Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/niranjanhegde144/Python-1 into web_programming_contribution

Author: niranjan195

Diff for: .travis.yml

@@ -5,16 +5,23 @@ python: 3.8
 cache: pip
 before_install: pip install --upgrade pip setuptools six
 install: pip install black flake8
+jobs:
+  include:
+    - name: Build
+      before_script:
+        - black --check . || true 
+        - flake8 --ignore=E203,W503 --max-complexity=25 --max-line-length=88 --statistics --count .
+        - scripts/validate_filenames.py  # no uppercase, no spaces, in a directory
+        - pip install -r requirements.txt  # fast fail on black, flake8, validate_filenames
+      script:
+        - mypy --ignore-missing-imports . || true  # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/7907
+        - pytest --doctest-modules --ignore=project_euler/ --durations=10 --cov-report=term-missing:skip-covered --cov=. .
+    - name: Project Euler
+      before_script: pip install pytest-cov
+      script:
+        - pytest --doctest-modules --durations=10 --cov-report=term-missing:skip-covered --cov=project_euler/ project_euler/
+after_success:
+  - scripts/build_directory_md.py 2>&1 | tee DIRECTORY.md
 notifications:
     webhooks: https://www.travisbuddy.com/
     on_success: never
-before_script:
-  - black --check . || true
-  - flake8 --ignore=E203,W503 --max-complexity=25 --max-line-length=88 --statistics --count .
-  - scripts/validate_filenames.py  # no uppercase, no spaces, in a directory
-  - pip install -r requirements.txt  # fast fail on black, flake8, validate_filenames
-script:
-  - mypy --ignore-missing-imports .
-  - pytest --doctest-modules --durations=10 --cov-report=term-missing:skip-covered --cov=. .
-after_success:
-  - scripts/build_directory_md.py 2>&1 | tee DIRECTORY.md

Diff for: DIRECTORY.md

@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@
   * [Sum Of Subsets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/sum_of_subsets.py)
 
 ## Bit Manipulation
+  * [Binary And Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_and_operator.py)
   * [Binary Or Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_or_operator.py)
+  * [Binary Xor Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_xor_operator.py)
 
 ## Blockchain
   * [Chinese Remainder Theorem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/blockchain/chinese_remainder_theorem.py)
@@ -86,6 +88,7 @@
 
 ## Conversions
   * [Binary To Decimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/binary_to_decimal.py)
+  * [Binary To Octal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/binary_to_octal.py)
   * [Decimal To Any](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_any.py)
   * [Decimal To Binary](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_binary.py)
   * [Decimal To Hexadecimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_hexadecimal.py)
@@ -131,6 +134,7 @@
     * [Deque Doubly](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/deque_doubly.py)
     * [Doubly Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/doubly_linked_list.py)
     * [From Sequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/from_sequence.py)
+    * [Has Loop](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/has_loop.py)
     * [Is Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/is_palindrome.py)
     * [Middle Element Of Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/middle_element_of_linked_list.py)
     * [Print Reverse](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/print_reverse.py)
@@ -141,6 +145,7 @@
     * [Circular Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/circular_queue.py)
     * [Double Ended Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/double_ended_queue.py)
     * [Linked Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/linked_queue.py)
+    * [Priority Queue Using List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/priority_queue_using_list.py)
     * [Queue On List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/queue_on_list.py)
     * [Queue On Pseudo Stack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/queue_on_pseudo_stack.py)
   * Stacks
@@ -303,7 +308,7 @@
 ## Linear Algebra
   * Src
     * [Lib](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/lib.py)
-    * [Polynom-For-Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/polynom-for-points.py)
+    * [Polynom For Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/polynom_for_points.py)
     * [Power Iteration](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/power_iteration.py)
     * [Rayleigh Quotient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/rayleigh_quotient.py)
     * [Test Linear Algebra](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/test_linear_algebra.py)
@@ -518,6 +523,7 @@
     * [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_06/sol2.py)
     * [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_06/sol3.py)
     * [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_06/sol4.py)
+    * [Test Solutions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_06/test_solutions.py)
   * Problem 07
     * [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_07/sol1.py)
     * [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_07/sol2.py)
@@ -625,6 +631,9 @@
     * [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_52/sol1.py)
   * Problem 53
     * [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_53/sol1.py)
+  * Problem 54
+    * [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_54/sol1.py)
+    * [Test Poker Hand](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_54/test_poker_hand.py)
   * Problem 55
     * [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_55/sol1.py)
   * Problem 551
@@ -648,14 +657,15 @@
 ## Searches
   * [Binary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/binary_search.py)
   * [Double Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/double_linear_search.py)
+  * [Double Linear Search Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/double_linear_search_recursion.py)
   * [Fibonacci Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/fibonacci_search.py)
   * [Hill Climbing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/hill_climbing.py)
   * [Interpolation Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/interpolation_search.py)
   * [Jump Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/jump_search.py)
   * [Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/linear_search.py)
   * [Quick Select](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/quick_select.py)
   * [Sentinel Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/sentinel_linear_search.py)
-  * [Simple-Binary-Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/simple-binary-search.py)
+  * [Simple Binary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/simple_binary_search.py)
   * [Simulated Annealing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/simulated_annealing.py)
   * [Tabu Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/tabu_search.py)
   * [Ternary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/ternary_search.py)
@@ -689,9 +699,9 @@
   * [Radix Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/radix_sort.py)
   * [Random Normal Distribution Quicksort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/random_normal_distribution_quicksort.py)
   * [Random Pivot Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/random_pivot_quick_sort.py)
-  * [Recursive-Quick-Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive-quick-sort.py)
   * [Recursive Bubble Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_bubble_sort.py)
   * [Recursive Insertion Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_insertion_sort.py)
+  * [Recursive Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_quick_sort.py)
   * [Selection Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/selection_sort.py)
   * [Shell Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/shell_sort.py)
   * [Stooge Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/stooge_sort.py)
@@ -703,8 +713,9 @@
   * [Wiggle Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/wiggle_sort.py)
 
