice(self, slicer):
        """ return a slice of my values """
        if isinstance(slicer, tuple):
            col, loc = slicer
            if not com.is_null_slice(col) and col != 0:
                raise IndexError("{0} only contains one item".format(self))
            return self.values[loc]
        return self.values[slicer]

    def _try_coerce_args(self, values, other):
        """
        localize and return i8 for the values

        Parameters
        ----------
        values : ndarray-like
        other : ndarray-like or scalar

        Returns
        -------
        base-type values, base-type other
        """
        # asi8 is a view, needs copy
        values = _block_shape(values.asi8, ndim=self.ndim)

        if isinstance(other, ABCSeries):
            other = self._holder(other)

        if isinstance(other, bool):
            raise TypeError
        elif (is_null_datelike_scalar(other) or
              (lib.is_scalar(other) and isna(other))):
            other = tslibs.iNaT
        elif isinstance(other, self._holder):
            if other.tz != self.values.tz:
                raise ValueError("incompatible or non tz-aware value")
            other = _block_shape(other.asi8, ndim=self.ndim)
        elif isinstance(other, (np.datetime64, datetime, date)):
            other = tslibs.Timestamp(other)
            tz = getattr(other, 'tz', None)

            # test we can have an equal time zone
            if tz is None or str(tz) != str(self.values.tz):
                raise ValueError("incompatible or non tz-aware value")
            other = other.value
        else:
            raise TypeError

        return values, other

    def _try_coerce_result(self, result):
        """ reverse of try_coerce_args """
        if isinstance(result, np.ndarray):
            if result.dtype.kind in ['i', 'f', 'O']:
                result = result.astype('M8[ns]')
        elif isinstance(result, (np.integer, np.float, np.datetime64)):
            result = tslibs.Timestamp(result, tz=self.values.tz)
        if isinstance(result, np.ndarray):
            # allow passing of > 1dim if its trivial
            if result.ndim > 1:
                result = result.reshape(np.prod(result.shape))
            result = self.values._shallow_copy(result)

        return result

    @property
    def _box_func(self):
        return lambda x: tslibs.Timestamp(x, tz=self.dtype.tz)

    def shift(self, periods, axis=0):
        """ shift the block by periods """

        # think about moving this to the DatetimeIndex. This is a non-freq
        # (number of periods) shift ###

        N = len(self)
        indexer = np.zeros(N, dtype=int)
        if periods > 0:
            indexer[periods:] = np.arange(N - periods)
        else:
            indexer[:periods] = np.arange(-periods, N)

        new_values = self.values.asi8.take(indexer)

        if periods > 0:
            new_values[:periods] = tslibs.iNaT
        else:
            new_values[periods:] = tslibs.iNaT

        new_values = self.values._shallow_copy(new_values)
        return [self.make_block_same_class(new_values,
                                           placement=self.mgr_locs)]

    def diff(self, n, axis=0):
        """1st discrete difference

        Parameters
        ----------
        n : int, number of periods to diff
        axis : int, axis to diff upon. default 0

        Return
        ------
        A list with a new TimeDeltaBlock.

        Note
        ----
        The arguments here are mimicking shift so they are called correctly
        by apply.
        """
        if axis == 0:
            # Cannot currently calculate diff across multiple blocks since this
            # function is invoked via apply
            raise NotImplementedError
        new_values = (self.values - self.shift(n, axis=axis)[0].values).asi8

        # Reshape the new_values like how algos.diff does for timedelta data
        new_values = new_values.reshape(1, len(new_values))
        new_values = new_values.astype('timedelta64[ns]')
        return [TimeDeltaBlock(new_values, placement=self.mgr_locs.indexer)]

    def concat_same_type(self, to_concat, placement=None):
        """
        Concatenate list of single blocks of the same type.
        """
        values = self._concatenator([blk.values for blk in to_concat],
                                    axis=self.ndim - 1)
        # not using self.make_block_same_class as values can be non-tz dtype
        return make_block(
            values, placement=placement or slice(0, len(values), 1))


# -----------------------------------------------------------------
# Constructor Helpers

def get_block_type(values, dtype=None):
    """
    Find the appropriate Block subclass to use for the given values and dtype.

