Upgrade to Python 3.12 (#9576)

* DRAFT: GitHub Actions: Test on Python 3.12

Repeats #8777
* #8777 

Some of our dependencies will not be ready yet.

* Python 3.12: Disable qiskit and tensorflow algorithms

* updating DIRECTORY.md

---------

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

Author: cclauss

Diff for: .github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ jobs:
   build:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
-          python-version: 3.11
+          python-version: 3.12
+          allow-prereleases: true
       - uses: actions/cache@v3
         with:
           path: ~/.cache/pip

Diff for: .github/workflows/ruff.yml

@@ -11,6 +11,6 @@ jobs:
   ruff:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
     - run: pip install --user ruff
     - run: ruff --output-format=github .

Diff for: CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ pre-commit run --all-files --show-diff-on-failure
 
 We want your work to be readable by others; therefore, we encourage you to note the following:
 
-- Please write in Python 3.11+. For instance:  `print()` is a function in Python 3 so `print "Hello"` will *not* work but `print("Hello")` will.
+- Please write in Python 3.12+. For instance:  `print()` is a function in Python 3 so `print "Hello"` will *not* work but `print("Hello")` will.
 - Please focus hard on the naming of functions, classes, and variables.  Help your reader by using __descriptive names__ that can help you to remove redundant comments.
   - Single letter variable names are *old school* so please avoid them unless their life only spans a few lines.
   - Expand acronyms because `gcd()` is hard to understand but `greatest_common_divisor()` is not.

Diff for: DIRECTORY.md

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
   * [Hamiltonian Cycle](backtracking/hamiltonian_cycle.py)
   * [Knight Tour](backtracking/knight_tour.py)
   * [Minimax](backtracking/minimax.py)
-  * [Minmax](backtracking/minmax.py)
   * [N Queens](backtracking/n_queens.py)
   * [N Queens Math](backtracking/n_queens_math.py)
   * [Power Sum](backtracking/power_sum.py)
@@ -133,7 +132,6 @@
   * [Run Length Encoding](compression/run_length_encoding.py)
 
 ## Computer Vision
-  * [Cnn Classification](computer_vision/cnn_classification.py)
   * [Flip Augmentation](computer_vision/flip_augmentation.py)
   * [Haralick Descriptors](computer_vision/haralick_descriptors.py)
   * [Harris Corner](computer_vision/harris_corner.py)
@@ -321,7 +319,6 @@
   * [Floyd Warshall](dynamic_programming/floyd_warshall.py)
   * [Integer Partition](dynamic_programming/integer_partition.py)
   * [Iterating Through Submasks](dynamic_programming/iterating_through_submasks.py)
-  * [K Means Clustering Tensorflow](dynamic_programming/k_means_clustering_tensorflow.py)
   * [Knapsack](dynamic_programming/knapsack.py)
   * [Longest Common Subsequence](dynamic_programming/longest_common_subsequence.py)
   * [Longest Common Substring](dynamic_programming/longest_common_substring.py)
@@ -384,9 +381,6 @@
   * [Mandelbrot](fractals/mandelbrot.py)
   * [Sierpinski Triangle](fractals/sierpinski_triangle.py)
 
-## Fuzzy Logic
-  * [Fuzzy Operations](fuzzy_logic/fuzzy_operations.py)
-
 ## Genetic Algorithm
   * [Basic String](genetic_algorithm/basic_string.py)
 