 ## Strings
-  * [Aho-Corasick](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/aho-corasick.py)
+  * [Aho Corasick](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/aho_corasick.py)
   * [Boyer Moore Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/boyer_moore_search.py)
+  * [Can String Be Rearranged As Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/can_string_be_rearranged_as_palindrome.py)
   * [Capitalize](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/capitalize.py)
   * [Check Anagrams](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/check_anagrams.py)
   * [Check Pangram](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/check_pangram.py)

Diff for: arithmetic_analysis/in_static_equilibrium.py

@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@
 mypy : passed
 """
 
-from typing import List
+from __future__ import annotations
 
 from numpy import array, cos, cross, radians, sin  # type: ignore
 
 
 def polar_force(
     magnitude: float, angle: float, radian_mode: bool = False
-) -> List[float]:
+) -> list[float]:
     """
     Resolves force along rectangular components.
     (force, angle) => (force_x, force_y)

Diff for: backtracking/coloring.py

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
 
     Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_coloring
 """
-from typing import List
+from __future__ import annotations
 
 
 def valid_coloring(
-    neighbours: List[int], colored_vertices: List[int], color: int
+    neighbours: list[int], colored_vertices: list[int], color: int
 ) -> bool:
     """
     For each neighbour check if coloring constraint is satisfied
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def valid_coloring(
 
 
 def util_color(
-    graph: List[List[int]], max_colors: int, colored_vertices: List[int], index: int
+    graph: list[list[int]], max_colors: int, colored_vertices: list[int], index: int
 ) -> bool:
     """
     Pseudo-Code
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ def util_color(
     return False
 
 
-def color(graph: List[List[int]], max_colors: int) -> List[int]:
+def color(graph: list[list[int]], max_colors: int) -> list[int]:
     """
     Wrapper function to call subroutine called util_color
     which will either return True or False.

Diff for: backtracking/hamiltonian_cycle.py

@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@
 
     Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_path
 """
-from typing import List
+from __future__ import annotations
 
 
 def valid_connection(
-    graph: List[List[int]], next_ver: int, curr_ind: int, path: List[int]
+    graph: list[list[int]], next_ver: int, curr_ind: int, path: list[int]
 ) -> bool:
     """
     Checks whether it is possible to add next into path by validating 2 statements
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def valid_connection(
     return not any(vertex == next_ver for vertex in path)
 
 
-def util_hamilton_cycle(graph: List[List[int]], path: List[int], curr_ind: int) -> bool:
+def util_hamilton_cycle(graph: list[list[int]], path: list[int], curr_ind: int) -> bool:
     """
     Pseudo-Code
     Base Case:
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def util_hamilton_cycle(graph: List[List[int]], path: List[int], curr_ind: int)
     return False
 
 
-def hamilton_cycle(graph: List[List[int]], start_index: int = 0) -> List[int]:
+def hamilton_cycle(graph: list[list[int]], start_index: int = 0) -> list[int]:
     r"""
     Wrapper function to call subroutine called util_hamilton_cycle,
     which will either return array of vertices indicating hamiltonian cycle

