Merge branch 'master' into dependabot/maven/org.mockito-mockito-core-5.14.2

Author: alxkm

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -262,6 +262,7 @@
             * [TilingProblem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/divideandconquer/TilingProblem.java)
           * dynamicprogramming
             * [Abbreviation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/Abbreviation.java)
+            * [AssignmentUsingBitmask](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/AssignmentUsingBitmask.java)
             * [BoardPath](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/BoardPath.java)
             * [BoundaryFill](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/BoundaryFill.java)
             * [BruteForceKnapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/BruteForceKnapsack.java)
@@ -320,6 +321,8 @@
             * [JobSequencing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/JobSequencing.java)
             * [MergeIntervals](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/MergeIntervals.java)
             * [MinimizingLateness](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/MinimizingLateness.java)
+            * [MinimumWaitingTime](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/MinimumWaitingTime.java)
+            * [StockProfitCalculator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/StockProfitCalculator.java)
           * io
             * [BufferedReader](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/io/BufferedReader.java)
           * lineclipping
@@ -864,6 +867,7 @@
             * [TilingProblemTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/divideandconquer/TilingProblemTest.java)
           * dynamicprogramming
             * [AbbreviationTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/AbbreviationTest.java)
+            * [AssignmentUsingBitmaskTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/AssignmentUsingBitmaskTest.java)
             * [BoardPathTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/BoardPathTest.java)
             * [BoundaryFillTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/BoundaryFillTest.java)
             * [BruteForceKnapsackTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/BruteForceKnapsackTest.java)
@@ -920,6 +924,8 @@
             * [JobSequencingTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/JobSequencingTest.java)
             * [MergeIntervalsTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/MergeIntervalsTest.java)
             * [MinimizingLatenessTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/MinimizingLatenessTest.java)
+            * [MinimumWaitingTimeTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/MinimumWaitingTimeTest.java)
+            * [StockProfitCalculatorTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/StockProfitCalculatorTest.java)
           * io
             * [BufferedReaderTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/io/BufferedReaderTest.java)
           * lineclipping

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/AssignmentUsingBitmask.java

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.dynamicprogramming;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * The AssignmentUsingBitmask class is used to calculate the total number of ways
+ * tasks can be distributed among people, given specific constraints on who can perform which tasks.
+ * The approach uses bitmasking and dynamic programming to efficiently solve the problem.
+ *
+ * @author Hardvan
+ */
+public final class AssignmentUsingBitmask {
+
+    private final int totalTasks;
+    private final int[][] dp;
+    private final List<List<Integer>> task;
+    private final int finalMask;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor for the AssignmentUsingBitmask class.
+     *
+     * @param taskPerformed a list of lists, where each inner list contains the tasks that a person can perform.
+     * @param total        the total number of tasks.
+     */
+    public AssignmentUsingBitmask(List<List<Integer>> taskPerformed, int total) {
+        this.totalTasks = total;
+        this.dp = new int[1 << taskPerformed.size()][total + 1];
+        for (int[] row : dp) {
+            Arrays.fill(row, -1);
+        }
+
+        this.task = new ArrayList<>(totalTasks + 1);
+        for (int i = 0; i <= totalTasks; i++) {
+            this.task.add(new ArrayList<>());
+        }
+
+        // Final mask to check if all persons are included
+        this.finalMask = (1 << taskPerformed.size()) - 1;
+
+        // Fill the task list
+        for (int i = 0; i < taskPerformed.size(); i++) {
+            for (int j : taskPerformed.get(i)) {
+                this.task.get(j).add(i);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Counts the ways to assign tasks until the given task number with the specified mask.
+     *
+     * @param mask     the bitmask representing the current state of assignments.
+     * @param taskNo   the current task number being processed.
+     * @return the number of ways to assign tasks.
+     */
+    private int countWaysUntil(int mask, int taskNo) {
+        if (mask == finalMask) {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        if (taskNo > totalTasks) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        if (dp[mask][taskNo] != -1) {
+            return dp[mask][taskNo];
+        }
+
+        int totalWays = countWaysUntil(mask, taskNo + 1);
+
+        // Assign tasks to all possible persons
+        for (int p : task.get(taskNo)) {
+            // If the person is already assigned a task
+            if ((mask & (1 << p)) != 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            totalWays += countWaysUntil(mask | (1 << p), taskNo + 1);
+        }
+
+        dp[mask][taskNo] = totalWays;
+        return dp[mask][taskNo];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Counts the total number of ways to distribute tasks among persons.
+     *
+     * @return the total number of ways to distribute tasks.
+     */
+    public int countNoOfWays() {
+        return countWaysUntil(0, 1);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/FractionalKnapsack.java