    Parameters
    ----------
    values : ndarray-like
    dtype : numpy or pandas dtype

    Returns
    -------
    cls : class, subclass of Block
    """
    dtype = dtype or values.dtype
    vtype = dtype.type

    if is_categorical(values):
        cls = CategoricalBlock
    elif is_extension_array_dtype(values):
        cls = ExtensionBlock
    elif issubclass(vtype, np.floating):
        cls = FloatBlock
    elif issubclass(vtype, np.timedelta64):
        assert issubclass(vtype, np.integer)
        cls = TimeDeltaBlock
    elif issubclass(vtype, np.complexfloating):
        cls = ComplexBlock
    elif issubclass(vtype, np.datetime64):
        assert not is_datetime64tz_dtype(values)
        cls = DatetimeBlock
    elif is_datetime64tz_dtype(values):
        cls = DatetimeTZBlock
    elif issubclass(vtype, np.integer):
        cls = IntBlock
    elif dtype == np.bool_:
        cls = BoolBlock
    else:
        cls = ObjectBlock
    return cls


def make_block(values, placement, klass=None, ndim=None, dtype=None,
               fastpath=None):
    if fastpath is not None:
        # GH#19265 pyarrow is passing this
        warnings.warn("fastpath argument is deprecated, will be removed "
                      "in a future release.", DeprecationWarning)
    if klass is None:
        dtype = dtype or values.dtype
        klass = get_block_type(values, dtype)

    elif klass is DatetimeTZBlock and not is_datetime64tz_dtype(values):
        return klass(values, ndim=ndim,
                     placement=placement, dtype=dtype)

    return klass(values, ndim=ndim, placement=placement)


# -----------------------------------------------------------------

def _extend_blocks(result, blocks=None):
    """ return a new extended blocks, givin the result """
    from pandas.core.internals import BlockManager
    if blocks is None:
        blocks = []
    if isinstance(result, list):
        for r in result:
            if isinstance(r, list):
                blocks.extend(r)
            else:
                blocks.append(r)
    elif isinstance(result, BlockManager):
        blocks.extend(result.blocks)
    else:
        blocks.append(result)
    return blocks


def _block_shape(values, ndim=1, shape=None):
    """ guarantee the shape of the values to be at least 1 d """
    if values.ndim < ndim:
        if shape is None:
            shape = values.shape
        if not is_extension_array_dtype(values):
            # TODO: https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/23023
            # block.shape is incorrect for "2D" ExtensionArrays
            # We can't, and don't need to, reshape.
            values = values.reshape(tuple((1, ) + shape))
    return values


def _merge_blocks(blocks, dtype=None, _can_consolidate=True):

    if len(blocks) == 1:
        return blocks[0]

    if _can_consolidate:

        if dtype is None:
            if len({b.dtype for b in blocks}) != 1:
                raise AssertionError("_merge_blocks are invalid!")
            dtype = blocks[0].dtype

        # FIXME: optimization potential in case all mgrs contain slices and
        # combination of those slices is a slice, too.
        new_mgr_locs = np.concatenate([b.mgr_locs.as_array for b in blocks])
        new_values = np.vstack([b.values for b in blocks])

        argsort = np.argsort(new_mgr_locs)
        new_values = new_values[argsort]
        new_mgr_locs = new_mgr_locs[argsort]

        return make_block(new_values, placement=new_mgr_locs)

    # no merge
    return blocks


def _block2d_to_blocknd(values, placement, shape, labels, ref_items):
    """ pivot to the labels shape """
    panel_shape = (len(placement),) + shape