Diff for: backtracking/knight_tour.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # Knight Tour Intro: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab_dY3dZFHM
 
-from typing import List, Tuple
+from __future__ import annotations
 
 
-def get_valid_pos(position: Tuple[int], n: int) -> List[Tuple[int]]:
+def get_valid_pos(position: tuple[int], n: int) -> list[tuple[int]]:
     """
     Find all the valid positions a knight can move to from the current position.
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def get_valid_pos(position: Tuple[int], n: int) -> List[Tuple[int]]:
     return permissible_positions
 
 
-def is_complete(board: List[List[int]]) -> bool:
+def is_complete(board: list[list[int]]) -> bool:
     """
     Check if the board (matrix) has been completely filled with non-zero values.
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def is_complete(board: List[List[int]]) -> bool:
     return not any(elem == 0 for row in board for elem in row)
 
 
-def open_knight_tour_helper(board: List[List[int]], pos: Tuple[int], curr: int) -> bool:
+def open_knight_tour_helper(board: list[list[int]], pos: tuple[int], curr: int) -> bool:
     """
     Helper function to solve knight tour problem.
     """
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def open_knight_tour_helper(board: List[List[int]], pos: Tuple[int], curr: int)
     return False
 
 
-def open_knight_tour(n: int) -> List[List[int]]:
+def open_knight_tour(n: int) -> list[list[int]]:
     """
     Find the solution for the knight tour problem for a board of size n. Raises
     ValueError if the tour cannot be performed for the given size.

Diff for: backtracking/minimax.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import math
 
 """ Minimax helps to achieve maximum score in a game by checking all possible moves
@@ -9,26 +11,63 @@
 """
 
 
-def minimax(Depth, nodeIndex, isMax, scores, height):
+def minimax(
+    depth: int, node_index: int, is_max: bool, scores: list[int], height: float
+) -> int:
+    """
+    >>> import math
+    >>> scores = [90, 23, 6, 33, 21, 65, 123, 34423]
+    >>> height = math.log(len(scores), 2)
+    >>> minimax(0, 0, True, scores, height)
+    65
+    >>> minimax(-1, 0, True, scores, height)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Depth cannot be less than 0
+    >>> minimax(0, 0, True, [], 2)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Scores cannot be empty
+    >>> scores = [3, 5, 2, 9, 12, 5, 23, 23]
+    >>> height = math.log(len(scores), 2)
+    >>> minimax(0, 0, True, scores, height)
+    12
+    >>> minimax('1', 2, True, [], 2 )
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
+    """
+
+    if depth < 0:
+        raise ValueError("Depth cannot be less than 0")
+
+    if len(scores) == 0:
+        raise ValueError("Scores cannot be empty")
 
-    if Depth == height:
-        return scores[nodeIndex]
+    if depth == height:
+        return scores[node_index]
 
-    if isMax:
+    if is_max:
         return max(
-            minimax(Depth + 1, nodeIndex * 2, False, scores, height),
-            minimax(Depth + 1, nodeIndex * 2 + 1, False, scores, height),
+            minimax(depth + 1, node_index * 2, False, scores, height),
+            minimax(depth + 1, node_index * 2 + 1, False, scores, height),
         )
+
     return min(
-        minimax(Depth + 1, nodeIndex * 2, True, scores, height),
-        minimax(Depth + 1, nodeIndex * 2 + 1, True, scores, height),
+        minimax(depth + 1, node_index * 2, True, scores, height),
+        minimax(depth + 1, node_index * 2 + 1, True, scores, height),
     )
 
 
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-
+def main():
     scores = [90, 23, 6, 33, 21, 65, 123, 34423]
     height = math.log(len(scores), 2)
-
     print("Optimal value : ", end="")
     print(minimax(0, 0, True, scores, height))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod()
+    main()

Diff for: backtracking/n_queens_math.py

@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@
 for another one or vice versa.
 
 """
-from typing import List
+from __future__ import annotations
 
 
 def depth_first_search(
-    possible_board: List[int],
-    diagonal_right_collisions: List[int],
-    diagonal_left_collisions: List[int],
-    boards: List[List[str]],
+    possible_board: list[int],
+    diagonal_right_collisions: list[int],
+    diagonal_left_collisions: list[int],
+    boards: list[list[str]],
     n: int,
 ) -> None:
     """