@@ -3,39 +3,50 @@
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Comparator;
 
-// Problem Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_knapsack_problem
-
+/**
+ * The FractionalKnapsack class provides a method to solve the fractional knapsack problem
+ * using a greedy algorithm approach. It allows for selecting fractions of items to maximize
+ * the total value in a knapsack with a given weight capacity.
+ *
+ * The problem consists of a set of items, each with a weight and a value, and a knapsack
+ * that can carry a maximum weight. The goal is to maximize the value of items in the knapsack,
+ * allowing for the inclusion of fractions of items.
+ *
+ * Problem Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_knapsack_problem
+ */
 public final class FractionalKnapsack {
     private FractionalKnapsack() {
     }
-    // Function to perform fractional knapsack
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the maximum value that can be accommodated in a knapsack of a given capacity.
+     *
+     * @param weight an array of integers representing the weights of the items
+     * @param value an array of integers representing the values of the items
+     * @param capacity an integer representing the maximum weight capacity of the knapsack
+     * @return the maximum value that can be obtained by including the items in the knapsack
+     */
     public static int fractionalKnapsack(int[] weight, int[] value, int capacity) {
-        // Create a 2D array to store item indices and their value-to-weight ratios.
         double[][] ratio = new double[weight.length][2];
 
-        // Populate the ratio array with item indices and their value-to-weight ratios.
         for (int i = 0; i < weight.length; i++) {
-            ratio[i][0] = i; // Assign item index.
-            ratio[i][1] = value[i] / (double) weight[i]; // Calculate and assign value-to-weight ratio.
+            ratio[i][0] = i;
+            ratio[i][1] = value[i] / (double) weight[i];
         }
 
-        // Sort items by their value-to-weight ratios in descending order.
         Arrays.sort(ratio, Comparator.comparingDouble(o -> o[1]));
 
-        int finalValue = 0; // Variable to store the final knapsack value.
-        double current = capacity; // Variable to track the remaining capacity of the knapsack.
+        int finalValue = 0;
+        double current = capacity;
 
-        // Iterate through the sorted items to select items for the knapsack.
         for (int i = ratio.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-            int index = (int) ratio[i][0]; // Get the item index.
+            int index = (int) ratio[i][0];
             if (current >= weight[index]) {
-                // If the entire item can fit in the knapsack, add its value.
                 finalValue += value[index];
                 current -= weight[index];
             } else {
-                // If only a fraction of the item can fit, add a proportionate value.
                 finalValue += (int) (ratio[i][1] * current);
-                break; // Stop adding items to the knapsack since it's full.
+                break;
             }
         }
         return finalValue;

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/MinimumWaitingTime.java

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.greedyalgorithms;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/**
+ * The MinimumWaitingTime class provides a method to calculate the minimum
+ * waiting time for a list of queries using a greedy algorithm.
+ *
+ * @author Hardvan
+ */
+public final class MinimumWaitingTime {
+    private MinimumWaitingTime() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculates the minimum waiting time for a list of queries.
+     * The function sorts the queries in non-decreasing order and then calculates
+     * the waiting time for each query based on its position in the sorted list.
+     *
+     * @param queries an array of integers representing the query times in picoseconds
+     * @return the minimum waiting time in picoseconds
+     */
+    public static int minimumWaitingTime(int[] queries) {
+        int n = queries.length;
+        if (n <= 1) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        Arrays.sort(queries);
+
+        int totalWaitingTime = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            totalWaitingTime += queries[i] * (n - i - 1);
+        }
+        return totalWaitingTime;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/StockProfitCalculator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.greedyalgorithms;
+
+/**
+ * The StockProfitCalculator class provides a method to calculate the maximum profit
+ * that can be made from a single buy and sell of one share of stock.
+ * The approach uses a greedy algorithm to efficiently determine the maximum profit.
+ *
+ * @author Hardvan
+ */
+public final class StockProfitCalculator {
+    private StockProfitCalculator() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculates the maximum profit from a list of stock prices.
+     *
+     * @param prices an array of integers representing the stock prices on different days
+     * @return the maximum profit that can be achieved from a single buy and sell
+     * transaction, or 0 if no profit can be made
+     */
+    public static int maxProfit(int[] prices) {
+        if (prices == null || prices.length == 0) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        int minPrice = prices[0];
+        int maxProfit = 0;
+        for (int price : prices) {
+            minPrice = Math.min(price, minPrice);
+            maxProfit = Math.max(price - minPrice, maxProfit);
+        }
+        return maxProfit;
+    }
+}