@@ -517,8 +511,6 @@
   * Local Weighted Learning
     * [Local Weighted Learning](machine_learning/local_weighted_learning/local_weighted_learning.py)
   * [Logistic Regression](machine_learning/logistic_regression.py)
-  * Lstm
-    * [Lstm Prediction](machine_learning/lstm/lstm_prediction.py)
   * [Mfcc](machine_learning/mfcc.py)
   * [Multilayer Perceptron Classifier](machine_learning/multilayer_perceptron_classifier.py)
   * [Polynomial Regression](machine_learning/polynomial_regression.py)
@@ -613,7 +605,6 @@
   * [Matrix Exponentiation](maths/matrix_exponentiation.py)
   * [Max Sum Sliding Window](maths/max_sum_sliding_window.py)
   * [Median Of Two Arrays](maths/median_of_two_arrays.py)
-  * [Miller Rabin](maths/miller_rabin.py)
   * [Mobius Function](maths/mobius_function.py)
   * [Modular Exponential](maths/modular_exponential.py)
   * [Monte Carlo](maths/monte_carlo.py)
@@ -1071,17 +1062,7 @@
     * [Sol1](project_euler/problem_800/sol1.py)
 
 ## Quantum
-  * [Bb84](quantum/bb84.py)
-  * [Deutsch Jozsa](quantum/deutsch_jozsa.py)
-  * [Half Adder](quantum/half_adder.py)
-  * [Not Gate](quantum/not_gate.py)
   * [Q Fourier Transform](quantum/q_fourier_transform.py)
-  * [Q Full Adder](quantum/q_full_adder.py)
-  * [Quantum Entanglement](quantum/quantum_entanglement.py)
-  * [Quantum Teleportation](quantum/quantum_teleportation.py)
-  * [Ripple Adder Classic](quantum/ripple_adder_classic.py)
-  * [Single Qubit Measure](quantum/single_qubit_measure.py)
-  * [Superdense Coding](quantum/superdense_coding.py)
 
 ## Scheduling
   * [First Come First Served](scheduling/first_come_first_served.py)

Diff for: backtracking/combination_sum.py

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def combination_sum(candidates: list, target: int) -> list:
     >>> combination_sum([-8, 2.3, 0], 1)
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
-    RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded in comparison
+    RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded
     """
     path = []  # type: list[int]
     answer = []  # type: list[int]

Diff for: computer_vision/cnn_classification.py renamed to computer_vision/cnn_classification.py.DISABLED.txt

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ def maclaurin_sin(theta: float, accuracy: int = 30) -> float:
     >>> all(isclose(maclaurin_sin(x, 50), sin(x)) for x in range(-25, 25))
     True
     >>> maclaurin_sin(10)
-    -0.544021110889369
+    -0.5440211108893691
     >>> maclaurin_sin(-10)
-    0.5440211108893703
+    0.5440211108893704
     >>> maclaurin_sin(10, 15)
     -0.5440211108893689
     >>> maclaurin_sin(-10, 15)
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ def maclaurin_cos(theta: float, accuracy: int = 30) -> float:
     >>> all(isclose(maclaurin_cos(x, 50), cos(x)) for x in range(-25, 25))
     True
     >>> maclaurin_cos(5)
-    0.28366218546322675
+    0.2836621854632268
     >>> maclaurin_cos(-5)
-    0.2836621854632266
+    0.2836621854632265
     >>> maclaurin_cos(10, 15)
     -0.8390715290764525
     >>> maclaurin_cos(-10, 15)

Diff for: dynamic_programming/k_means_clustering_tensorflow.py renamed to dynamic_programming/k_means_clustering_tensorflow.py.DISABLED.txt

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# DISABLED!!
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """
 Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm is one of the first examples of a quantum

Diff for: fuzzy_logic/fuzzy_operations.py renamed to fuzzy_logic/fuzzy_operations.py.DISABLED.txt

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# DISABLED!!
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """
 Build a half-adder quantum circuit that takes two bits as input,

Diff for: machine_learning/lstm/lstm_prediction.py renamed to machine_learning/lstm/lstm_prediction.py.DISABLED.txt

@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ opencv-python
 pandas
 pillow
 projectq
-qiskit
-qiskit-aer
+qiskit ; python_version < '3.12'
+qiskit-aer ; python_version < '3.12'
 requests
 rich
 scikit-fuzzy
 scikit-learn
 statsmodels
 sympy
-tensorflow
+tensorflow ; python_version < '3.12'
 texttable
 tweepy
 xgboost