    # TODO: lexsort depth needs to be 2!!

    # Create observation selection vector using major and minor
    # labels, for converting to panel format.
    selector = _factor_indexer(shape[1:], labels)
    mask = np.zeros(np.prod(shape), dtype=bool)
    mask.put(selector, True)

    if mask.all():
        pvalues = np.empty(panel_shape, dtype=values.dtype)
    else:
        dtype, fill_value = maybe_promote(values.dtype)
        pvalues = np.empty(panel_shape, dtype=dtype)
        pvalues.fill(fill_value)

    for i in range(len(placement)):
        pvalues[i].flat[mask] = values[:, i]

    return make_block(pvalues, placement=placement)


def _safe_reshape(arr, new_shape):
    """
    If possible, reshape `arr` to have shape `new_shape`,
    with a couple of exceptions (see gh-13012):

    1) If `arr` is a ExtensionArray or Index, `arr` will be
       returned as is.
    2) If `arr` is a Series, the `_values` attribute will
       be reshaped and returned.

    Parameters
    ----------
    arr : array-like, object to be reshaped
    new_shape : int or tuple of ints, the new shape
    """
    if isinstance(arr, ABCSeries):
        arr = arr._values
    if not isinstance(arr, ABCExtensionArray):
        arr = arr.reshape(new_shape)
    return arr


def _factor_indexer(shape, labels):
    """
    given a tuple of shape and a list of Categorical labels, return the
    expanded label indexer
    """
    mult = np.array(shape)[::-1].cumprod()[::-1]
    return ensure_platform_int(
        np.sum(np.array(labels).T * np.append(mult, [1]), axis=1).T)


def _putmask_smart(v, m, n):
    """
    Return a new ndarray, try to preserve dtype if possible.

    Parameters
    ----------
    v : `values`, updated in-place (array like)
    m : `mask`, applies to both sides (array like)
    n : `new values` either scalar or an array like aligned with `values`

    Returns
    -------
    values : ndarray with updated values
        this *may* be a copy of the original

    See Also
    --------
    ndarray.putmask
    """

    # we cannot use np.asarray() here as we cannot have conversions
    # that numpy does when numeric are mixed with strings

    # n should be the length of the mask or a scalar here
    if not is_list_like(n):
        n = np.repeat(n, len(m))
    elif isinstance(n, np.ndarray) and n.ndim == 0:  # numpy scalar
        n = np.repeat(np.array(n, ndmin=1), len(m))

    # see if we are only masking values that if putted
    # will work in the current dtype
    try:
        nn = n[m]

        # make sure that we have a nullable type
        # if we have nulls
        if not _isna_compat(v, nn[0]):
            raise ValueError

        # we ignore ComplexWarning here
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True):
            warnings.simplefilter("ignore", np.ComplexWarning)
            nn_at = nn.astype(v.dtype)

        # avoid invalid dtype comparisons
        # between numbers & strings

        # only compare integers/floats
        # don't compare integers to datetimelikes
        if (not is_numeric_v_string_like(nn, nn_at) and
            (is_float_dtype(nn.dtype) or
             is_integer_dtype(nn.dtype) and
             is_float_dtype(nn_at.dtype) or
             is_integer_dtype(nn_at.dtype))):

            comp = (nn == nn_at)
            if is_list_like(comp) and comp.all():
                nv = v.copy()
                nv[m] = nn_at
                return nv
    except (ValueError, IndexError, TypeError):
        pass

    n = np.asarray(n)

    def _putmask_preserve(nv, n):
        try:
            nv[m] = n[m]
        except (IndexError, ValueError):
            nv[m] = n
        return nv

    # preserves dtype if possible
    if v.dtype.kind == n.dtype.kind:
        return _putmask_preserve(v, n)

    # change the dtype if needed
    dtype, _ = maybe_promote(n.dtype)

    if is_extension_type(v.dtype) and is_object_dtype(dtype):
        v = v.get_values(dtype)
    else:
        v = v.astype(dtype)

    return _putmask_preserve(v, n)