src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/dynamicprogramming/AssignmentUsingBitmaskTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.dynamicprogramming;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+public final class AssignmentUsingBitmaskTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountNoOfWays() {
+        int totalTasks = 5;
+
+        List<List<Integer>> taskPerformed = Arrays.asList(Arrays.asList(1, 3, 4), Arrays.asList(1, 2, 5), Arrays.asList(3, 4));
+
+        AssignmentUsingBitmask assignment = new AssignmentUsingBitmask(taskPerformed, totalTasks);
+        int ways = assignment.countNoOfWays();
+        assertEquals(10, ways);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoPossibleAssignments() {
+        int totalTasks = 3;
+
+        List<List<Integer>> taskPerformed = Arrays.asList(Arrays.asList(2), Arrays.asList(3));
+
+        AssignmentUsingBitmask assignment = new AssignmentUsingBitmask(taskPerformed, totalTasks);
+        int ways = assignment.countNoOfWays();
+        assertEquals(1, ways);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSinglePersonMultipleTasks() {
+        int totalTasks = 3;
+
+        List<List<Integer>> taskPerformed = Arrays.asList(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3));
+
+        AssignmentUsingBitmask assignment = new AssignmentUsingBitmask(taskPerformed, totalTasks);
+        int ways = assignment.countNoOfWays();
+        assertEquals(3, ways);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiplePeopleSingleTask() {
+        int totalTasks = 1;
+
+        List<List<Integer>> taskPerformed = Arrays.asList(Arrays.asList(1), Arrays.asList(1));
+
+        AssignmentUsingBitmask assignment = new AssignmentUsingBitmask(taskPerformed, totalTasks);
+        int ways = assignment.countNoOfWays();
+        assertEquals(0, ways);
+    }
+}

src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/MinimumWaitingTimeTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.greedyalgorithms;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
+
+public class MinimumWaitingTimeTest {
+
+    @ParameterizedTest
+    @MethodSource("provideTestCases")
+    public void testMinimumWaitingTime(int[] queries, int expected) {
+        assertEquals(expected, MinimumWaitingTime.minimumWaitingTime(queries));
+    }
+
+    private static Stream<Arguments> provideTestCases() {
+        return Stream.of(Arguments.of(new int[] {3, 2, 1, 2, 6}, 17), Arguments.of(new int[] {3, 2, 1}, 4), Arguments.of(new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4}, 10), Arguments.of(new int[] {5, 5, 5, 5}, 30), Arguments.of(new int[] {}, 0));
+    }
+}

src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/greedyalgorithms/StockProfitCalculatorTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.greedyalgorithms;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
+
+public class StockProfitCalculatorTest {
+
+    @ParameterizedTest
+    @MethodSource("provideTestCases")
+    public void testMaxProfit(int[] prices, int expected) {
+        assertEquals(expected, StockProfitCalculator.maxProfit(prices));
+    }
+
+    private static Stream<Arguments> provideTestCases() {
+        return Stream.of(Arguments.of(new int[] {7, 1, 5, 3, 6, 4}, 5), Arguments.of(new int[] {7, 6, 4, 3, 1}, 0), Arguments.of(new int[] {5, 5, 5, 5, 5}, 0), Arguments.of(new int[] {10}, 0), Arguments.of(new int[] {1, 5}, 4), Arguments.of(new int[] {2, 4, 1, 3, 7, 5}, 6));
+    }
+}